typology, estonian, finnish – some introductory · pdf fileabout linguistic typology ......
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About linguistic typology
Helle MetslangEstonian: typology and databases
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Estonian: typology and databasesSzeged, April 2009
What is typology?
The study of linguistic patterns that are found cross-linguistically, in particular, patterns that can be discovered solely by cross-
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that can be discovered solely by cross-linguistic comparison (W. Croft)
The classification of languages or components of languages based on shared formal characteristics (L. J. Whaley)
What is typology?
A typological approach involves classification either (a) components of languages or (b) languages
Three approaches:
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Three approaches:1) classification of languages (isolative -agglutinative
– flective etc.; complexity of languages)2) typological generalization, language universals,3) functional-typological approach.
Classification of languages
Classical morphological typology:w analytical – synthetic languagesw isolating – agglutinating – fusional (flective)
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w isolating – agglutinating – fusional (flective) languages
w polysynthetic (incorporative) languagesTypological cycle hypothesis:isolating → (reduction) → agglutinative →
(morphological fusion) → fusional →(morphological loss) → isolating → ...
Classical morphological typology
Rather dominating formal devices than characteristics of the language as a whole
Changes in the parts of language system,
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Changes in the parts of language system, correspond to the direction of the grammaticalization changes
Among Finnic languages, Estonian and Livonian have changed to the fusion, Finnish is more agglutinative
Typology as the study of linguistic phenomena
Functionally and formally similar constructions, categories, units, oppositions etc. in different languages
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“The ultimate goal for the typological approach is to unify the study of all types of linguistic variation: cross-linguistic (synchronic typology), intralinguistic (sociolinguistics and language acquisition) and diachronic (diachronic typology and historical linguistics” (Croft)
Typology as the study of linguistic phenomena
The typological investigations search for general types and distinctive features both among the categories of languages and their inter-relationships and in the framework of each single category. The categories
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framework of each single category. The categories can be reduced to a limited number of basic types, just as the sources of these categories, i.e. lexical and grammatical devices, gradually changing their meaning and function and acquiring a new role in grammar, occur in a limited number of types.
Sources of similarities between languages
1) genetic – common historical roots (e.g Finno-Ugric languages)
2) areal – language contacts (e.g. languages of the Circum-Baltic area)
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Circum-Baltic area)3) general tendencies of the development (e.g
grammaticalization clines: demonstrative →definite article), linguistic universals
4) occasional similaritiesLanguages are dynamic, stability and uniformity is
relative
Typology and databases
w Typology studies samples of languages to compare and make generalisations
w Compiling typological databases: needs the
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w Compiling typological databases: needs the general typological classification of linguistic phenomena, collects and provides data for typological research. Databases may begin with small sets of data.
Typology and study of languages
w Description of single languages: uses the general knowledge about linguistic phenomena in other languages and languages in general and provides
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languages and languages in general and provides information for typology
w Comparative linguistics: comparison of two or some languages, detailed studies, uses the general knowledge about linguistic phenomena and provides information for typology
Data sources
1) native speakers2) texts
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3) descriptive grammars and other linguistic research
Native speaker elicitation
w impractical if large and diverse sample is desiredw artifical situationMethod of questionnaires (EUROTYP): questions to
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Method of questionnaires (EUROTYP): questions to detect certain phenomena, informants are native linguists
w the categories under observation may occur in languages in unpredictable ways and conditions, and so they may be overlooked
w or the respondent discovers in that language such phenomena, which, in reality, do not exist
Texts
w more natural use of languagew restricted set of registers (narratives, literary,
sacred)
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sacred)w some linguistic phenomena can not be foundw risk of wrong interpretationw consultation of native informant often
necessary, but often impossible
Language descriptions
w systematical and often exhaustivew differences in interpretations, concepts and
terms
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termsw the facts which interest a typologist could
have been interpreted in different ways, from various aspects, insufficiently, or could have been ignored altogether
Data sources
w no source of data is perfectw all sources should be used
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w native linguists!
Typology: activities
w EUROTYP (1990ies) – project of the typology of the languages of Europe
w Association for Linguistic Typology
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w Association for Linguistic Typologyhttp://www.linguistic-typology.org/
the organization of conferencesthe publication of a journalthe awarding of prizes
Typology: journals
w Linguistic Typology (journal of ALT, editor Frans Plank)
volume 11-1 (2007) – special issue to
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volume 11-1 (2007) – special issue to commemorate the journal’s decennial: overview and perspectives of typology
w Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung(editor Thomas Stolz)
Typological Database System (University of Amsterdam)
http://www.hum.uva.nl/tds/ Kees Hengeveld et al.Databases currently accessible e.g.w Amsterdam word-order database
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w Amsterdam word-order databasew Anaphora typology database w Berlin Database of Intensifiers and Reflexives
Person-Agreement database w SPIN phonological segment inventoriesw StressTypw Syllable typology database w Typological Database Nijmegen
Typological Database System (University of Amsterdam)
Scheduled for integration e.g.w Graz Database on Reduplication
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w Berlin-Utrecht Reciprocals Survey w Topic-focus database
The World Atlas of Language Structures
http://wals.info/ Martin Haspelmath et al.w A large database of structural (phonological,
grammatical, lexical) properties of languages
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grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials (such as reference grammars)
w WALS makes information on the structural diversity of the world's languages available to a large audience
WALS
w WALS consists of 141 maps with accompanying texts on diverse features (such as vowel inventory size, noun-genitive order, passive constructions,
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size, noun-genitive order, passive constructions, and "hand"/"arm" polysemy).
w Each map shows between 120 and 1370 languages, each language being represented by a symbol, and different symbols showing different values of the feature.
WALS map 49: number of cases
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WALS map 78: coding of evidentiality
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Matthew Dryer's Typological Database
http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/database
w Was originally a database on word order
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w Was originally a database on word order features, but has expanded into various othe typological features. Data of over 1600 languages
Uralic Typology Database project
http://www.univie.ac.at/urtypol/conf.htmlw Kick-off conference in Vienna, September
2008
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2008w Initiator Ferenc Havas, organizer Johanna
Laaksow Further meetings (Havas, Laakso, Anne
Tamm et al.)
1980ies: project Dialectologia Uralica
w Description of dialects + unified model for description of the Uralic languages and dialects
w Wolfgang Veenker. FU-5 in Turku 1980, symposium in Hamburg 1984
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Hamburg 1984 w To classify and systematize available materials on a
common basisw To start with literary languages, to prove and develop the
method, further: dialectological dataw The project was not realized. Difficulties of international
cooperation in the Soviet time. Veenker died in 1996.
Dialectologia Uralica: method
In the paradigms every morphological form becomes a code of six figures (ABCDEF). Every category has its own position (A-F) and its values are marked by numbers.
E.g. the finite verb forms:
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E.g. the finite verb forms: A – affirmation / negationB – moodC – voiceD – tenseE – number and personF – reference to the grammatical object
Dialectologia Uralica: a study of two languages
w Anu-Reet Hausenberg and Paul Kokla (1988): an attempt of the unified description of the verb forms of the Komi and Mari languages
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of the Komi and Mari languagesKomi perfect (мунöмыд ‘you have gone’) and Mari 2nd
past form (тoлынaт ‘you have come’): both code 111420
A1 – affirmative, B1 – indicative, C1- active, D4 –language-specific tense, E2 – 2ns person singular, F0 – irrelevant to the object reference.
Estonian and typology
Estonian in typological studies e.g.EUROTYP, final volume of one theme group “Tense and
aspect in the languages of Europe” (Dahl 2000)
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aspect in the languages of Europe” (Dahl 2000)Thomas Stolz “Sprachbund im Baltikum?”Östen Dahl & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds.) 2001,
Circum-Baltic Languages 1, 2.Petar Kehayov “An Areal-Typological Perspective to
Evidentiality: the Cases of the Balkan and Baltic Linguistic Areas” (Tartu 2008)
Estonian and typology
Descriptions of Estonian from the typological point of view e.g.“Estonian: typological studies” I-V, ed. by Mati
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“Estonian: typological studies” I-V, ed. by Mati Erelt, University of Tartu, 1996-2001
Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung” 2009, 1-2: Estonian in typological perspective (guest editor Helle Metslang)
Some facts about the Estonian language
Estonian belongs to the Finnic languages. As a language as its own it evolved in the 14th-16th centuries.
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16th centuries.w Ancient Estonian was influenced by various
Germanic, Baltic and ancient Slavonic languages. This is proved by multiple loan words and several shifts in pronunciation.
w German influence in the 13th-19th c.
Estonian dialects
w Standard Estonian has been mostly formed from the dialects of North Estonian.
w Mulgi, Tartu, Võro and Seto dialects in the
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w Mulgi, Tartu, Võro and Seto dialects in the South Estonian language area
w The North Estonian language area includes the northeast coastal, eastern, central, western and insular dialects.
Estonian dialects: an example
‘Our nightingale has gone elsewhere this year’Standard Estonian: Meie ööbik on tänavu mujale
läinud
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läinudSaaremaa: Meide ööbik aa seaesta maeale läinMuhumaa: Meite üöbik uo sieoasta mõjale läinNorthern-Virumaa: Meie kirikiut one tänävu mojale
lähändSetomaa: Mii sisas'k om timahavva muialõ l'änüq
Some characteristic features of the Estonian language
w large number of cases - 14 productive casesw no grammatical gender either of nouns or
personal pronouns.
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personal pronouns. w no articles (either definite or indefinite);w differentiation between three quantities
Grammatical cases
Nominative ilus tüdruk‘(a) beautiful girl’
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Genitive ilusa tüdrukuPartitive ilusa-t tüdruku-t
Semantic cases: interior local cases
Illative ilusa-sse maja-sse / majja‘into a beautiful house’
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Inessive ilusa-s maja-s ‘in a beautiful house’
Elative ilusa-st maja-st‘from a beautiful house’
Semantic cases: exterior local cases
Allative ilusa-le tüdruku-le ‘to a beautifiul girl’
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Adessive ilusa-l tüdruku-l‘by a beautiful girl’
Ablative ilusa-lt tüdruku-lt‘from a beautiful girl’
Other semantic cases
Translative ilusa-ks tüdruku-ks(to turn) ‘(in) to a beautiful girl’
Terminative ilusa tüdruku-ni ‘up to a beautiful girl’
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‘up to a beautiful girl’Essive ilusa tüdruku-na
‘as a beautiful girl’‘Abessive ilusa tüdruku-ta
‘without a beautiful girl’Comitative ilusa tüdruku-ga
‘with a beautiful girl’
Cases in Finnish
w 15 casesw No terminative
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w Old cases:Comitative: talo-i-neen ‘with his house(s)’Instructive: talo-inAccusative (7 pronouns): minu-t, sinu-t etc.
Finnish cases 1
Grammatical
nominatiivi - talo house
genetiivi -n of talon of (a) house
akkusatiivi -t - minut me
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akkusatiivi -t - minut me
partitiivi -(t)a - taloa house (as an object)
Locative (internal)
inessiivi -ssa in talossa in (a) house
elatiivi -sta from (inside) talosta from (a)
house
illatiivi -an, -en, etc. into taloon into (a) house
Finnish cases 2
Locative (external)
adessiivi -lla at, on talolla at (a) house
ablatiivi -lta from talolta from (a) house
allatiivi -lle to talolle to (a) house
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allatiivi -lle to talolle to (a) house
Marginal
essiivi -na as (temporary state) talona as a house
translatiivi -ksi becoming (change of state) taloksi becoming a
house
instruktiivi -n with (the aid of) (talon)/taloin with (a) house
abessiivi -tta without talotta without (a) house
komitatiivi -ne- together (with) taloineni with my
house(s)
Verbal categories 1
Category Estonian Finnish
Tense PresentPast
PresentPast
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PastPerfectPluperfect
PastPerfectPluperfect
Mood IndicativeImperativeConditionalQuotative Jussive
IndicativeImperativeConditionalPotential
Verbal categories 2
Voice Personalimpersonal
Personalimpersonal
Person ja 1SG 1PL 1SG 1PL
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Person ja number
1SG 1PL2SG 2PL3SG 3PL
1SG 1PL2SG 2PL3SG 3PL
Polarity Negation / affirmation
Negation / affirmation
Estonian and Finnish verb forms: examples 1
E ma ela-n ‘I live’F minä elä-n
I live-1SG
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E ta ela-b ‘s/he lives’s/he live-3SG
F hän elääs/he live:3SG
E nad ela-si-d ‘they lived’F he el-i-vät
they live-PST-3PL
Estonian and Finnish verb forms: examples 2
E sa ole-d ela-nud ‘You have lived’F sinä ole-t elä-nytthou be-2SG live-PRTC
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thou be-2SG live-PRTC
E ta ela-vat ‘s/he is said to live’s/he live-QUOT
E ela-ta-ks ‘one would live’F ele-ttä-isiinlive-IMPS-COND:PRS
Estonian and Finnish verb forms: examples 3
E te ei ela ‘you do not live’you NEG live
F te e-tte eläyou NEG-2PL live
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E är-ge ela-ge (you) ‘don’t live!’NEG-2PL live-2PL
F äl-kää elä-köNEG-2PL live-IMP
E ela! ‘live!’F elä!
live
NordLing PhD course: Databases and typology, Tartu, 13.-18.09.09
NordLing (Balto-Scandinavian network of graduate schools in language and linguistic studies) and Graduate School of Linguistcs and Language Technology (University of Tartu)
The aim of the course is to give an overview of existing
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The aim of the course is to give an overview of existing typological databases, their use and creation, and of the typology and universals in general and of some categories (agreement, case, verbal categories, clause arguments, etc.) with special attention on the languages of the languages of the Nordic and Baltic area.
Lectures, workshops and seminars. In the seminars, the writings of participants will be discussed. 2-4 ECTS.
PhD course: Databases and typology
Teachers:Alexis Dimitriadis (University of Amsterdam)Seppo Kittilä (University of Helsinki)
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Seppo Kittilä (University of Helsinki)Matti Miestamo (University of Helsinki)Edith Moravcsik (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee)Frans Plank (University of Konstanz)Menzo Windhouwer (University of Amsterdam)
http://www.nordling.cc/
References 1
Croft, William 2006, Typology and universals. Second edition. (Cambridge textbooks in linguistics.) Cambridge University Press.
Dahl, Östen (ed.) 2000, Tense and aspect in the languages of
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Dahl, Östen (ed.) 2000, Tense and aspect in the languages ofEurope. (Empirical approaches to language typology.Eurotyp 20-6.) Mouton de Gruyter.
Dahl, Östen & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds.) 2001, Circum-Baltic Languages, vol. 1, 2. (Studies in Language Companion Series 54, 55.) Amsterdam, Benjamins.
Erelt, Mati 2002, Hierarhiatest tüpoloogias. - Teoreetiline keeleteadus Eestis. (Tartu Ülikooli üldkeeleteaduse õppetooli toimetised 4.) Tartu 2002: 34-40.
References 2
Erelt, Mati (ed.) 2003, Estonian Language. (Linguistica Uralica. Supplementary Series. Volume. 1).Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers.
Grünthal, Riho 2000, Typological characteristics of the Finnic languages: a reappraisal. – Laakso, Johanna (ed.), Facing Finnic. Some challenges
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a reappraisal. – Laakso, Johanna (ed.), Facing Finnic. Some challenges to historical and contact linguistics. (Castrenianumin toimitteita 59.) Helsinki, 31-63
Hauzenberg, Anu-Reét & Paul’ Kokla 1988, Unificirovannaja sistema opisanija dialektov v primenenii k komi i marijskim glagol’nym formam. – Soviet finno-ugric studies XXIV: 19-26.
Kehayov, Petar 2008, An Areal-Typological Perspective to Evidentiality: the Cases of the Balkan and Baltic Linguistic Areas. Tartu, University of Tartu Press
References 3
Klaas, Birute 1997, The quotative mood in the Baltic Sea areal. - Estonian: typological studies II. Ed. by Mati Erelt. (Publications of the Department of Estonian of the University of Tartu 8.) Tartu: 73-97
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Metslang, Helle 1996, The developments of the futures in the Finno-Ugric languages. - Estonian: Typological Studies I. Ed. by M. Erelt. (Publications of the Department of Estonian of the University of Tartu 4.) Tartu: 123-144.
Moskovoj, A. 1989, Zur typologischen Charakteristik der estnischen Fragepartikel kas. - SFU 2, lk. 84-90.
Rätsep, Huno 1989, Eesti keele tekkimise lugu. – Akadeemia 1989, 1503-1524
References 4
Stolz, Thomas 1991, Sprachbund im Baltikum? Estnisch und Lettisch im Zentrum einer sprachlichen Konvergenzlandschaft. Bochum: N. Brockmeyer
Sulkala, Helena 1996, Expression of aspectual meanings in
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Sulkala, Helena 1996, Expression of aspectual meanings in Finnish and Estonian. - Estonian: Typological Studies I. Ed. by M. Erelt. (Publications of the Department of Estonian of the University of Tartu 4.) Tartu: 165-225.
Sulkala, Helena & Merja Karjalainen 1992, Finnish. London: Routledge.
Sutrop, Urmas 1999, Entspricht Estnisch dem agglutinierenden Sprachtypus? - Estonian: typological studies II. Ed. by Mati Erelt. (Publications of the Department of Estonian of the University of Tartu 8.): 199-219.
References 5
Sutrop, Urmas 2004, Estonian language. Tallinn, Estonian Institute
Tauli, Valter 1984, Is the structural change of languages really predestined? - Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge, Bd.
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predestined? - Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge, Bd. 4: 25-35.
The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. http://wals.info/ (19.04.09)
Veenker, Wolfgang 1985, Vorschlag für ein morphologische Beschreibungsmodell der uralischen Sprachen und Dialekte. – W. Veenker (Hrsg.) : 57-66.
References 6
Veenker, Wolfgang (Hrsg.) 1985, Dialectologia Uralica. Materialen der ersten intoernationalen Symposium zur Dialektologie der uralischen Sprachen 4.-7. September 1984 in Hamburg. (Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica
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in Hamburg. (Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica 20.) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz
WALS = Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew, Gil, David; Comrie, Bernhard (eds.) 2005, The World atlas of language structures. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Whaley, Lindsay J. 1997, Introduction to typology. The unity and diversity of language. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks - London - New Delhi.