TYPES OF IMAGINE & USES

Fluoroscopy Technique for obtaining

“live” X-ray images of a living patient

What systems most commonly used for?

Often used to observe the digestive track

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) Examination of the kidney, ureters and

bladder Uses a contrast material to enhance the

images Injected into the patients system;

progresses through the urinary track then recorded on a series of quickly captured images

Enables the radiologist to review the anatomy and the function of the KUB

IVP Machine Suspended above the table an apparatus

containing the x-ray tube Apparatus moves on a jointed “arm” so

that it can be properly positioned Radiologist can assess abnormalities as

well as how quickly and efficiently as the patients system is able to handle waste

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Diagnostic examination that involves the acquisition of physiologic images based on the detection

Heart: blood flow & heart disease, Decreased function.

Brain: evaluate memory disorders & causes, tumors, seizure disorders.

Ultrasound Or ultrasonography Medical imagine technique that uses

high frequency sound waves the their echoes

Similar to an echolocation used by bats, whales/dolphins & SONAR

In an Ultrasound, the following happen:

1. Ultrasound machine transmits high frequency sound pules into the body using a probe

2. Sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between tissues; fluid, soft tissue, & bone

3. Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while some travel further until they reach another boundary and get reflected

In an Ultrasound, the following happen:

4. Reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine5. The machine calculates the distance form the probe to the tissue or organ using the speed of sound in tissue and the time of each echo’s return 6. Machine then displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen,

forming a two dimensional image

Ultrasound Machine Typical ultrasound, millions of pulses and echoes are sent

and received each second Probe can be moved to obtain various views

Transducer Probe: sends and receives the sound waves

Central Processing Unit: CPU, computer that does all the calculations; supplies electrical power to probe

Transducer Pulse Controls: changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the probe

Display: displays image from the data in the CPU Keyboard: inputs data and takes measurements from

display

Different types of Ultrasounds Ultrasounds thus far display a two

dimensional image or “slice” of the three dimensional object

Two other types of ultrasounds are currently used: 3D Ultrasound Imagine & Doppler Ultrasound

3D Ultrasound In these machines, several two dimensional images

are acquired by moving the probes across the body surface or rotating inserted probes

The 2D scans are then combined by specialized computer software to form a #D image

Benefits? Better look at organ: early detection of tumors Visualizing a fetus to assess its development;

abnormalities in face and limbs Blood flow in organs or fetus Problems?

Doppler Ultrasound Measures the change in frequency of the

echoes to calculate how fast an object is moving

Used mostly to measure the rate of blood flow thorough the heart and arteries

Dangers? Concerns with safety as Ultrasound is energy Two major concerns:

- Development of Heart: tissue absorbs the energy which increases their temperature locally

- Formation of bubbles: when dissolved gases come out of solution due to local heat caused by ultrasound

No substantiated ill-effects of ultrasound documented