1. 1. Boot Ubuntu from CD/DVD or USB Plug in the USB device (if booting from USB) Power on the computer F12 Boot Options Press the F12 key Preparing one-time boot menu... Wait Insert the CD/DVD (if booting from CD/DVD) Select your boot device from the list: o USB Storage Device o CD/DVD/CD-RW Drive Press the ENTER key...
2. 2. Boot Ubuntu from CD/DVD or USB Press any key to select Language and Keyboard Layout
3. 3. What is Ubuntu ? is a Linux distribution based on and derived from
4. 4. What is Ubuntu ? was launched on October 20, 2004: Ubuntu 4.10, the Warty Warthog (warty)
5. 5. What is Ubuntu ? is sponsored by Canonical Ltd. with Mark Shuttleworth as its CEO
6. 6. What is Linux ? Depends on who you ask ! Steve Ballmer: Linux is a cancer Chicago Sun Times, June 1, 2001
7. 7. What is Linux ? Depends on who you ask ! Linus Torvalds: I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. comp.os.minix, August 26, 1991 It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(
8. 8. What is Linux ? Depends on who you ask ! GNU/Linux is a Free-as-in-Speech Operating System GNU (GNU is Not Unix) is a Free Software Project to implement a UNIX-like Operating System, distributed under the GPL (GNU General Public License). However, the project got delayed for lack of a kernel. Eventually, the project decided to use the Linux kernelhence, the GNU/Linux Operating System.
9. 9. What is a Linux Distribution ? Linux Distribution (a.k.a. distro) = GNU Project Software + Linux Kernel + Further software selected by distro maintainer Complete Operating System DistroWatch Distro Database Summary: Total number of distributions in the database: 761 Number of active distributions in the database: 304
10. 10. What is Debian ? One of the most popular Linux distributions Founded by Ian Murdock on August 16, 1993 Named after Deb(by) + Ian Developed by over 3000 volunteers Considered exceptionally stable Great Software Package Management Used as a base for many other distributions
11. 11. What is Debian ? A few distros derived from Debian: Damn Small Linux 50-MB Live CD/DVD KNOPPIX Live CD/DVD distribution LiMux City Council of Munich, Germany Linex Government of Extramadura, Spain etc. and, of course: Ubuntu...
12. 12. Debian Release History 1.1 buzz June 17, 1996 1.2 rex December 12, 1996 1.3 bo June 2, 1997 2.0 hamm July 24, 1998 2.1 slink March 19, 1999 2.2 potato August 15, 2000 3.0 woody July 19, 2002 3.1 sarge June 6, 2005 4.0 etch April 8, 2007 5.0 lenny February 14, 2009 6.0 squeeze February 6, 2011 7.0 7.1 wheezy May 4, 2013 June 15, 2013 Very long release cycle triggered Ubuntu project Code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the film Toy Story.
13. 13. Ubuntu Release History 4.10 Warty Warthog October 20, 2004 5.04 Hoary Hedgehog April 8, 2005 5.10 Breezy Badger October 12, 2005 6.06 LTS Dapper Drake June 1, 2006 6.10 Edgy Eft October 26, 2006 7.04 Feisty Fawn April 19, 2007 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon October 18, 2007 8.04 LTS Hardy Heron April 24, 2008 8.10 Intrepid Ibex October 30, 2008 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope April 23, 2009 9.10 Karmic Koala October 29, 2009 10.04 LTS Lucid Lynx April 29, 2010 10.10 Maverick Meerkat October 10, 2010 (10.10.10, at 10:10 UTC) 11.04 Natty Narwhal April 28, 2011 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot October 13, 2011 12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin April 26, 2012 12.10 Quantal Quetzal October 18, 2012 13.04 Raring Ringtail April 25, 2013 18-month support 5-year server support 3-year desktop support 5-year support 9-month support Code names of Ubuntu releases are Adjective Animalalphabetical since 5.10
14. 14. UnityUnity The Ubuntu Desktop:The Ubuntu Desktop:
15. 15. Dash
16. 16. Dash Home
17. 17. Workspace Switcher
18. 18. Networking If ethernet cable is not plugged in: If driver for wireless interface is available:
19. 19. Select Wireless Network
20. 20. Wireless Network Authentication
21. 21. Wireless Network Authentication Click Ignore. The system should connect to the selected wireless network.
22. 22. Starting the Command-Line Shell Click Dash Home: Type terminal: Click Terminal icon:
23. 23. File System Layout No drive letters One directory hierarchy One main directory: Called the root directory Denoted with a slash (/) Multiple disk partitions or devices: Mounted to a directory
24. 24. File System Layout Listing Directory Contentsthe ls command: ls / Option -1List one entry per line: ls -1 / Option -lUse long listing format: ls -l /
25. 25. File System Layout /root Home directory for root user account /home Home directories for other users /boot Boot loader /dev Device nodes /etc System configuration files /mnt Manual mount points /media Automatic mount points Important top-level directories:
26. 26. File System Layout /bin Essential user programs /lib Essential system libraries /sbin System programs (system boot process, root user) /usr User programs, docs, libs, headers, /opt Optional software packages /var Log files, cached data, lock files, /tmp Temporary files /proc Kernel information as virtual files Important top-level directories (cont'd):
27. 27. Online Manual Pages Online manual pagesthe man command: man ls The man command has a manual page, too: man man Where are the manual pages to be found? manpath
28. 28. Current Working Directory Display current directorythe pwd command: pwd Change current directorythe cd command: cd DIRECTORY Change current directory to home location: cd
29. 29. Who Am IUser Accounts Display usernamethe whoami command: whoami Display user accountthe id command: id List all user accountsthe /etc/passwd file: cat /etc/passwd
30. 30. Who Am IUser Accounts Using a pager to display the user accounts: more /etc/passwd Butless is more (more or less): less /etc/passwd List only the account names: cut -d ':' -f 1 /etc/passwd | less
31. 31. Who Am IUser Accounts Every user account is a member of one or more groupscf. the id command: id List all groups: less /etc/group GID is the primary group.
32. 32. The root User Account The root user account: id root grep '^root:' /etc/passwd Is the almighty superuser; Is used for system administration tasks; Has user id 0; Is disabled by default on Ubuntu.
33. 33. Obtaining root Privileges (becoming root) If the root user account is enabled: su - Requires knowledge of the root password. Type exit to relinquish root privileges. If the root user account is disabled: sudo COMMAND-TO-RUN-AS-ROOT Requires sudoer rights. Runs a single command as root.
34. 34. Obtaining root Privileges (becoming root) But I hate typing sudo over and over again! sudo su - Still requires sudoer rights. Type exit to relinquish root privileges. A little experiment: whoami sudo su whoami exit whoami
35. 35. File Permissions File permissions are included in ls -l output: drwxrwxrwx -rwxr-xr-x Other Access Rights User Access Rights Group Access Rights Filesystem Object Type
36. 36. File Permissions Common Filesystem Object Types: - Regular File d Directory l Symbolic Link c Character Device (unbuffered) b Block Device (buffered)
37. 37. File Permissions Access Permissions: r 4 Permit reading the file Permit listing the directory contents w 2 Permit writing to the file Permit adding, removing, renaming files in directory x 1 Permit executing the file Permit entering the directory and using its contents Note: If you have Execute-only permission on a directory, then you can access its contents only directly by name.
38. 38. File Permissions Changing permissionsthe chmod command: chmod 754 PATH User gets 7 (read + write + execute). Group gets 5 (read + execute). Other gets 4 (read). chmod go+w,a-x PATH Add write for Group and Other. Remove execute for all. Note: a is synonymous with ugo.
39. 39. Mounting External Media (e.g., USB disk, CD-ROM, ) Simply plug in the device, or insert the disc The medium will automatically be mounted An icon will appear in the Dash ls -l /media The device will appear in the /media directory: The device will be listed by the mount command: mount
40. 40. Mounting Fixed Disk Partitions Open the File Manager (Nautilus) from the Dash and click the disk volume that you want to use The medium will automatically be mounted An icon will appear in the Dash ls -l /media The device will appear in the /media directory: The device will be listed by the mount command: mount
41. 41. Mounting from the Command Line E.g., a CIFS share: mkdir Digipolis sudo mount -t cifs//antwerpen.local/digipolis/klantenDigipolis-o username=RCxxxxx@ICA But beware of name resolution issues: ping antwerpen.local
42. 42. Networking: Name Resolution Name resolutionthe nslookup command: nslookup digipolis.be nslookup antwerpen.local Name resolutionthe getent command: getent hosts digipolis.be getent hosts antwerpen.local getent ahosts digipolis.be getent ahosts antwerpen.local
43. 43. Networking: Name Resolution Ubuntu enables Multicast DNS by default: getent hosts $(hostname).local getent ahosts $(hostname).local Run the hostname command and substitute its output into the command line
44. 44. Networking: Name Resolution Disabling Multicast DNS: Edit Name Service Switch Configuration File gksudo gedit /etc/nsswitch.conf Find the hosts line: hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 Remove the mdns4 options: hosts: files dns