types of nuclear processes
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Types of nuclear processes. Atoms can eject protons or helium nuclei & get lighter. They can swallow a neutron & spit out the proton to get heavier. Whenever the # of protons changes, the atom type has changed. Figure 5.6 Uranium Decay Path. As radioactive molecules become - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Types of nuclear processes
Atoms can eject protons or helium nuclei & get lighter. They can swallow a neutron & spit out the proton to get heavier.
Whenever the # of protons changes, the atom type has changed.
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Figure 5.6 Uranium Decay Path
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Where does a 900-pound gorilla sit? When does radioactive decay occur?
Decay events—e.g. electrons detected for beta decay—most probable at first
As radioactive molecules become depleted, detected events decrease.
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Announcement BreakMonday, November 5
I am baaaack! Should be available thru Wednesday.
Chapter 8 notes posted
Chapter 8 Personal Responsibility Problems Posted
There are a LOT of problems here….’cuz it really matters.
Average on Ex4: 53% (hey, it’s double the guess score!)
High: 90%
That was a hard test if you aren’t doing PRP’s.
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Moral of this story•Do not smoke•Insecticides can ignite•Requires spark•Gives off energy•You have to be careful with chemistry
Time to do REAL chemistry: Starting Chapter 8
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Stuff All Chemists Must Know:
•Conservation of Numbers: in a chemical rxn, atoms aren't changed, lost or made. •Same true of electrons, protons & neutrons. •Conservation of Mass: mass isn't gained or lost either (neglecting those tiny losses in nuclear reactions). •Chemistry goes by integer numbers -- albeit rather large integers in most cases.
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Zillions
C + O CO
We think: one atom at a time.
Reality: zillions of C’s, zillions of O’s, zillion’s of CO’s
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Practice with sub-Zillion Numbers
One dozen cookies = 12 cookies
Two dozen eyes = 24 eyes
Four dozen yellow frosting zones = = 48 squeezes of yellow frosting tube.
Other convenient numbers: Baker’s dozen = 13 Gross = dozen dozen = 144
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The mole: chemist’s dozen
Avogadro's number
= 602202035873921029561369
= 6.02202035873921029561369 x 1023
This is a lie!!!!
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•Earlier we said "Let one atom of H have 1 atomic mass unit" •Now, we have a problem, because H has 3 isotopes: •So.....we cannot use "hydrogen" as it usually exists (mixed isotopes) for our mass standard. •We must purify it. •Easier to purify carbon, so carbon became the mass standard: Atomic mass unit:
1 a.m.u. = 1/12th the mass of isotope = 1.660 x 10-24 g.
A single atom of weighs 12 x 1.660 x 10-24 g.
Atomic Mass Unit: where Avogadro's number comes from.
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Avogadro’s Number: inverse of a.m.u.
How many atoms of are in 12.000 grams
of pure isotope
Answer: (12 grams of )
= 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1 atom12 x 1.660 x 10-24
grams ( )
It’s the same as the number of atoms of hydrogen in one gramof hydrogen (assuming only the “normal” hydrogen isotope).
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Avogadro’s Number: Fixing that Lie
We said: 602202035873921029561369
6.02202035873921029561369 x 1023
We really only know the first few numbers, so:
6.022 x 1023
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Why did I fib?To emphasize that Avogadro’s number is an integer, just as a dozen or a gross are integer numbers. All the things we do with ordinary integer numbers we also do with Avogadro’s number. Compare the national debt, another “big” number:
Your share: $20,259.19
The Outstanding Public Debt as of 05 Nov 2001 at 07:26:45 PM GMT is:
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Irrelevance of Detail
Wouldn’t $5.78 x 1012 be close enough?
Your share: $2.0 x 104 = $20,000
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Compound Formula and Molecular Weights
Molecular weight: how many a.m.u. per molecule (same as how many grams per 6.022x1023 molecules)
Formula weight: how many a.m.u. per formula (same as how many grams per 6.022x1023 repeats of the formula)
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Get Molecular weight:
Example in notes: CH4
Example here: benzene, C6H6
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Get Formula weight for :
Ba(HCO3)2
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How many carbon atoms in 7.8 grams of benzene, C6H6
How many hydrogen atoms?
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Comparable automobile problem1965 Plymouth Barracuda’s weigh 3,000 pounds.
How many tires per 9,000 pounds of Fishcar?
Answer: 12 (not counting the spare)
How many cubic inches per 9,000 pounds of Fishcar?3 x 273 = 819 cubes
How many horsepower per 9,000 pounds of Fishcar?No one knows! About 750 (3 x 250)
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Question:Which is potentially worth more?
1000 g of AgCl
or..... 1000 g of AgI
or..... 1000 g of Ag NO3 ?
or..... 500 g of Ag2CO3
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Let's do another, perhaps a bit harder. 1. What is molecular mass of penicillin, C16H17N2O5SK
2. What is mass of 0.45 mol of penicillin?3. How many C atoms in 19.5 g of penicillin?4. What percentage of penicillin, by weight, is oxygen?
Actually, I don’t think thisis pencillin—maybe a derivative.
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Nobel Prize 1964
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ReactionsCH4 + O2 ---» CO2 + H2O
Unbalanced: a list of ingredients & results
CH4 + 2O2 ---» CO2 + 2H2O
Balanced: a correct recipe
Wheels + Pedals + Handlebar ---» BicycleUnbalanced: a list of ingredients & results
2 Wheels + 2 Pedals + 1 Handlebar ---» BicycleBalanced: a correct recipe
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Blazing Bubbles
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Chemical Equivalence:
The symbol defines the relation between two compounds according to the particular balanced chemical reaction being considered!
It acts like a conversion factor!
Consider: 2 KClO3 ----» 2 KCl + 3 O2
2 KClO3 2 KCl which is the same as: 1 KClO3 1 KCl
This simply means that one KCl will be produced for every KClO3 present in this reaction (other reactions that produce
KCl will be different).
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More about Chemical Equivalence: 2 KClO3 ----» 2 KCl + 3 O2
74.54 g of KCl 122.45 g of KClO3
We can also write: 2 KClO3 3 O2
Or: 244.9 g KClO3 96 g O2
This means we get 96 g of oxygen for every 244.9 g of KClO3.
KClO3: 122.45 g/molKCl: 74.45 g/molO2: 32 g/mol
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Chemical Equivalence in Use
How much oxygen can we get from 100 g of KClO3?
23
23 2.39
9.244
96100 gO
gKClO
gOgKClO
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Another question on the same theme:
How much KClO3 will I need to produce 1 ton of O2?
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Another Example (more complex, but also more fun....and a little depressing!)
How many tons of CO2 are produced by
burning 1000 gallons of gasoline? Assume density of gasoline is 0.692 g/ml and formula is C8H18.
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