Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

Open AccessReview Article

Haritha J Formul Sci Bioavailab 2017 11Journal of Formulation Science amp BioavailabilityJou

rnal

of F

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tion Science ampBioavailability

Corresonding author Haritha B Professor ASN Pharmacy College TenaliAndhra Pradesh 522201 India Tel 086442 39595 E-mail Harithagmailcom

Received March 20 2017 Accepted April 04 2017 Published April 08 2017

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Copyright copy 2017 Haritha B This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are credited

AbstractTablets are defined as solid unit dosage form of medicaments intended for oral use They became most popular as they were

easy in preparation compared to any other type of dosage forms But the major drawback exists in its manufacturing If any minor problem occurs during their manufacturing then the whole batch of the unit should be discarded It is necessary to avoid any sort of errors during its manufacturing and as a result evaluation of tablets is very important before dispatching of a batch In the present study we discussed about the evaluation tests for tablets

A Review on Evaluation of TabletsHaritha BASN Pharmacy College Tenali Andhra Pradesh India

Keywords Solid unit dosage Compression method Indianpharmacopoeia Organoleptic properties

IntroductionTablets are a solid dosage form of medicaments with or without

excipients which are prepared by compression method According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia tablets are solid flat or biconvex unit dosage form of a medicament alone or medicament along with excipients prepared by compressing technique They may vary in its size shape and weight depending on the medicament and its mode of administration Tablets are said to be most widely used conventional dosage forms due to its variety of advantages and 70 of the medicaments were dispensed in tablet forms Most of the medicaments can be processed into tablets but there are some exceptions like medicaments with low density characters hygroscopic and the medicaments which were not possible to administer Post-compression studies (Evaluation parameters) plays a major role to release any dosage form into the market [1-25]

Advantages

bull Unit dosage forms with dose precision

bull Least content variability

bull Administration of accurate amounts of minute doses of a drugis possible

bull Economical of all oral dosage forms as its production doesnrsquotrequires additional processing steps

bull Easy transportation

bull Sustain release of a drug can be achieved through entericcoating

bull Medicaments with bitter taste can be masked with coatingtechnique (Sugar coating)

bull Tablet dosage form is stable when compared to all oral dosageforms

Disadvantages

Administration of drugs is not easy in case of children

Drugs with slow dissolution is not acceptable for tableting with good bioavailability

Medicaments with low density characters and amorphous in nature are difficult to compress

Hygroscopic nature of drugs is not acceptable for tablet compression

Evaluation of Tabletsbull Appearance

bull Size and Shape

bull Organoleptic properties

bull Uniformity of thickness

bull Hardness

bull Friability

bull Drug Content Uniformity

bull Weight Variation Test

bull Wetting time

bull Water Absorption Ratio

bull In vitro Dispersion Time

bull In vitro Disintegration Test

bull In vitro Dissolution Studies

bull Two set of apparatus

bull Apparatus-1

bull Apparatus-2

Appearance

Appearance is the first most required quality for the acceptance of tablet General elegance and its identity play a major role for the consumer acceptance Acceptance of the appearance of batches of the tablet has been done based on the measurement of the following factors like size color shape presence or absence of odor taste etc [26-50]

Size and shape

Size and shape of a tablet has been determined by its thickness

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 2 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

Size and shape of a tables plays an important role in its patient compliance as the size of the tablet increases it is not much easier for its administration Micrometer is the devise which is used to determine the thickness of a tablet It can be acceptable if the batch falls within the plusmn5 of standard deviation

Organoleptic properties

Color should be distributed uniformly without appearance of any signs of mottling Colour of the tablet should be compared with the standard colour for comparison

Uniformity of thickness

To determine the uniformity of thickness random selection of tablets has to be done from each and every batch and need to measure its thickness independently If the thickness of any single tablet varies then the batch containing that batch will not be dispatched into market (Figure 1)

Hardness

The ability of a tablet to withstand for mechanical shocks is known as hardness Pfizer hardness tester is the instrument which is used to determine the hardness of tablet It is expressed in kgcm2 Take three tablets from each batch and hardness should be determined and the selection of tabled should be done randomly Then the mean and standard devialtion values should be determined

Friability

Roche friabilator is the equipment which is used for the determination of friability

It is expressed in percentage

Note down the initial weight of the tablets individually (W initial)

Tablets are placed in a plastic chamber which revolves at 25 rpm and they are subjected to fall from a height of 6 inches in the friabilator for about 100 revolutions Then measure the weight of the tablet (W final) and observe any weight difference before tablet and after the friabilator processing (Figure 2)

Limits loss in weight less than 05 to 1 of the initial weight of the tablet should be considered as acceptable limits

Percentage of friability is calculated as

F=(W initial)- (W final) (W initial)times100

Drug content uniformity

Initially weigh the tablet and then powder it Now the powdered tablet is transferred into a 100 ml volumetric flask and add 01 N HCl upto mark Now filter the solution and discard first few ml of filtrate Take 10 ml of filtrate should be taken into a 50 ml volumetric flask and add 01 N HCl up to the mark and analysed spectrophotometrically at 274 nm and 2345 nm The concentration of the content of the drug

(μgml) was calculated by using the standard calibration curve of the respective drug [51-75]

Drug content is calculated by using the below formula

Concentration of the drug in (μgml) times 100 times 5010 times 1000

Weight variation test

Random selection of 20 tablets from each batch should be done and note down the weight of the tablet individually and check for any variation in its weight According to US Pharmacopies small variations in the weight is negligible and can be accepted Below is the acceptable limit of percentage deviation in weight variation (Table 1)

Wetting time

This method was performed to determine the wetting time of a tablet A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the tissue paper Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet Following procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each batch and standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results

Water absorption ratio

A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish (id=65 cm) containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the tissue paper Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet Thus wetted tablet was weighed Now the water absorption ratio R is calculated using the formula

R=100 times Wa ndashWbWb

Wb is the weight of the tablet before absorption

Wa is the weight of the tablet after absorption

Following procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each batch and standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results

In vitro dispersion time

Dispersion time of a tablet is determined by placing a tablet in 6 ml Figure 1 Vernier callipers used to determine the diameter of the tablet

Figure 2 Roche friabilator

Average weight of the tablet Percentage deviation130 mg or less 10More than 130 mg and less than 324 mg 75

Table 1 Percentage deviation in weight variation

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 3 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

of 68 pH phosphate buffer and note down the time taken for complete dispersion of tablet

Following procedure should be done for three tablets from each batch and in vitro dispersion time is calculated Standard deviation time is also determined from the obtained results It is expressed in seconds [76-102]

In vitro disintegration test

Disintegration is defined as the process of breakdown of tablet into small particles Disintegration time of a tablet is determined by using disintegration test apparatus as per IP specifications Place each tablet in each 6 tubes of the disintegration apparatus a then add a disc to each tube containing 68 pH phosphate buffer The temperature of the buffer should maintain at 37 plusmn 2degC and run the apparatus raised and lowered for 30 cycles per minute Note down the time taken for the complete disintegration of the tablet without any remitants (Figure 3)

Two set of apparatus

ConclusionTablets are the conventional dosage forms compared to any other

oral dosage forms It is necessary for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form with a good bioavailability Every batch of the tablets should undergo the above-mentioned evaluation tests before dispatching in to markets

References

1 Kogawa AC Salgadoa HRN (2016) Optimization of Microbiological Method byTurbidimetry for Quantification of Rifaximin Tablets Validation Application and Evaluation of Degraded Compounds Pharm Anal Acta 7 518

2 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Bosutinib 500 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 9 299-301

3 Sravya I (2016) Tablets Manufacturing Methods and Granulation TechniquesResearch amp Reviews Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies

4 Harita B (2015) A Short Review on Mouth Dissolving Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

5 Varma K (2016) Excipients used in the Formulation of Tablets Journal ofChemistry

6 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Menassa M et al (2016)Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination of DesloratadineBetamethasone Tablets (Oradus Beta) in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

7 Anusha JSK Karthik M (2016) A Review on Bilayered Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

8 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Lurasidone 80 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab

9 Shabana Md (2016) A Review on the Quality Control Analysis of Oral Dosage Form Tablets Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

10 Newton AMJ Bindu B Archana C (2016) Comparative Study on Starch Citrate Vs Other Super Disintegrants in the Formulation Characteristics and In vitroProfile of Ondansetron Sublingual Tablets by Direct Compression Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

11 El Abass SA Walash MI Ibrahim F (2016) Development and Validationof Spectrophotometric and Pre-column Derivatization HPLC Method forDetermination of Famotidine in Pharmaceuticals by Reaction with SodiumNitroprusside Application to Combined Tablets Pharm Anal Acta 7 476

12 Aksil TA Abbas M Trari M Benamara S (2016) Matrix Tablets from AlgerianLyophilized Berries (LB) (Arbutus unedo L) Date (Phoenix dactylifera L) NatProd Chem Res 4 207

13 Smith C Piamjariyakul U Werkowitch M Yadrich DM Thompson N et al(2016) A Clinical Trial of Translation of Evidence Based Interventions to Mobile Tablets and Illness Specific Internet Sites Int J Sens Netw Data Commun

14 Yoshizumi Y Mikushi S Nakane A Tohara H Minakuchi S et al (2016)Dynamics of Swallowing Tablets during the Recovery Period following Surgery for Tongue Cancer Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 5 218

15 Srivastava R Chaturvedi D (2015) Formulation Characterization andEvaluation of Gastro-Retentive Floating Tablets of Norfloxacin Research amp Reviews in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

16 Kubo Y Nogita T Kimura I Chiba M Sakakibara K et al (2016) Interventional Evaluation of Monoammonium Glycyrrhizinate-GlycineDLMethionineCombination Tablets in Mild Alopecia Areata J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7 322

17 Gul S Sajid S (2016) Formulation of Improved Norfloxacin HCl Tablets Quality Control Assessment and Comparison Study of Acidic and Basic Form ofNorfloxacin in Tablet Formulation J Dev Drugs 5 145

18 Malvey S Kshirasagar N Vishnu YV Srikanth J (2015) Formulation andEvaluation of Acyclovir Orodispersible Tablets Using Sublimation Method JGen Pract 3 208

19 Bandameedi R Pandiyan S (2016) Formulation and Evaluation of FloatingOsmotic Tablets of Nizatidine J App Pharm 8 209

20 Donthi MR Dudhipala NR Komalla DR Suram D Banala N et al (2015)Preparation and Evaluation of Fixed Combination of Ketoprofen Enteric Coated and Famotidine Floating Mini Tablets by Single Unit Encapsulation System JBioequiv Availab 7 279-283

21 Donthi MR Dudipala N Komalla DR Suram D Thallapally V et al (2015)Design and Evaluation of Floating Multi Unit Mini Tablets (MUMTS) MucoAdhesive Drug Delivery System of Famotidine to Treat Upper Gastro Intestinal Ulcers J Pharmacovigil 3 179

22 Belafkih B Belouafa S Bennamara A Skalli A and Abourriche A et al (2015)LC-MSMS Analysis of MDMA in Ecstasy Tablets in Morocco J Forensic Res6 301

23 Vargas M Bustamante C and Villarraga Ea (2015) Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations Containing Rosuvastatin 40 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombians J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

24 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Mroueh M et al (2015)Bioequivalence of LosartanAmlodipine Fixed Dose Combination Tablets(Losanet AM) Compared with Concomitant Administration of SingleComponents of Losartan and Amlodipine Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

25 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Fed and Fasting Bioequivalence Study for Two Formulations of Bosentan 125 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian People J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

26 Muntildeoz E Ocampo D Yepes N (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations of Escitalopram Oxalate 20 mg Tablets in Healthy Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 7 205-209

27 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations Containing Irbesartan 300 Mg Tablets in Healthy ColombianVolunteers J Bioequiv Availab 7 205-209

28 Liebowitz MR Salmaacuten E Johnso A Hanover R (2015) A 12-Week Double-

Figure 3 In vitro disintegration test

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 2 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

Size and shape of a tables plays an important role in its patient compliance as the size of the tablet increases it is not much easier for its administration Micrometer is the devise which is used to determine the thickness of a tablet It can be acceptable if the batch falls within the plusmn5 of standard deviation

Organoleptic properties

Color should be distributed uniformly without appearance of any signs of mottling Colour of the tablet should be compared with the standard colour for comparison

Uniformity of thickness

To determine the uniformity of thickness random selection of tablets has to be done from each and every batch and need to measure its thickness independently If the thickness of any single tablet varies then the batch containing that batch will not be dispatched into market (Figure 1)

Hardness

The ability of a tablet to withstand for mechanical shocks is known as hardness Pfizer hardness tester is the instrument which is used to determine the hardness of tablet It is expressed in kgcm2 Take three tablets from each batch and hardness should be determined and the selection of tabled should be done randomly Then the mean and standard devialtion values should be determined

Friability

Roche friabilator is the equipment which is used for the determination of friability

It is expressed in percentage

Note down the initial weight of the tablets individually (W initial)

Tablets are placed in a plastic chamber which revolves at 25 rpm and they are subjected to fall from a height of 6 inches in the friabilator for about 100 revolutions Then measure the weight of the tablet (W final) and observe any weight difference before tablet and after the friabilator processing (Figure 2)

Limits loss in weight less than 05 to 1 of the initial weight of the tablet should be considered as acceptable limits

Percentage of friability is calculated as

F=(W initial)- (W final) (W initial)times100

Drug content uniformity

Initially weigh the tablet and then powder it Now the powdered tablet is transferred into a 100 ml volumetric flask and add 01 N HCl upto mark Now filter the solution and discard first few ml of filtrate Take 10 ml of filtrate should be taken into a 50 ml volumetric flask and add 01 N HCl up to the mark and analysed spectrophotometrically at 274 nm and 2345 nm The concentration of the content of the drug

(μgml) was calculated by using the standard calibration curve of the respective drug [51-75]

Drug content is calculated by using the below formula

Concentration of the drug in (μgml) times 100 times 5010 times 1000

Weight variation test

Random selection of 20 tablets from each batch should be done and note down the weight of the tablet individually and check for any variation in its weight According to US Pharmacopies small variations in the weight is negligible and can be accepted Below is the acceptable limit of percentage deviation in weight variation (Table 1)

Wetting time

This method was performed to determine the wetting time of a tablet A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the tissue paper Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet Following procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each batch and standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results

Water absorption ratio

A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish (id=65 cm) containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the tissue paper Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet Thus wetted tablet was weighed Now the water absorption ratio R is calculated using the formula

R=100 times Wa ndashWbWb

Wb is the weight of the tablet before absorption

Wa is the weight of the tablet after absorption

Following procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each batch and standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results

In vitro dispersion time

Dispersion time of a tablet is determined by placing a tablet in 6 ml Figure 1 Vernier callipers used to determine the diameter of the tablet

Figure 2 Roche friabilator

Average weight of the tablet Percentage deviation130 mg or less 10More than 130 mg and less than 324 mg 75

Table 1 Percentage deviation in weight variation

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 3 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

of 68 pH phosphate buffer and note down the time taken for complete dispersion of tablet

Following procedure should be done for three tablets from each batch and in vitro dispersion time is calculated Standard deviation time is also determined from the obtained results It is expressed in seconds [76-102]

In vitro disintegration test

Disintegration is defined as the process of breakdown of tablet into small particles Disintegration time of a tablet is determined by using disintegration test apparatus as per IP specifications Place each tablet in each 6 tubes of the disintegration apparatus a then add a disc to each tube containing 68 pH phosphate buffer The temperature of the buffer should maintain at 37 plusmn 2degC and run the apparatus raised and lowered for 30 cycles per minute Note down the time taken for the complete disintegration of the tablet without any remitants (Figure 3)

Two set of apparatus

ConclusionTablets are the conventional dosage forms compared to any other

oral dosage forms It is necessary for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form with a good bioavailability Every batch of the tablets should undergo the above-mentioned evaluation tests before dispatching in to markets

References

1 Kogawa AC Salgadoa HRN (2016) Optimization of Microbiological Method byTurbidimetry for Quantification of Rifaximin Tablets Validation Application and Evaluation of Degraded Compounds Pharm Anal Acta 7 518

2 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Bosutinib 500 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 9 299-301

3 Sravya I (2016) Tablets Manufacturing Methods and Granulation TechniquesResearch amp Reviews Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies

4 Harita B (2015) A Short Review on Mouth Dissolving Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

5 Varma K (2016) Excipients used in the Formulation of Tablets Journal ofChemistry

6 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Menassa M et al (2016)Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination of DesloratadineBetamethasone Tablets (Oradus Beta) in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

7 Anusha JSK Karthik M (2016) A Review on Bilayered Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

8 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Lurasidone 80 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab

9 Shabana Md (2016) A Review on the Quality Control Analysis of Oral Dosage Form Tablets Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

10 Newton AMJ Bindu B Archana C (2016) Comparative Study on Starch Citrate Vs Other Super Disintegrants in the Formulation Characteristics and In vitroProfile of Ondansetron Sublingual Tablets by Direct Compression Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

11 El Abass SA Walash MI Ibrahim F (2016) Development and Validationof Spectrophotometric and Pre-column Derivatization HPLC Method forDetermination of Famotidine in Pharmaceuticals by Reaction with SodiumNitroprusside Application to Combined Tablets Pharm Anal Acta 7 476

12 Aksil TA Abbas M Trari M Benamara S (2016) Matrix Tablets from AlgerianLyophilized Berries (LB) (Arbutus unedo L) Date (Phoenix dactylifera L) NatProd Chem Res 4 207

13 Smith C Piamjariyakul U Werkowitch M Yadrich DM Thompson N et al(2016) A Clinical Trial of Translation of Evidence Based Interventions to Mobile Tablets and Illness Specific Internet Sites Int J Sens Netw Data Commun

14 Yoshizumi Y Mikushi S Nakane A Tohara H Minakuchi S et al (2016)Dynamics of Swallowing Tablets during the Recovery Period following Surgery for Tongue Cancer Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 5 218

15 Srivastava R Chaturvedi D (2015) Formulation Characterization andEvaluation of Gastro-Retentive Floating Tablets of Norfloxacin Research amp Reviews in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

16 Kubo Y Nogita T Kimura I Chiba M Sakakibara K et al (2016) Interventional Evaluation of Monoammonium Glycyrrhizinate-GlycineDLMethionineCombination Tablets in Mild Alopecia Areata J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7 322

17 Gul S Sajid S (2016) Formulation of Improved Norfloxacin HCl Tablets Quality Control Assessment and Comparison Study of Acidic and Basic Form ofNorfloxacin in Tablet Formulation J Dev Drugs 5 145

18 Malvey S Kshirasagar N Vishnu YV Srikanth J (2015) Formulation andEvaluation of Acyclovir Orodispersible Tablets Using Sublimation Method JGen Pract 3 208

19 Bandameedi R Pandiyan S (2016) Formulation and Evaluation of FloatingOsmotic Tablets of Nizatidine J App Pharm 8 209

20 Donthi MR Dudhipala NR Komalla DR Suram D Banala N et al (2015)Preparation and Evaluation of Fixed Combination of Ketoprofen Enteric Coated and Famotidine Floating Mini Tablets by Single Unit Encapsulation System JBioequiv Availab 7 279-283

21 Donthi MR Dudipala N Komalla DR Suram D Thallapally V et al (2015)Design and Evaluation of Floating Multi Unit Mini Tablets (MUMTS) MucoAdhesive Drug Delivery System of Famotidine to Treat Upper Gastro Intestinal Ulcers J Pharmacovigil 3 179

22 Belafkih B Belouafa S Bennamara A Skalli A and Abourriche A et al (2015)LC-MSMS Analysis of MDMA in Ecstasy Tablets in Morocco J Forensic Res6 301

23 Vargas M Bustamante C and Villarraga Ea (2015) Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations Containing Rosuvastatin 40 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombians J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

24 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Mroueh M et al (2015)Bioequivalence of LosartanAmlodipine Fixed Dose Combination Tablets(Losanet AM) Compared with Concomitant Administration of SingleComponents of Losartan and Amlodipine Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

25 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Fed and Fasting Bioequivalence Study for Two Formulations of Bosentan 125 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian People J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

26 Muntildeoz E Ocampo D Yepes N (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations of Escitalopram Oxalate 20 mg Tablets in Healthy Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 7 205-209

27 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations Containing Irbesartan 300 Mg Tablets in Healthy ColombianVolunteers J Bioequiv Availab 7 205-209

28 Liebowitz MR Salmaacuten E Johnso A Hanover R (2015) A 12-Week Double-

Figure 3 In vitro disintegration test

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 3 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

of 68 pH phosphate buffer and note down the time taken for complete dispersion of tablet

Following procedure should be done for three tablets from each batch and in vitro dispersion time is calculated Standard deviation time is also determined from the obtained results It is expressed in seconds [76-102]

In vitro disintegration test

Disintegration is defined as the process of breakdown of tablet into small particles Disintegration time of a tablet is determined by using disintegration test apparatus as per IP specifications Place each tablet in each 6 tubes of the disintegration apparatus a then add a disc to each tube containing 68 pH phosphate buffer The temperature of the buffer should maintain at 37 plusmn 2degC and run the apparatus raised and lowered for 30 cycles per minute Note down the time taken for the complete disintegration of the tablet without any remitants (Figure 3)

Two set of apparatus

ConclusionTablets are the conventional dosage forms compared to any other

oral dosage forms It is necessary for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form with a good bioavailability Every batch of the tablets should undergo the above-mentioned evaluation tests before dispatching in to markets

References

1 Kogawa AC Salgadoa HRN (2016) Optimization of Microbiological Method byTurbidimetry for Quantification of Rifaximin Tablets Validation Application and Evaluation of Degraded Compounds Pharm Anal Acta 7 518

2 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Bosutinib 500 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 9 299-301

3 Sravya I (2016) Tablets Manufacturing Methods and Granulation TechniquesResearch amp Reviews Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies

4 Harita B (2015) A Short Review on Mouth Dissolving Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

5 Varma K (2016) Excipients used in the Formulation of Tablets Journal ofChemistry

6 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Menassa M et al (2016)Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination of DesloratadineBetamethasone Tablets (Oradus Beta) in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

7 Anusha JSK Karthik M (2016) A Review on Bilayered Tablets Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

8 Vargas M Villarraga EA (2016) Bioequivalence Study of Two FormulationsContaining Lurasidone 80 mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian Volunteers JBioequiv Availab

9 Shabana Md (2016) A Review on the Quality Control Analysis of Oral Dosage Form Tablets Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

10 Newton AMJ Bindu B Archana C (2016) Comparative Study on Starch Citrate Vs Other Super Disintegrants in the Formulation Characteristics and In vitroProfile of Ondansetron Sublingual Tablets by Direct Compression Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

11 El Abass SA Walash MI Ibrahim F (2016) Development and Validationof Spectrophotometric and Pre-column Derivatization HPLC Method forDetermination of Famotidine in Pharmaceuticals by Reaction with SodiumNitroprusside Application to Combined Tablets Pharm Anal Acta 7 476

12 Aksil TA Abbas M Trari M Benamara S (2016) Matrix Tablets from AlgerianLyophilized Berries (LB) (Arbutus unedo L) Date (Phoenix dactylifera L) NatProd Chem Res 4 207

13 Smith C Piamjariyakul U Werkowitch M Yadrich DM Thompson N et al(2016) A Clinical Trial of Translation of Evidence Based Interventions to Mobile Tablets and Illness Specific Internet Sites Int J Sens Netw Data Commun

14 Yoshizumi Y Mikushi S Nakane A Tohara H Minakuchi S et al (2016)Dynamics of Swallowing Tablets during the Recovery Period following Surgery for Tongue Cancer Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 5 218

15 Srivastava R Chaturvedi D (2015) Formulation Characterization andEvaluation of Gastro-Retentive Floating Tablets of Norfloxacin Research amp Reviews in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

16 Kubo Y Nogita T Kimura I Chiba M Sakakibara K et al (2016) Interventional Evaluation of Monoammonium Glycyrrhizinate-GlycineDLMethionineCombination Tablets in Mild Alopecia Areata J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7 322

17 Gul S Sajid S (2016) Formulation of Improved Norfloxacin HCl Tablets Quality Control Assessment and Comparison Study of Acidic and Basic Form ofNorfloxacin in Tablet Formulation J Dev Drugs 5 145

18 Malvey S Kshirasagar N Vishnu YV Srikanth J (2015) Formulation andEvaluation of Acyclovir Orodispersible Tablets Using Sublimation Method JGen Pract 3 208

19 Bandameedi R Pandiyan S (2016) Formulation and Evaluation of FloatingOsmotic Tablets of Nizatidine J App Pharm 8 209

20 Donthi MR Dudhipala NR Komalla DR Suram D Banala N et al (2015)Preparation and Evaluation of Fixed Combination of Ketoprofen Enteric Coated and Famotidine Floating Mini Tablets by Single Unit Encapsulation System JBioequiv Availab 7 279-283

21 Donthi MR Dudipala N Komalla DR Suram D Thallapally V et al (2015)Design and Evaluation of Floating Multi Unit Mini Tablets (MUMTS) MucoAdhesive Drug Delivery System of Famotidine to Treat Upper Gastro Intestinal Ulcers J Pharmacovigil 3 179

22 Belafkih B Belouafa S Bennamara A Skalli A and Abourriche A et al (2015)LC-MSMS Analysis of MDMA in Ecstasy Tablets in Morocco J Forensic Res6 301

23 Vargas M Bustamante C and Villarraga Ea (2015) Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations Containing Rosuvastatin 40 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombians J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

24 Bustami R Khasawneh S Absi W Feddah H Mroueh M et al (2015)Bioequivalence of LosartanAmlodipine Fixed Dose Combination Tablets(Losanet AM) Compared with Concomitant Administration of SingleComponents of Losartan and Amlodipine Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

25 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Fed and Fasting Bioequivalence Study for Two Formulations of Bosentan 125 Mg Tablets in Healthy Colombian People J Bioequiv Availab 7 229-232

26 Muntildeoz E Ocampo D Yepes N (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations of Escitalopram Oxalate 20 mg Tablets in Healthy Volunteers JBioequiv Availab 7 205-209

27 Vargas M Bustamante C Villarraga EA (2015) Bioequivalence Study of TwoFormulations Containing Irbesartan 300 Mg Tablets in Healthy ColombianVolunteers J Bioequiv Availab 7 205-209

28 Liebowitz MR Salmaacuten E Johnso A Hanover R (2015) A 12-Week Double-

Figure 3 In vitro disintegration test

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

Page 4 of 5

Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

Blind Placebo-Controlled Flexible-Dose Trial of Desvenlafaxine Extended-Release Tablets in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder J Depress Anxiety7 205-209

29 SindhuP (2014) Formulation Development and Evaluation of Bi-Layer Sustained Release Tablets of Amlodipine and Metaprolol Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

30 Nagashree K (2015) Solid dosage forms Tablets Pharmaceutical analysis

31 Sasidhar R (2015) Characterisation of Sustained Release Bilayer Tablets of Pioglitazone and Metformin Pharmaceutical analysis

32 Sasidhar R (2015) Evaluation of Oral Mucoadhesive Metoprolol succinate Controlled Release Tablets Research amp Reviews Journal of Pharmaceutical analysis

33 Sasidhar R (2015) Floating Tablets of Glipizide using Eurayle Ferox seeds for the treatement of Diabetis Mellitus Pharmaceutical analysis

34 Sowjanya P Sathyaraj A (2015) Formulation and development of Mucoadhesive tablets of Lamivudine by direct compression technique Journal of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology

35 Hadad GM Abdel Salam RA and Elkhoudarya MM (2015) Simultaneous Determination of Clarithromycin Tinidazole and Omeprazole in Helicure Tablets Using Reflectance Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with the Aid of Chemometry Pharm Anal Acta 6 354

36 SallamA Isam I Salem Dalia Al Johari et al (2015) Bioequivalence of Two Oral Formulations of Modafinil Tablets in Healthy Male Subjects under Fed and Fasting Conditions J Bioequiv Availab

37 Agatonovic-Kustrin S Morton DW Singh R Baboota S Talegaonkar S et al (2015) Biorelevant Dissolution Studies of Pioglitazone Hcl Immediate Release Tablets and the Determination of an In Vitro In Vivo Correlation J Bioequiv Availab

38 Prasanth VV Lohumi A Tribedi S Mathappan R Mathew ST et al (2013) Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Floating Tablets of Stavudine Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

39 Prasanth VV Sarkar S Tribedi S Mathappan R Mathew ST et al (2013) Formulation and Evaluation of Orodispersible Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

40 Kishore SV Tejeswara BR Kumar YS Nagasen D (2013) Design of Orodispersible Tablets of Losartan Potassium Using Novel Co-Processed Superdisintegrants Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

41 Surinder K Tusharkumar SH Ezhilmuthu RP Senthilkumar KL (2013) Taste Masking of Sitagliptin Phosphate Monohydrate By Ion Exchange Resin and Formulation of Rapidly-Disintegrating Tablets Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

42 Kishor D Gowtham VK Sudheer B Sandeep M (2013) Design and Development of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Ibuprofen Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

43 Anand C Vidyasagar G Rajmane M (2013) Approach of Solid Dispersion and Polymer Coating in Formulation of Rapid Dispersible Tablets of Paracetamol Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

44 Anand C Vidyasagar G Rajmane M (2013) Formulation and Evaluation of Matrix Tablets of Albendazole for Colon Site Specific Drug Delivery Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

45 Abhilash G Baby B Prakash B Rajan SR Ramesh K Ravi GK et al (2013) Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Various Binder Combinations for Metformin Tablets Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

46 Pavan M Prasanth VV Sharma A Chauhan A Mathappan R et al (2014) Formulation and Evaluation of Dicloxacillin Sodium Floating Tablets Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences

47 Suthar RM Chotai NP Digesh DS Thumar RM Patel HK et al (2012) Development of Fast Dissolving Tablets Containing Ondansetron via Camphor Sublimation and its Characterization Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

48 Prakash KV Pulla RP Kumar YK (2014) Development and Validation of Rasagiline Tartrate in Tablets by using Liquid Chromatography Pharmaceutical Analysis

49 Prakash Om Saraf S Rahman M Agnihotri N Vinay Pathak (2013)

Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Nateglinide Tablets Using Factorial Design Pharmaceutical Analysis

50 Rani TS Sujatha K Chitra K Jacob DM Yandapalli R et al (2012) Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Tablets Pharmaceutical Analysis

51 Kumari PK Sankar G Sowjanya P Madhubabu S (2014) Stability Indicating RP-HPLC method Development and Validation of Salicylic Acid in Choline Magnesium Trisalicilate (Trilisate) Tablets J Pharma Care Health Sys 1 4

52 Devineni D Curtin CR Ariyawansa J Weiner S Stieltjes H et al (2014) Bioequivalence of CanagliflozinMetformin Immediate Release Fixed- Dose Combination Tablets Compared with Concomitant Administration of Single Components of Canagliflozin and Metformin in Healthy Fed Participants J Bioequiv Availab 6 164-173

53 Zhang X Zhang S (2014) Bioequivalence Study of Two 30 Mg Tolvaptan Tablets Formulations in Healthy Chinese under Fed Condition J Bioequiv Availab 6 181-185

54 Shedage A Khanna A Gole M Purandare S Malhotra G et al (2014) Comparative Steady State Cross-Over Bioequivalence Study of 35mg Trimetazidine Extended-Release Tablets J Bioequiv Availab

55 Malhotra B Matschke K Bramson C Wang Q Salageanu et al (2014) Relative Bioavailability Study of an Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of Extended-Release Oxycodone with Sequestered Naltrexone (ALO-02) Versus Immediate-Release Oxycodone Tablets in Healthy Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

56 Damodar R Movva B Mallikarjun PN Pasumarthy C Kona N et al (2014) Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Diclofenac Sodium by Novel Hole Technology J Mol Pharm Org Process Res 2 116

57 Osaka I Ono S Aikawa A Kimura A Shizusawa Y et al (2014) Prophylactic Use of Fentanyl Buccal Tablets for Predictable Breakthrough Pain A Case Report J Palliat Care Med 4 191

58 Muhammad IN Shoaib MH Yousuf RI (2014) Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Studies of Oral Cefuroxime Axetil 250 mg Tablets in Healthy Human Subjects J Bioequiv Availab 6 149-152

59 Jawhari D Alswisi M Ghannam M Halman JA et al (2014) Bioequivalence of a New Generic Formulation of Erlotinib Hydrochloride 150 mg Tablets versus Tarceva in Healthy Volunteers under Fasting Conditions J Bioequiv Availab 6 119-123

60 Damodar R Movva B (2014) Preparation and In-vitro Evaluation of Metformin HCl Tablets Containing Sustained Release Beads for Increasing Therapeutic Window J Bioequiv

61 Muntildeoz E Horacio D Espinal E and Yeacutepes N (2014) Bioequivalence Study of Two 10 mg Montelukast Immediate-Release Tablets Formulations A Randomized Single-Dose Open-Label Two Periods Crossover Study J Bioequiv Availab

62 Chik Z Deril NM Didi EMH Basu RC Ratnasingam J et al (2014) A Bioequivalence Comparison of Two Captopril Formulations (25 mg Tablets) An Open-Label Randomized Two-Treatment Two-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

63 Kutzleb J Elmann N Fruhschien A Angeli S Mulkay A (2014) The Use of 4G Android Tablets for Enhanced Patient Activation of Chronic Disease Self-Management in People with Heart Failure J Nurs Care

64 Salem H Riad SM Rezk MR Ahmed K (2014) Simultaneous Determination of Omeprazole Tinidazole and Clarithromycin in Bulk Powder and Helicure Tablets by HPLC J Chromat Separation Techniq

65 Friedrich C Brand T Ring A (2014) Bioequivalence of Glucophagereg (Metformin) Tablets from Europe and the United States Tested in Healthy Volunteers J Bioequiv Availab

66 Renati D Vinay CV (2014) Role of Novel Hole Technology in Fast Dissolving Tablets J Mol Pharm Org Process Res

67 (2010) Determination of 34-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Confiscated Tablets by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Diode Array Detector J Forensic Res 2010 1 106 DOI 1041722157-71451000106

68 Kassem MA El-Sayed GO (2014) Adsorption of Tartrazine on Medical Activated Charcoal Tablets under Controlled Conditions J Environ Anal Chem

69 Usman S Alam A Nadeem N (2014) Biowaiver Studies of Atenolol Tablets

Citation Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1 107

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Volume 1 bull Issue 1 bull 1000107J Formul Sci Bioavailab an open access journal

(100mg) - An Alternative to In Vivo Bioequivalence Studies Nat Prod Chem Res

70 Menkovska M (2013) The Newest Experience with Effervescent TabletsContaining Royal Jelly as Functional Food on Packing Dosage and Synergistic Action in Prevention Prophylaxis and Healing J Food Process Technol

71 Lories IB Mostafa AA Girges MA (2013) High Performance LiquidChromatography TLC Densitometry Firstderivative and First-derivativeratio spectrophotometry for de-termination of Rivaroxaban and its alkalineDegradates in Bulk Powder and its Tablets J Chromat Separation Techniq

72 Watson CJ Souza D Silva C (2013) Attempt to Detect Garlic Allyl Sulphidesfrom Saliva after Consumption of Garlic Tablets Using GC-MS J MicrobialBiochem Technol

73 Hu L Gu D (2013) A Novel Approach to Formulate and Optimize OrallyDisintegrating Tablets of Bambuterol Hydrochloride Pharmaceut Anal Acta

74 Menon S Kandari K Mhatre M (2013) Bioequivalence and PharmacokineticEvaluation of Two Formulations of Armodafinil 250 mg Tablets in Healthy Indian Adult Male Subjects J Bioequiv Availab

75 Kaale E Nyamweru BC Manyanga V (2013) The Development and Validation of a Thin Layer Chromatography Densitometry Method for the Analysis ofDiclofenac Sodium Tablets Pharmaceut Anal Acta

76 Bhoya PN Patelia Em (2013) Development and Validation of TLC-Densitometry Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Bisoprolol Fumarate andHydrochlorothiazide in Bulk and Tablets J Chromat Separation Techniq

77 Salem H Safaa M (2012) Simultaneous Determination of Metronidazole andDiiodohydroxyquine in Bulk Powder and Paramibe Compound Tablets by TLC-Densitometry and HPLC Pharm Anal Acta

78 Lokesh PNV Althaf S (2012) Design Development and Formulation ofOrodispersible Tablets of a Model Drug Using Response Surface Methodology Pharm Anal Acta

79 Althaf S Sailaja PB (2012) Formulation Evaluation and Mathematical Modelling of Clopidogrel Bisulphate amp Aspirin Immediate Release Bilayer Tablets Pharm Anal Acta

80 Raja M Geetha G Sangaranarayanan A (2012) Simultaneous StabilityIndicating Method Development and Validation for Related Compoundsof Ibuprofen and Paracetamol Tablets by RP-HPLC Method J ChromatSeparation Techniq

81 Ansary A Abdel-Moety MM Abdel-Gawad FM Mohamed EA Khater MM etal (2012) Simultaneous Determination of Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazidein Tablets and Spiked Human Plasma using Derivative SpectrophotometryPharm Anal Acta 3 186

82 Ahir KB Patelia EM Mehta FA (2012) Simultaneous Estimation of NebivololHydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablets by TLC-Densitometry JChromat Separation Techniq 3 141

83 El-Din MS Eid M Zeid AM (2012) Development and Validation of RP- HPLCMethod for Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Salicylamide intheir Binary Mixtures Application to Combined Tablets J Chromat SeparationTechniq 3 137

84 Ratnaparkhi MP (2012) Formulation and Development of Taste Masked Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Perindopril Erbumine by Direct Compression Method Pharm Anal Acta 3 162

85 Jagadeeswaran M Gopal N Kumar KP Kumar TS (2012) QuantitativeEstimation of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Tablets by RP-HPLC Method PharmAnal Acta 3 160

86 Nanjwade BK Adichwal SA Nanjwade VK Gaikwad KR Thakare SA et al(2012) Development and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets ofGlipizide Based on Effervescent Technology J Drug Metab Toxicol

87 Qiu X Xiang R Dai Q Yang B Xiong L et al (2012) Pharmacokinetics andBioequivalence Evaluation of Two Voriconazole tablets An Open-LabelSingle-Dose Randomized Two-Way Crossover Study in Healthy ChineseMale Volunteers JBB 4 044-047

88 Usman M Ali I Bibi H Iqbal J Iqbal K et al (2012) Preparation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Tablets Containing Mefenamic Acid Clin Exp Pharmacol 2 107

89 Usman M Ali I Bibi H Iqbal J Iqbal K et al (2012) Bioequivalence Evaluation of Two Formulations of Lamotrigine Tablets in Healthy Volunteers JBB 4 030-034

90 Usman M Ali I Bibi H Iqbal J Iqbal K et al (2012) Bioequivalence Study ofTwo Oral Formulations of Memantine Tablets in Healthy Brazilian Volunteersafter a Single Dose Administration JBB 4 014-017

91 Jian-Jun Z Tan J Hong-Wei F Shao-Liang C (2012) Bioequivalence Study ofClopidogrel 75 Mg Tablets in Healthy Male Volunteers JBB 4 006-009

92 Alonso-Campero R Bernardo-Escudero R Francisco-Doce MTJ Corteacutes-Fuentes M Gilberto Castantildeeda-Hernandez G et al (2011) BioequivalenceStudy of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride 10 mg Tablets in Healthy MaleVolunteers JBB 3 222-227

93 Alonso-Campero R Bernardo-Escudero R Francisco-Doce MTJ Corteacutes-Fuentes M Gilberto Castantildeeda-Hernandez G et al (2011) BioequivalenceStudy of Norfloxacin Tablets (Oranorreg and Noroxinreg) in Healthy Male Volunteers A Single Dose Randomized Open-label 2 x 2 Cross-over inFasting Conditions Study JBB 3 215-221

94 Bragatto MS dos Santos MB Pinto AMP Gomes E Angonese NT et al(2011) Comparison between Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic ofSingle- Doses of Furosemide 40 mg Tablets JBB 3 191-197

95 Frag EYZ Mohamed GG Alelaiwi HMS (2011) Utility of Ion-associateFormation Reactions for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Sildenafil Citrate in Pure form and in Virecta Tablets Pharm Anal Acta 2 131

96 Jawhari D AlSwisi M (2011) Bioavailability of a New Generic Formulationof Imatinib Mesylate 400mg Tablets Versus Glivec in Healthy Male AdultVolunteers JBB 3 161-164

97 Somagoni JM Reddy S Koorelli S Manda S Yamsani MR et al (2011)Enantiomeric Separation and Determination of Stereospecific Drug Release from Marketed Racemic Amlodipine Besylate Tablets by HPLC Pharm AnalActa 2 129

98 Chatsiricharoenkul S Niyomnaitham S Pongnarin P Sathirakul KKongpatanakul S (2011) Bioequivalence Study of 10 mg Olanzapine Tablets in Healthy Thai Volunteers JBB 3 082-085

99 Reddy YR Kumar KK Reddy MRP Mukkanti K (2011) Rapid SimultaneousDetermination of Sumatriptan Succinate and Naproxen Sodium in CombinedTablets by Validated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method JAnal Bioanal Techniques 2 121

100 Bari SB Bakshi AR Jain PS Surana SJ (2011) Application of UV-Spectroscopy and First Order Derivative Method for Determination ofTamsulosin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Tablets Pharm Anal Acta 2 120

101 Caro VD Giandalia G Siragusa MG Campisi G Giannola LI (2009)Galantamine Delivery on Buccal Mucosa Permeation Enhancement andDesign of Matrix Tablets JBB 1 127-134

102 Khattak S Malik F Hameed A Ahmad S Rizwan M et al (2010) Comparative Bioavailability Assessment of Newly Developed Flurbiprofen Matrix Tabletsand Froben SRreg Tablets in Healthy Pakistani Volunteers JBB 2 139-144