u n i t 2 : c l as s i f i c at i o n o f v ar i o u s a r

UNIT 2: Classification of Various Art Forms in the Philippines

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Lesson 1: Performing Arts in the Philippines

Jump Start 3

Learn about It! 4

Check Your Understanding 5 Did You Know? 6

Lesson 2: Visual Arts in the Philippines Jump Start 6

Learn about It! 6

Check Your Understanding 9

Let’s Create! 9 Check and Reflect 11 Wrap Up 12 Answers to Check Your Understanding 12 Bibliography 13 Glossary 13

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GRADE 11/12 |Contemporary Philippine Arts for the Regions

UNIT 2

Classification of Various Art Forms in the Philippines In this unit, we will discuss the materials and approaches used by the artist. The material or medium. The material or medium refers to what the artist uses in his creation, while the approaches or techniques deal with the methods involved in the process of artistic production. This unit aims to give you a better analysis of artworks and disciplines through an understanding of the materials and approaches that make each unique.

Fig. 1. Filipino Struggles Through History (1963) by Carlos Francisco (left) and Bonifacio Monument by Guillermo

Tolentino (right) The pieces above feature the same subject of heroism and nationalism of Bonifacio, yet convey this message through different forms. What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of each form?


Learning Target

In this unit, you should be able to classify various art forms found in the Philippines. Lesson 1: Performing Arts in the Philippines

Often, people define performing arts as the type of art that is performed. While that definition is true, it is also circular and simplistic. Performing arts is a complex form that requires a thorough discussion. In this lesson, you will develop a more in-depth knowledge of performing arts, its kind, materials, approaches, and elements.

Think-Pair-Share

Think of the most memorable skit you have performed in the class. In pairs, discuss what makes it memorable for you, and talk about the following questions: How did you prepare for the skit? What were the materials and approaches you needed to fulfill in order to make the performing art piece successful?


Learn about It!

Performing arts involve a performer (usually a person) undertaking certain actions and movements usually accompanied by sound in a particular space and time for an audience. What sets performing arts apart from other art forms is how it uses the human body as part of its medium and its dependency on time and space. Moreover, performing arts is defined by its interdisciplinarity and how it integrates various art forms. There are three kinds of performing art forms classified according to the material used.

1. Auditory for music, which has the following elements: a. Rhythm - movement, fluctuation, or variation marked by the regular recurrence

or natural flow of related elements b. Pitch - highness or lowness of sound c. Melody - a rhythmic succession of single tones organized as an aesthetic whole d. Musical Notations - the act, process, method, or an instance of representing by a

system or set of marks, signs, figures, or characters used in music e. Harmony - the combination of simultaneous musical notes in a chord f. Timbre - the perceived sound quality of a musical tone which sets it apart from

other tones. This may be described as soft, rough, hoarse, cold, and other similar adjectives.

2. Kinesthetic for dance, which has the following elements:

a. Human body - the body is the center of the performance activity. It performs the actions and movements necessary to the piece. With that, it is considered to be the main medium in performing arts.

b. Arrangement or pattern - the movements and steps which enable the performers to perform in an organized manner.

c. Time and space - performing arts depend highly on time and space. The other elements must all come together to complement the available and selected time and space.

3. Dramatics for theatre, which has the following elements:

a. Stage direction - instructions indicating movement, blockings or positions, and


other nuances in the performers’ speaking, movement, and acting b. Narratology - the narrative structure of the piece c. Scenic design - the artistic design that creates the background or scene to

complement the performances In the Philippines, performing arts is shaped by the country’s long history of colonization and characterized by the diverse cultural practices within the nation. In general, Philippine performing arts have its roots in the indigenous practice of rituals. It is believed that the rituals of early Filipino ancestors is the very origins of theatre arts in the country. After all, it fulfills all the necessary materials needed in theatre. The shamans or babaylans perform a ritual that involve going through a trance; its choreography usually involves the partaking of an animal sacrifice. This is accompanied by the chanting of the crowd or even rhythmic playing of indigenous musical instruments. Further, it is done usually in front of an audience or the entire community. As you learned in the previous unit, art in the Philippines is influenced by the various colonizers that came and went to the country. These elements prevail until today. For example, the pasyon is still performed especially in rural areas, and the elements of bodabil manifests in the various noon time television shows.

Check Your Understanding

Recall 1. What do you call the quality of a musical tone which sets it apart from other tones? 2. Which dramatic element referring to the instructions indicating the movement of

performers within a given space? 3. What is believed to be the origin of theatre in the Philippines?

Application

4. What are the quality and elements that distinctly set performing arts apart from other disciplines?

Synthesis

5. Why is performing arts highly dependent on time and space?


Lesson 2: Visual Arts in the Philippines

In Unit 1, you learned the various elements and principles of arts and design. These elements remain when understanding visual arts, however there are more to that in visual arts. In this lesson, you will learn about other considerations in visual arts, and the various materials and approaches that makes it distinct from other disciplines.

Think-Pair-Share

Take a good look at your school campus. Consider its architecture and interior design and, in pairs, discuss the following questions: what do you think was the main design consideration when they were building your school? What mood were they trying to convey? Further, how do the materials and techniques used contribute to the overall appearance?

Learn about it!

Some works of art are considered visual in nature. In order to understand and appreciate the nature of visual art, it is important to distinguish the different forms of visual art. Mainly, there are three types of visual arts categorized according to their materials and approaches used.

1. Two-Dimensional Expression - It is mainly flat because it only has length and width as its dimensions. There are several techniques that utilize this, namely:


a. Alla Prima - also known as wet-on-wet or when you paint over a layer of wet paint b. Encaustic - also known as hot wax painting or when you add pigment to beeswax

and use it to paint c. Tempera Painting - adding pigment to water-soluble binder medium such as egg

yolk d. Fresco - a mural painting technique that involves painting over fresh plaster e. Water Color - when pigments are suspended in a water-based solution f. Oil on Canvas - adding pigments to drying oil for binder g. Mosaic - when small pieces are assembled together (such as glass, stone, seeds,

etc) to form an image h. Stained Glass - when an artwork is made with coloured glass i. Tapestry - textile art woven on a vertical loom j. Drawing - using a writing material (pen, pencil, marker, etc) to mark a

two-dimensional canvas such as paper and form an image k. Printing - when an image is formed using a master template l. Photography - creating images with light

2. Three-Dimensional Expression - Apart from length and width, three-dimensional

objects also has volume. There are several techniques under this category, namely: a. Molding - reshaping a three-dimensional object such as marble or plaster to

create a new form b. Carving - scraping off parts of a material (often wood) to create a new form c. Etching - using a strong acid on a surface to create a design d. Installing - a site-specific artwork designed to transform and include space in its

message

3. Multi-Dimensional Expression - Multi-dimensional expression uses length, width, mass, time and space as its dimensions and it uses various techniques. The techniques are as follows:

a. Lashed construction b. Truss Construction c. Post and lintel construction d. Cantilever e. Arches


In the Philippines, visual arts is characterized by the manifestations of a wide array of cultural influence to the country. Specifically, it is marked by ethnic, Spanish, American, and contemporary traditions. As you learned in Unit 1, early artworks by the indigenous peoples of the Philippines usually had a social and communal function. As early as then, they were involved in sculpting, pottery, weaving, and other practices. Apart from social utility, their visual artworks also usually had a spiritual significance. For example, the patterns in their textiles suggested their religious beliefs. As for the colonizers, their influence in the Philippine visual arts is significant and it remains prominent until today. The Spaniards added a religious dimension to painting and sculpting by making saints and Biblical events the focus of its subjects, while the Americans saw a push and pull between liberated and conservative beliefs as it saw the rise of more secular themes. Today, contemporary visual art is marked by how it rebels against the rules of form; with the rise of new media and advanced technological tools, more people are becoming open to experimentation and the mixing of forms.


Check Your Understanding

Recall 1. Two-dimensional expression has the dimensions ______ and ______. 2. Three-dimensional expression has the dimensions _____, _____, and ______. 3. Multi-dimensional expression has the dimensions _____, ______, ______, ______, and ______.

Application

4. What are examples of two-dimensional medium and techniques? 5. What are examples of three-dimensional medium and techniques? 6. What are examples of multi-dimensional medium and techniques?

Synthesis

7. What effect does the added volume in a three-dimensional artwork gives that is absent in a two-dimensional piece?

Let’s Create!

In this activity, you will create your own visual art piece using a tool that is becoming more and more prominent today. The goal is to create an artwork that uniquely portrays and showcases individual perception. For this unit’s performance task, you will take photographs strictly using a smartphone. Remember: the goal here is not to come up with the highest quality image, but to create a photograph that conveys the most meaningful message. Do not let technological limits affect your work. You may do this in pairs or groups of three depending on the availability of resources. Observe the following guidelines:

● Use only the camera native to your smartphone. ● Editing and post-processing is prohibited. ● The photographs (3-5 photos) shall follow the prompt: Home. ● You may interpret the prompt however you like, as long as you can explain how you

arrived at your interpretation during a show and tell in class. Your work will be evaluated based on the following criteria:


Traits:

4 3 2 1

100-75 75-50 50-25 25-0

Overall presentation and creativity

The photographs are aesthetically pleasing and have significant impact on the viewers.

The photographs are slightly aesthetically pleasing and have impact on the viewers.

The photographs are barely aesthetically pleasing and have little impact on the viewers.

The photographs are not at all aesthetically pleasing and have no impact on the viewers.

Use of medium

The output shows significant mastery of the medium and unity between medium and material.

The output shows awareness of the medium and a slightly united relationship between medium and material.

The output barely shows mastery of the medium and has little unity between medium and material.

The output suggests little to no awareness of the medium and lacks unity between medium and material.

Relevance to the theme

An interesting and clear interpretation of the theme is manifested in the outcomes.

The interpretation of the theme, though not necessarily novel, is manifested in the outcomes.

The outcomes suggest an ambiguous interpretation of the theme.

The outcomes feel disconnected from the theme.

Total:_____


Comments and Remarks:

Check and Reflect

Skills

I think I need more time and assistance.

I have a minimal understanding of it.

I am confident that I can do this with ease.

I can identify the difference between performance and visual arts.

I can classify visual artworks into the different expressions of visual arts.

I can name the various art materials necessary in producing a performing art piece.

Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________. I got ____ checks because _______________________________________________________. I need to improve on _______________________because _____________________________. I need to practice _________________________ because _____________________________. I plan to _____________________________________________________________________ .


Wrap Up

Answers to Check Your Understanding Lesson 1: Performing Arts in the Philippines

1. Timbre 2. Stage Direction 3. Rituals

Lesson 2: Lesson Title

1. Length, width


2. Length, width, volume 3. Length, width, time, and space 4. Alla Prima, encaustic, tempera Painting, fresco, water color, oil on canvas, mosaic,

stained Glass, tapestry, drawing, printing, photography 5. Molding, carving, etching, installing 6. Lashed construction, truss construction, post and lintel construction, cantilever, arches

Bibliography

Datuin, Flaudette May, Brenda Fajardo, Patrick Flores, Alice Guillermo, Rosa Maria Icagasi, Regalado, Jose, Elena Mirano, Elenita Ordoñez and Norma Respicio. Art and Society. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1997. Datuin, Flaudette May, Roberto Paulino, Eileen Legaspi-Ramirez and Louise Marcelino. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016 Sayseng, Ayesha. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions. Pasay: JFS Publishing Services, 2016 Tiongson, Nicanor. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Arts. Pasay: Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1994. Tiongson, Nicanor. Tuklas Sining: Essays on Philippine Arts. Pasay: Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1991.

Glossary

Bodabil - is an indigenized term of the term vaudeville, which is a form of entertainment introduced by the Americans to the Philippines. It features a variety of skits, drama, comedy, and other forms performed in theatres. Pasyon - is an epic narrative of the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.


u n i t 2 : c l as s i f i c at i o n o f v ar i o u s a r

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