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Typical Signs and Symptoms of 

Psychiatric Illnesses

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Accuracy in language in psychiatry

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Communicate fruitfully with fellowclinicians as well as with patients

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Consciousness

Consciousness: state of awareness

 Apperception : perception modified by a person’sown emotions and thoughts

Sensorium : the state of cognitive functioning of the special senses

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Disturbances of consciousness

• Disorientation

• Clouding of consciousness

• Stupor

• Delirium

• Coma• Coma vigil

• Twilight state

• Dreamlike state

• Somnolence

• Confusion

• Drowsiness

• Sundowning

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conscious

confused

Delirious

Somnolent

Stuporous

comatose

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Disturbances of attention

▫ Distractibility 

▫ Selective inattention

▫ Hypervigilance

▫ Trance

▫ Disinhibition

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Disturbances in suggestibility

▫Folie a deux

▫Hypnosis

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Emotion

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Affect Appropriate

Inappropriate

Blunted

Restricted or constricted

FlatLabile

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Mood

“What would you say your mood is

right now?”

“How do you feel right now?” 

“Unsa man imo pamati karon?” 

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Mood- subjective stateDysphoric

Euthymic

Expansive

Irritable

Mood swings

Elevated mood

Euphoria

Ecstasy 

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Mood

Elation

Hypomania

Mania

Melancholia

La belle indifference

Depression

 Anhedonia

Grief 

 Alexithymia

Suicidal ideation

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Other emotions Anxiety 

Free-floating anxiety 

Fear

 Agitation

Tension

Panic

 Apathy 

 Ambivalence

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Other emotions  Abreaction

Shame

Impulse control

Guilt

Ineffiability 

 Acathexis

Decathexis

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Physiological disturbances associatedwith mood/vegetative signs

a.anorexia

 b. hyperphagia

c.insomnia

d. hypersomnia

e. diurnal variation

f. diminished libido

g. constipation

h. fatigue

i. pica

 j. pseudocyesis

k. bulimia

l. adynamia

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Motor behavior(Conation)• Echopraxia• Catatonia and postural abnormalities

▫ Catalepsy ▫ Catatonic excitement▫ Catatonic stupor▫ Catatonic rigidity 

▫ Catatonic posturing▫ Cerea flexibilitas▫ Akinesia

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Motor behavior(Conation)• Negativism

• Cataplexy 

• Stereotypy • Mannerism

•  Automatism

• Command automatism

• Mutism

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Motor behavior(Conation)• Overactivity 

▫ Psychomotoragitation

▫ Tic

▫ Somnambulism

▫  Akathisia

▫  Ataxia▫ Polyphagia

▫ Tremor

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Motor behavior(Conation)Hypoactivity 

Mimicry 

 Aggression

 Acting out

 Abulia

 Anergia

 Astasia abasia

Coprophagia

Dyskinesia

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Astasia abasia

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Motor behavior(Conation)Musclerigidity 

Twirling Bradykinesia

ChoreaConvulsion

• Clonic• Tonic

Seizure

Dystonia Aminia

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Thinking• General disturbances in form or process

of thinking

▫ Mental disorder▫ Psychosis

▫ Reality testing

▫ Formal thought disorder▫ Illogical thinking

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ThinkingDereism

 Autistic thinking

Magical thinking

Primary process thinking

Emotional insight

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Thinking

Specific disturbances in form of thoughtNeologism

 Word salad

Circumstantiality 

Tangentiality 

Incoherence

Perseveration

 Verbigeration

Echolalia

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Thinking

Specific disturbances in form of thought

CondensationIrrelevant

answerLoosening of association

Derailment Flight of ideasClang

associations

Blocking/thought

deprivationGlossolalia

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Specific disturbances in content of 

thought

• Poverty of content

• Overvalued idea• Delusion

• Bizarre delusion

• Systematizeddelusion

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Specific disturbances in content of 

thought• Paranoid delusion

▫ Delusion of persecution

▫ Delusion of grandeur▫ Delusion of reference

▫ Delusion of self-

accusation▫ Delusion of control

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Thinking• Trend orpreoccupation of thought

• Egomania

• Monomania• Hypochondria

• Obssession

• Compulsion

• Coprolalia• Noesis

• Unio Mystica

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Thinking

PhobiaSpecific phobia

Social phobia

 Acrophobia

 Agoraphobia

 Algophobia

 Ailurophobia

Erythrophobia

Panphobia

Claustrophobia

Xenophobia

Zoophobia

Needle phobia

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Disturbances in Speech

• Pressure of speech

•  Volubility(logorrhea)

• Poverty of speech

• Nonspontaneous speech

• Poverty of content of speech

• Dysprosody/prosody 

• Dysarthria

• Excessively loud or softspeech

• Stuttering

• Cluttering

•  Aculalia• Bradylalia

• Dysphonia

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Aphasic disturbances

Motor aphasia

Sensory aphasia

Nominal aphasia

Syntactical aphasia

Jargon aphasia

Global aphasia

 Alogia

Coprophrasia

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PERCEPTiON

Disturbances of perception• Hallucination

▫ Hypnagogic hallucination

▫ Hypnopompic hallucination▫  Auditory hallucination

▫  Visual hallucination

▫ Olfactory hallucination

▫ Gustatory hallucination▫ Tactile(haptic) hallucination

▫ Somatic hallucination(cenesthesic)

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PERCEPTiON

Disturbances of perception

▫ Lilliputian hallucination(micropsia)

▫ Mood congruent hallucination

▫ Mood incongruent hallucination

▫ Hallucinosis

▫ Synesthesia

▫ Trailing phenomenon▫ Command hallucination

• Illusion

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Disturbances associated with cognitive

disorder and medical condition•  Agnosia

•  Anosognosia

• Somatopagnosia/autotopagnosia

•  Visual agnosia

•  Astereognosis

• Prosopagnosia

•  Apraxia

• Simultagnosia

•  Adiadochokinesia

•  Aura

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Disturbances association with conversion

and dissociative phenomena• Hysterical anesthesia• Macropsia

• Micropsia• Depersonalization• Derealization• Fugue• Multiple personality • Dissociation

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Memory

Disturbances of memory• Paramnesia

▫ Fausse reconnaissance

▫ Retrospectivefalsification▫ Confabulation▫ Déjà vu▫ Déjà entendu

▫ Déjà pense▫ Jamais vu▫ False memory 

•  Amnesia

▫  Anterograde▫ Retrograde

• Hypermnesia

• Eidetic image• Screen memory 

• Repression

• Lethologica• Blackout

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Levels of memory

• Immediate

• Recent

• Recent past

• Remote

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Intelligence

• Mental retardation• Dementia

▫ Dyscalculia

▫ Dyspraghia▫  Alexia

• Pseudodementia• Concrete thinking

•  Abstract thinking

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Insight

• Intellectual insight

• True insight

• Impaired insight

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Judgment

• Critical judgment

•  Automatic Judgment

• Impaired judgment

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