u1 le6: for further study metabolic managers enzymes
TRANSCRIPT
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U1 LE6: For Further Study
Metabolic Managers
Enzymes
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1. Enzymes are proteins
They are built by organisms from the nutrients or biomolecules they take in
Enzymes frequently end with the suffix “-ase”
amylase, lactase, cellulase, sucrase
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Each lock requires it’s own key
Every chemical reaction has it’s own enzyme
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2. Every chemical reaction requires its own enzyme
Amylase - breaks down starch Sucrase – breaks down sucrose Lactase – breaks down lactose Lipase – breaks down fats Polymerase – Builds nucleic acids
(DNA or RNA) from nucleotides Helicase – Unwinds the DNA strand
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Is this enzyme performing catabolism or anabolism?
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Is this enzyme performing catabolism or anabolism?
Reactant + Reactant -----------> ProductEnzyme
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3. Enzymes have specific shapesEnzymes can fold into different shapes based on
the number of amino acids,
the type of amino acids,
the sequence of amino acids.
Ex. Analogy 26 letters of the alphabet 20 amino acids Form different words Form different proteins
Ex. Ship vs. shipmate – different number and type Ex. Ship vs. Hips – different sequence
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Enzymes have specific shapes
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose
Only the molecule of lactose will fit into this enzyme
Catabolic or Anabolic reaction?
chemicalconnection.org.uk
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Enzymes shapes can be very complex . . this is a diagram of
lactase folded www.10jahresib.ethz.ch/.../educational.html
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4. Enzymes catalyze or increase the rate of
reactions
Enzymes speed up reactions by a million times
It would take 50 years to digest one meal without enzymes
Life could not exist without enzymes, because metabolism would come to a screeching halt
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5. Enzymes speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed
Enzymes speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
student.ccbcmd.edu
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6. Enzymes are not used up or changed in a
reaction
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7A. Enzyme Destruction:Temperature can change it’s
shape or denature the enzyme
High temperatures
Destroy the shape of enzymes – they can’t do their job
Metabolic process cannot occur This is why heat stroke can kill
you
http://www.a2gov.org/government/safetyservices/emergencymanagement/PublishingImages/Heat%20Exhaustion%202.gif
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Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Reaction Rate
The rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions will increase with increasing temperature (due to an increase of molecule collisions) until an optimum temperature is reached. Above the optimum temperature the enzyme changes shape and is denatured (destroyed).
C F
30 86
40 104
50 122
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7B. Enzyme Destruction:pH can change it’s shape or denature the enzyme
Blood pH 7 – 7.45 Stomach pH 1-4 Intestine pH 8 Mouth pH 6.7-7
An improper pH can destroy enzymes
Enzymes that work in specific parts of the body, need to work at a specific pH
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Effect of pH on Enzyme Reaction Rate
Pepsin is an enzyme in the stomach and as a pH optimum of about 1.5. Salivary amylase and alakaline phosphatase have pH optima of 6 and 9 respectively.
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http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/chemistry/phscale.gif
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7C. Enzyme Destruction:Salinity can alsodenature enzymes
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Meet Milo, Larry, Ernest & the Rest
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Enzyme Review…1. Biomolecule Group: Proteins2. Every reaction has its own enzyme3. Enzymes have specific shapes (based on amino acids)4. Catalyze or speed up reactions5. Increase the rate of reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed6. Enzymes can be reused for more reactions7. High temperatures, salinity, or pH can destroy or denature (change its shape)