types of numbers.doc
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Main types
Natural numbers
The counting numbers {1, 2, 3, ...}, are called natural numbers. They include all the counting
numbers i.e. from 1 to infinity.
Whole numbers
They are the natural numbers including zero. Not all whole numbers are natural numbers, but all
natural numbers are whole numbers.
Integers
Positive and negative counting numbers, as well as zero.
Rational numbers
Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of an integer and a non-zero integer. [1]
Real numbers
All numbers that can be expressed as the limit of a sequence of rational numbers. Every realnumber corresponds to a point on the number line.
Irrational numbers
A real number that is not rational is called irrational.
Complex numbers
Includes real numbers and imaginary numbers, such as the square root of negative one.
Hypercomplex numbers
Includes various number-system extensions: quaternions, octonions, tessarines, coquaternions,
and biquaternions.
Number representationsDecimal
The standard Hindu–Arabic numeral system using base ten.
Binary
The base-two numeral system used by computers. See positional notation for information on
other bases.
Roman numerals
The numeral system of ancient Rome, still occasionally used today.
Fractions A representation of a non-integer as a ratio of two integers. These include improper fractions as
well as mixed numbers.
Scientific notation
A method for writing very small and very large numbers using powers of 10. When used in
science, such a number also conveys the precision of measurement using significant figures.
Knuth's up-arrow notation and Conway chained arrow notation
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Notations that allow the concise representation of extremely large integers such as Graham's
number .
Signed numbers
Positive numbers
Real numbers that are greater than zero.
Negative numbers
Real numbers that are less than zero.
Because zero itself has no sign, neither the positive numbers nor the negative numbers include zero.
When zero is a possibility, the following terms are often used:
Non-negative numbers
Real numbers that are greater than or equal to zero. Thus a non-negative number is either zero
or positive.
Non-positive numbers
Real numbers that are less than or equal to zero. Thus a non-positive number is either zero or
negative.
Types of integers
Even and odd numbers
A number is even if it is a multiple of two, and is odd otherwise.
Prime number
A number with exactly two positive divisors.
Composite number A number that can be factored into a product of smaller integers. Every integer greater than one
is either prime or composite.
Square number
A numbers that can be written as the square of an integer.
There are many other famous integer sequences, such as the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, the
sequence of factorials, the sequence of perfect numbers, and so forth.
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Classification of numbers
The chart below will help you with the classification of numbers a lot. It will makes things crystal clear.
Important observations you need to make from the chart.
Observation #1:
Notice that √(9) is a natural number. It is because √(9) = 3
Observation #2:
Notice that the only difference between natural numbers and whole numbers is the zero.
Whole numbers = Natural numbers + zero
Observation #3:
Notice that the difference between whole numbers and integers are the negative numbers.
Integers = Whole numbers + the negative of the whole numbers
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Observation #4:
All integers are fractions. Not all fractions are integers
Example: -2 is an integer and can be written as -2/1 to make it a fraction.
However, -1/3 = -0.333333333 is not an integer
Observation #5:
Fractions can be written as a terminating decimal or a repeating decemal
Example: 1/2 = 0.5 and 0.5 is a terminating decimal. 1/3 = 0.3333333 and 0.3333333 is a repeatingdecimal
Observation #6:
Rational numbers = Integers + fractions
Observation #7:
Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a fraction
Example: pi= 3.14..., 2.224879566117426874, √(7)
Another way to see them is that they are neither repeating decimals nor terminating decimals
Observation #8:
Real numbers = rational numbers + irrational numbers
Observation #9:
The difference between complex numbers and real numbers is that complex numbers give solutions for the following expressions and more!
√(-7), √(1-8), √(-25) = 5i, etc..