types of meaning for listening
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Types of Meaning forTypes of Meaning forListeningListening
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201158037Jang, Jayun
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Spoken message Phonological the sound system Syntactic how words are put together Semantic word and propositional knowledge Pragmatic the meaning of utterances inparticular situations
Non-Spoken message Kinesic conveyed by the facial and bodilymovement of the speaker
TypesTypes ofof MeaningMeaning
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Study of how sounds are organized andused in natural languages
1. Phonemes
2. Stress
3. Tone Groups
4. Assimilation and Elision
Phonological KnowledgePhonological Knowledge
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Smallest segmental unit of sound employed toform meaningful contrasts between utterances.
Big / Pig : /b/ and /p/
Ship / Sheep : // and /i:/
*Children under puberty are accurate
*Two languages are never same
* F/P : FantasyJ/Z : Zookeeper
PhonemesPhonemes
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Every word of more than one syllablecarries the primary stress. Ex) import
Stress- timed rhythm : English, German,Russia, and Arabic
Syllable-timed rhythm : Korean, French,Chinese, and Spanish
* Learners whose L1 is syllable-timed arelikely to be challenged by the stress-timedtendency of English
StressStress
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Basic units of information the speakerwants to convey
Mostly equated with clauses -> intonation
Tone GroupsTone Groups
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eReal spoken language is simpli ied sothat sounds run into one another(assimilation) or may be reduced or leftout (elision)
Assimilation
White bag wipe bag
Elision
I dond t know I duno, fish an chips
Assimilation an ElisionAssimilation an Elision
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Study of principles and rules for constructing sentences
Parsing : Process of the structural analysis of incominglanguage data
The woman chased the girl.
The girl chased the woman.
-> Assigning units (words, phrases, clauses) to larger units
(constituent structures) of which they are a part-> Recognizing the relationships created between the units
Syntactic KnowledgeSyntactic Knowledge
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The boy hit the ballThe boy hit the ball
teachingsystematic
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But we should think But we should think Some languages are more different in their syntax than othersWord orderAgglutinative ( )Adpositional or postpositional (for the man, the man (for)
* Failure to discriminate syntactic features can be compensated forby other factors. Understanding is more dependent on thediscrimination of key lexical items than syntactic forms andrelationships.Ex) The girl hit the ball over the fence.
-Key words ; girl, hit, ball, fence => good idea what it means* Phonology also compensate for syntactic failure.Ex) A rising intonation => recognize question* Using inferencesEx) Do you like the car or the motor-bike? The motor-bike.
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Meaning of the words and the meaning of
the relations between the words in asentence. Also, meanings of the individualsentences making up a discourse
Semantics > Syntax
Semantic KnowledgeSemantic Knowledge
-- SemanticSemantic
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Establishing the relationships between the propositions in atext and putting then into a coherent order
5 general categories of cohesive devices that create coherencein text
1. Reference ; His wife was waiting at the station. He went andmet her
2. Ellipsis ; Are you going to the movie? Yes (I am going tothe movie).
3. Substitution ; She said she would kill him and she did (killhim).
4. Conjunction ; Mary went to the market and returned home.5. Lexical reiteration ; Susan likes science. Science is her best
subject at school.
-- Propositional HierarchiesPropositional Hierarchies
Hasan and Halliday
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Logical sequence
Phenomenon-reason
Cause-consequence Instrument-achievement
Matching
Contrast Compatibility
Michael HoeyMichael Hoey
- two fundamental relations between clauses a area
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Study of how language is used to communicate withinits situational context
An important role for pragmatics is in the
disambiguation of utterancesEx) Okay
1. Agreement ; Can I borrow your pen?
2. Indicate that the professor has arrived at a point ; Ok,
letd s move on to the next section.
3. Not ba an not goo ; How i you o in the exam?
Pragmatic Knowle gePragmatic Knowle ge
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Setting Time and place
Participants Addressor, addressee, audience
Ends Ends in view; and outcome of the discourse
Act characteristics The form and content of what is saidKey Tone, manner, and spirit in which the
utterance is produced
Instrumentalities Channel and code or subcode
Norms Of interaction and interpretation
Genres Traditional categories of speech events
The Speaking ModelThe Speaking Model
HymesHymes
Ex) Fall in ; line up, literal meaning (children in the swimming pool) The more familiar interlocutors are with each other, other things beingequal, the less chance there is for misunderstanding.
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1. Maxim of quantity -
ex) Can I have John s number? Yes.
2. Maxim of quality -
ex) I turne 40. I ll actually turn 150 next month. 3. Maxim of relevance -
ex) what time is it? Well, the paper's already come.
4. Maxim of manner -
ex) Lets stop and get something to eat. Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.
Maxim of politeness
ex) I'm so stupid. I didn't make a note of our lecture, did you?
MaximsMaxims -- GriceGrice
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Knowledge about the meaning ofnonverbal means of communication(facial expression, eye contact, body
movement and positioning)* Adds support of shades of meaningBut, different culture = different meaning
* Greater use of video and real-lifeinteraction provides learners with exposureto the dimension of meaning
Kinesic KnowledgeKinesic Knowledge
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Examine the essential types of meaningthat any model of listening mustaccommodate
Understanding of each of them isimportant for successful comprehension
ConclusionConclusion