uav development and history at northrop grumman corporation ryan aeronautical center
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV Brief. UAV Development and History at Northrop Grumman Corporation Ryan Aeronautical Center. Norman S. Sakamoto [email protected] 619.203.5726. File Name. 1 As of (date). UAV Family Tree. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
UAV Development and History at UAV Development and History at Northrop Grumman CorporationNorthrop Grumman Corporation
Ryan Aeronautical CenterRyan Aeronautical Center
Norman S. [email protected]
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV BriefUAV Brief
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UAV Family TreeHistorically, no single, universally accepted definition has adequately categorize the Unmanned Air Vehicle.
VehicleBallistic Powered
UnguidedGuidedGuidedUnguided
Simple Rocket
RecoverableExpendable
Conventional Aircraft
Kamikaze
RecoverableExpendable
Remote Control
Automatic Control
Remote Control
Automatic Control
Guided Missile
Cruise Missile
RPV Drone
MannedUnmanned
BulletShell
Free FallBomb
ICBM SmartBomb
Current Definition of a UAV
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Unmanned Air Vehicle OriginsNecessity, the “mother of invention” produced flying bomb concepts during the First World War. The armistice halted experiments on all but targets.
• 1917: French artillery officer, Rene`Lorin proposed flying bombs using gyroscopic and barometric stabilization and control.
• 1918: Germany halts development of guided weapons.
• 1918: Charles Kettering (USA) flies Liberty Eagle “Kettering Bug” and Army Air Corps orders 75 copies.
• 1920: Elmer Sperry perfects the gyroscope and the first enabling technology makes flight control feasible
• 1932: RAE “Fairey Queen” crashes, technology is still in its infancy.
Fairey Queen IIIF Mark IIIB, 1932
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USA - Targets Become Successful1935 - Reginald Denny develops the RP-1 and launches the Radio Plane Company, later to become the Northrop Ventura Division.
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V-1 Debuts in 1943Advanced technologies of the Forties provided control, guidance and targeting.
Propeller driven “air-log” governed range
Speed was determined by engine performance at max. power
Azimuth Control by gyroscope governed by magnetic compass
Aneroid barometer altitude control
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Launch SystemsA wide variety of launch systems have been developed for UAV applications
Pneumatic Catapult
JATO/RATO Launch
Air Launch
Runway Launch
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UAV Recovery TechniquesRecovery schemes are determined by application and UAV size, the trend is toward autoland capability
Mid Air Retrieval System (MARS)
Conventional
ABIAS
Net
Parachute
Ryan Aeronautical Ryan Aeronautical UAV HistoryUAV History
Norman S. [email protected]
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV BriefUAV Brief
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Ryan XAAM-A-1 FirebirdFirebird ushers in the missile age at Ryan in 1949
Speed was determined by engine performance at max. power
Aneroid barometer altitude control
Early radar guidance was a forerunner to Sparrow missiles
7.5’ without booster
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BQM-34 Firebee Subsonic Aerial Target High Performance, Jet-powered UAV designed to simulate hostile aircraft or missile threats
BQ-34 Firebee evolved from
the Ryan KD-A
• Primary Missions– Air defense weapons development, test &
evaluation– Air defense weapons training
• Secondary Missions– Aerial reconnaissance– Experimental aerial platform
• System Capabilities– Ground launch– Air launch from C-130– Recovery by parachute on land or at sea– 8-12 flights per vehicle
• Flight Control and Navigation– Remotely piloted from airborne or ground
control station– Preprogrammable Microprocessor Flight
Control System ( MFCS) for autonomous flight
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BQM-34E Firebee II Supersonic Aerial Target Turbojet Powered UAV designed to simulate high speed hostile aircraft and anti-ship missiles
• Primary Missions– Air defense training– Aerial combat training – Weapons systems development
• Secondary Missions– Test vehicle for advanced
aerodynamic technology research (NASA)
• System Capabilities– Ground Launch– Air launch from C-130– Recovery by parachute on land or at
sea– 8-12 flights per vehicle
Firebee II with external fuel tank in subsonic flight
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AQM-91A Compass Arrow Twenty plus vehicles built in the late ‘60’s, still holds the unmanned turbine powered altitude record, 80,000 ft.
• Incorporated several low observable features.
• Significant reduction in the RCS features of the aircraft as seen from the ground.
• Vertical tails and fuselage sides canted toward centerline to eliminate the specular reflections from the side aspect at or below the horizontal plane.
• The engine inlet, located on top of the fuselage was lined with RAM, to conceal it from angles below the horizontal plane.
• Exhaust nozzle was cooled to reduce IR signature, and like the inlet, was placed so as to be hidden by other airframe features at many aspects of observation. RAM was applied to the leading edges of the wing and to some portions of the fuselage.
• First large UAV specifically designed to survive by stealth.
• Compass Arrow operated at altitudes in excess of 80,000 ft. while traveling at subsonic speeds.
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AQM-81A/N Firebolt Rocket-powered target missile designed to replicate high altitude and high speed threats.
• Primary Mission–Provide a realistic threat simulation of
advanced enemy threats that fly in the upper reaches of earth’s airspace for…
– Air defense training– Aerial combat training– Weapons systems development
• Reusable Hybrid Rocket Powered Target Missile
–Air Launch–Recovery by MARS over land or sea–20 Flights per vehicle
• Flight Control and Navigation–Pre-programmable Mission Logic Control Unit
(MLCU)–Remotely piloted from Ground Control Station
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YQM-98A Compass CopeTwo units built and flight tested in 1976, held the unmanned turbine engine endurance record of 28 hr. 11 min. until surpassed by Global Hawk on March 21, 2001
• Primary Mission–High altitude endurance reconnaissance
and surveillance
• Minimum 24 hours of endurance
• 750 lbs. payload capability
• Triple redundant autoland system
• Dual redundant avionics system
• Quadruple redundant Command & Control System
• First major Use of GOTS/COTS hardware
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Model 410 Long Endurance UAVEconomical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or military customers
• Primary Mission– Provide a long-range or long-
endurance aerial platform for:– Military reconnaissance– Electronic communications
relay– Electronic warfare
countermeasure– Law enforcement, drug
interdiction– Border surveillance– Disaster area observation– Natural resources
monitoring
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Model 410 Long Endurance UAV (continued)
Economical aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system for civilian or military customers
• System Components– Long Endurance Aerial Vehicle
– Composite construction– Modular design– Two-man assembly / disassembly– Short, unimproved runway capability
– Ground Control Station– Self contained, transportable, fully
integrated– Autonomous flight control & mission
programming– Remote manual flight & sensor control– Real-time datalink– Image data processing
– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation– Central Flight Control Computer (CFCC)– Global Positioning System (GPS)– Auto takeoff and landing
– Payload– 300 pound capacity– 24 cubic foot volume– Stabilized retractable sensor platform
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Model 324 Medium RangeMobile and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• Primary Mission– Conduct autonomous tactical aerial
reconnaissance and surveillance
• System Components– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
– Composite airframe– Ground launch from mobile
transport trailer– Recovery by parachute with air-bag
attenuation system
– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)– Inertial Navigation System (INS)– Global Positioning System (GPS)
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Model 324 Medium Range (continued)
Mobile, and transportable advanced technology unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• System Components (con’t)– Mobile Launch & Recovery Vehicle (LRV)
– 8 wheel all-terrain tractor– 6 wheel trailer transport/launcher– Self-contained command 7 control shelter– Autonomous flight control & mission
programming– Remote manual flight control– Command tracking & telemetry system
– Payload– CAI/Recon Optical KS-153A camera– Loral IRLS D-500 Infrared line scanner
Ryan Aeronautical Ryan Aeronautical Modern UAV Design & TechnologyModern UAV Design & Technology
Norman S. [email protected]
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV BriefUAV Brief
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Model 350 Medium Range UAVAdvanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• Mission– Provide near real-time optical and/or
infrared images of heavily defended areas– Target detection– Target identification– Battle damage assessment
• System Components– Onboard Flight Control & Navigation
– Mission Logic Control Unit (MLCU)– Inertial Navigation System (INS)– Global Positioning System (GPS)
– Payload– Advanced Tactical Aerial Reconnaissance
System (ATARS)
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Model 350 Medium Range UAVAdvanced technology tactical unmanned aerial reconnaissance system
• System Components– Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
– Ground launch– Air launch ( from F/A-18 and F-16R)– Soft landing recovery by parachute or by
Mid-Air Recovery System (MARS)
– Local Control & Monitoring Station (LCMS)– Self-contained, transportable– Autonomous flight control & mission
programming– Remote manual flight control– Command, tracking, telemetry & image
data link systems– Image data processing system
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Global Hawk HAE UAVHigh Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial Reconnaissance System
• Mission– Provide continuous day /
night, high altitude, all weather surveillance and reconnaissance in direct support of allied ground and air forces across the spectrum of conflict
– Increase the reach of existing and future surveillance systems
– Extraordinary range and endurance
– Fewer number of systems required to maintain global ISR coverage
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Global Hawk HAE UAVThe Global Hawk is an Integrated System
Speed(n.miles/hour)
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Global Hawk System Overview
TACTICAL USERS(SENSOR ONLY)
LAUNCH ANDRECOVERYELEMENT(C2 ONLY)
MISSIONCONTROLELEMENT
(C2 &SENSOR)
C2 LOS
COMMUNICATIONSUHF-Band: C2 LOS UHFSATCOM
C2C2 C2
C2 SATCOM
INMARSAT C2
INMARSAT or Equivalent
SENSOR
Ku SATCOM
Ku-Band: C2 and SensorSATCOM
C2 &SENSOR
C2 &SENSOR
CDL SENSORCDL C2 &
SENSOR
X-Band CDL: C2 and SensorLOS
ATC VOICE
ATC Voice
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Global Hawk Vehicle Size
Length: 97 feetWingspan: 94 feetMax Takeoff Wt: 130,000 lb.Loiter Speed: Operational Ceiling: 40,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range: 2,700 NM
Length: 44.4 feetWingspan: 116 feetHeight: 15.2 feet (at tail)Max.Takeoff Wt: 25,600 lb.Loiter Speed: Operational Ceiling: 65,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range:over 12,000 NM
Length: 63.1 feetWingspan: 104.8 feetHeight: 16.7 feet (at tail)Max Takeoff Wt: 40,000 lb.Maximum Speed: 410 kts. TAS Operational Ceiling: over 70,000 feetMax Unrefueled Range: over 3,000 NM
B-737U-2 Global Hawk
573 kts. TAS343 kts. TAS
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Global Hawk Integrated Sensor Suite
Ryan Aeronautical Ryan Aeronautical Future UAV TechnologyFuture UAV Technology
Norman S. [email protected]
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV BriefUAV Brief
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TelepresenceTelepresence, also called virtual presences, is participation in an environment from a remote location
• A subset of virtual reality, telepresence uses external mechanics to view the environment,
• Lethal UAV weapons delivery systems of the 1970’s put the shooter out of harms way.
• Ryan developed systems to launch a variety of guided standoff weapons from BGM-34C UAV’s.
• Virtual Reality software today contains the following features:
– Object database - descriptions of virtual objects or environments
– Attribute database - color, texture, orientation
– Sensor driver- monitors tracking devices to know actual position
– display driver- reality engine updates object for display
– Simulation manager - coordinates entire system maintaing proper perspective between objects
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Virtual Reality Web sitesCommercial VR packages are available from many houses on the web.
• World Tool Kit Sense8 www.sense8.com
• VR Development Systems VREAM www.vream.com
• Walk Through Virtus www.virtus.com
• Virtual Reality Studio Danmark SoftwareWWW.domark.com
• Cyberspace Development Kit Autodeskwww.autodesk.com
• Recent check of the links, Red are no longer pertinent or active.
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Fuzzy Logic / Neural NetsThe development of an adaptive control system to enhance engine performance is on the horizon
• Fuzzy logic algorithms and hardware have enjoyed a recent development frenzy
• The technology is ready for transition to UAV class engine controllers when the need is great enough
• Current F/A-18 Fuzzy logic engine control work is funded and ongoing
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Voice Directed UAVSpeech recognition could replace some navigation logic allowing mixed use of UAV’s and manned aircraft
• Neural Network computing methods could be applied to artificial speech recognition and UAV command language
• This will increase asset interoperability for a force commander or commercial air traffic controller
• Minimizes ground control station assets
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Damage Detection / Failure PredictionUAV Mission Failure rate can improve airframe monitoring and failure prediction.
• In high threat areas, damage may occur due to hostile action.
• With proper sensors, a UAV could “decide” to return to base if damage or failures were detected prior to catastrophic failure.
• Smart structure technologies will detect damage, predict useful life, continue operation at optimal flight conditions.
• The UAV will react by reducing speed, flying minimum G profile or dumping fuel and returning to base
UAV’s - UAV’s - Where We’ve Been and Where Where We’ve Been and Where
We’re Going We’re Going
Norman S. [email protected]
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SI4000 SUMMER 2004 SI4000 SUMMER 2004 UAV BriefUAV Brief
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Customers
• USAF
• USA
• USN
• USCG
• RCAF
• JDF
• GOI
• GOE
• NATO
• DEA
• DNA
• DOT
• CIA
• FBI
• NSA
• INS
• Sandia
• Los Alamos
• LLL
• NASA
• DARPA
• DARO
• MDA
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Performance
• Altitude 7 Ft to 100,000 Ft
• Velocity 60 Kts to Mach 4
• Endurance 7 Minutes to 40 hours
• Range 25 NMi to 14,000 Nmi
• Take-Off Gross Weight 200 Lb to 34,500 Lb
• Payload Weight 25 Lb to 3,000 Lb
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Missions
• IMINT
• SIGINT
• GPS Pseudolite
• Air Sampling
• Strike
• EW/ESM
• Decoy
• BPI/BPLI
• Target
• Cargo / Logistics
• ACN
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Aerodynamics
• Conventional Airfoil
• Rogallo Wing
• Laminar Flow
• SuperCritical
• Ailerons, Elevators, Rudders, Ruddervators, Spoilers, Speed Brakes, Flaps, Elevons
• BLC
• Twin Verticals
• V - Tails
• Canards
• V/STOL
• Non Atmospheric
• Hypersonic
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Airframe
• Metallic– Aluminum– Steel– Titanium– Magnesium
• Composite– Fiberglass– Graphite
• Molded– Sheet Molded
Compound
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Low Observables
• Radar
• Acoustic
• Visual
• IR
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Propulsion
• Reciprocating ( Aircraft)
• 2 Cylinder 2 Cycle
• Turbo Prop
• Turbo Jet
• Turbo Fan
• Ramjet
• Pulse Jet
• Rocket
• Electric Motors
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Payload Sensors
• Cameras – Still– Motion– Panoramic
• Electro-Optical
• FLIR
• IRLS
• SAR
• ISAR
• IFSAR
• Chaff
• Active EW Jammers
• COMINT
• ELINT
• ESM
• Ordnance
• Leaflets/Propaganda
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Navigation
• Dead Reckoning
• Doppler
• LORAN / Omega
• INS
• GPS/DGPS
• INMARSAT
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Flight Controls
• Analog
• Digital
• Hybrid
• Duplex
• Triplex
• Electrostatic
• AHRS (Gyros)
• Inertial
• Formation Flight
• Autonomous Flight– Active Real-Time
– Re-Planning– Re-Tasking
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Secondary Power
• Batteries
• Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
• Solar
• Generator
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Actuation System
• Hydraulic
• Pnuematic
• Electro-Mechanical– Linear/Rotary– Push/Pull– Cables/Pulleys
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UAVs - Current Developmentand Emerging UsesUAVs - Current Developmentand Emerging Uses
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The Networked Vision of the FutureThe Networked Vision of the Future
UAVs Are A Major Part of the Vision
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Warfighter’s Challenge ~ Future Combat
• Regional & Global Asymmetric Warfare
– Proliferation of Ballistic Missile/Cruise Missile Threats
– Proliferation of WMD Capabilities /Systems ~ and the Will To Use Them
• Uncertainty In Situational Awareness/Decisions
• Non-Traditional Roles & Missions ~ With Force Structure Pressures
• Acquisition of Advanced Technology Force Structures
– Technologies, Applications, Systems & Insertion Sequencing
– Force Mix, Postures, Basing, CONOPS & Employment Concepts
– Sustaining Capability in the Transition/Transformation
– Establishing & Sustaining Affordability - No Immunity To Budget Constraints
Understanding & Integrating UAVs Is A Significant Part of the Challenge
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Some of the Emerging Concepts & RequirementsThat UAVs Can Meet
These Lists Are
By No Means
Comprehensive
MilitaryBM/C4ISR
BPLI - Theater Ballistic Missile DefenseCruise Missile Defense - BM/C4ISR & Intercept
Battlespace ~ Infosphere Comms & Reach-BackKinetic & Non-Kinetic Combat Operations
PSYOPs & SOF OperationsSBIRS Low Adjunct & Tactical Surrogate
Satellite / Sensor Test BedSpace Sensing
Space SurveillanceSpace Tracking
Space Comms/Data RelayMilitary Science
Military R&DAugmentation of GPS
Civil Authority & Commercial ApplicationsCivil Authority & Commercial ApplicationsCommunicationsLaw EnforcementDrug Interdiction
Disaster Preparedness & ManagementGlobal Meteorological (NOAA)
Forest Fire SurveillanceEnvironmental Monitoring, Management & Enforcement
Agricultural Resource Surveillance & ManagementNatural Resource Surveillance & Management
Scientific Research
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Questions?