types of communication.docx

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4.2 Types of Nonverbal Communication

1. Dene kinesics.2. Dene haptics.3. Dene vocalics.

4. Dene proxemics.. Dene chronemics.!. "rovi#e examples of types of nonverbal communication thatfall un#er these cate$ories.%. Discuss the &ays in &hich personal presentation an#environment provi#e nonverbal cues.

Just as verbal language is broken up into various categories, there arealso diferent types o nonverbal communication. Each type o nonverbalsignal, keep in mind that nonverbal oten work in concert with each

other, combining to repeat, modiy, or contradict the verbal messagebeing sent.

'inesicsThe &or# kinesics comes from the root &or# kinesis( &hich means)movement(* an# refers to the stu#y of han#( arm( bo#y( an# facemovements. +pecically( this section &ill outline the use of$estures( hea# movements an# posture( eye contact( an# facialexpressions as nonverbal communication.

,estures

There are three main types o gestures: adaptors, emblems, andillustrators.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, +. daptors aretouching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typicallyrelated to arousal or an-iety. daptors can be targeted toward the sel,obects, or others. /n regular social situations, adaptors result romuneasiness, an-iety, or a general sense that we are not in control o oursurroundings. %any o us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs, orengage in other adaptors during classes, meetings, or while waiting as away to do something with our e-cess energy. Public speaking students

who watch video recordings o their speeches notice nonverbal adaptorsthat they didn0t know they used. /n public speaking situations, peoplemost commonly use sel1 or obect1ocused adaptors. "ommon sel1touching behaviors like scratching, twirling hair, or 'dgeting with 'ngersor hands are considered sel1adaptors. 2ome sel1adaptors maniestinternally, as coughs or throat1clearing sounds. %y personal weakness isobect adaptors. 2peci'cally, / subconsciously gravitate toward metallicobects like paper clips or staples holding my notes together and catchmysel bending them or 'dgeting with them while /0m speaking. 3therpeople play with dry1erase markers, their note cards, the change in theirpockets, or the lectern while speaking. 4se o obect adaptors can also

signal boredom as people play with the straw in their drink or peel thelabel of a bottle o beer. 2martphones have become common obect

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adaptors, as people can 'ddle with their phones to help ease an-iety.#inally, as noted, other adaptors are more common in social situationsthan in public speaking situations given the speaker0s distance romaudience members. 3ther adaptors involve adusting or grooming others,similar to how primates like chimpan5ees pick things of each other. /t

would de'nitely be strange or a speaker to approach an audiencemember and pick lint of his or her sweater, '- a crooked tie, tuck a tagin, or pat down a 6yaway hair in the middle o a speech.

Emblems are gestures that have a speci'c agreed1on meaning. These arestill diferent rom the signs used by hearing1impaired people or otherswho communicate using merican 2ign 7anguage $27*. Even thoughthey have a generally agreed1on meaning, they are not part o a ormalsign system like 27 that is e-plicitly taught to a group o people. hitchhiker0s raised thumb, the 839 sign with thumb and inde- 'ngerconnected in a circle with the other three 'ngers sticking up, and theraised middle 'nger are all e-amples o emblems that have an agreed1onmeaning or meanings with a culture. Emblems can be still or in motion;or e-ample, circling the inde- 'nger around at the side o your headsays 8


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attentiveness. /n terms o head movements, a head nod is a universalsign o acknowledgement in cultures where the ormal bow is no longerused as a greeting. /n these cases, the head nod essentially serves as anabbreviated bow. n innate and universal head movement is theheadshake back and orth to signal 8no. This nonverbal signal begins at

birth, even beore a baby has the ability to know that it has acorresponding meaning. =abies shake their head rom side to side toreect their mother0s breast and later shake their head to reect attemptsto spoon1eed.llan Pease and =arbara Pease, The ?e'nitive =ook o=ody 7anguage $!ew @ork, !@: =antam, ABBC*, A+A. This biologicallybased movement then sticks with us to be a recogni5able signal or 8no.>e also move our head to indicate interest. #or e-ample, a head uptypically indicates an engaged or neutral attitude, a head tilt indicatesinterest and is an innate submission gesture that e-poses the neck andsubconsciously makes people eel more trusting o us, and a head downsignals a negative or aggressive attitude.llan Pease and =arbara Pease,The ?e'nitive =ook o =ody 7anguage $!ew @ork, !@: =antam, ABBC*,A+A+C.

There are our general human postures: standing, sitting, sDuatting, andlying down.3wen ithin eacho these postures there are many variations, and when combined withparticular gestures or other nonverbal cues they can e-press manydiferent meanings. %ost o our communication occurs while we arestanding or sitting. 3ne interesting standing posture involves putting our

hands on our hips and is a nonverbal cue that we use subconsciously tomake us look bigger and show assertiveness. >hen the elbows arepointed out, this prevents others rom getting past us as easily and is asign o attempted dominance or a gesture that says we0re ready oraction. /n terms o sitting, leaning back shows inormality andindiference, straddling a chair is a sign o dominance $but also someinsecurity because the person is protecting the vulnerable ront part ohis or her body*, and leaning orward shows interest andattentiveness.llan Pease and =arbara Pease, The ?e'nitive =ook o =ody7anguage $!ew @ork, !@: =antam, ABBC*, AC+CC.

/ye Contact>e also communicate through eye behaviors, primarily eye contact.>hile eye behaviors are oten studied under the category o kinesics,they have their own branch o nonverbal studies called oculesics, whichcomes rom the 7atin word oculus, meaning 8eye. The ace and eyes arethe main point o ocus during communication, and along with our earsour eyes take in most o the communicative inormation around us. Thesaying 8The eyes are the window to the soul is actually accurate interms o where people typically think others are 8located, which is rightbehind the eyes.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms

and #unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, CB. "ertain eyebehaviors have become tied to personality traits or emotional states, as

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illustrated in phrases like 8hungry eyes, 8evil eyes, and 8bedroomeyes. To better understand oculesics, we will discuss the characteristicsand unctions o eye contact and pupil dilation.

Eye contact serves several communicative unctions ranging rom

regulating interaction to monitoring interaction, to conveyinginormation, to establishing interpersonal connections. /n terms oregulating communication, we use eye contact to signal to others that weare ready to speak or we use it to cue others to speak. /0m sure we0ve allbeen in that awkward situation where a teacher asks a Duestion, no oneelse ofers a response, and he or she looks directly at us as i to say,8>hat do you thinkH /n that case, the teacher0s eye contact is used tocue us to respond. ?uring an interaction, eye contact also changes as weshit rom speaker to listener. 42 mericans typically shit eye contactwhile speakingIlooking away rom the listener and then looking back athis or her ace every ew seconds. Toward the end o our speaking turn,we make more direct eye contact with our listener to indicate that we are'nishing up. >hile listening, we tend to make more sustained eyecontact, not glancing away as regularly as we do while speaking.Judith !.%artin and Thomas 9. !akayama, /ntercultural "ommunication in"onte-ts, Gth ed. $=oston, %: %craw1


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reciprocating eye contact, the person avoiding eye contact mighteventually give in, become curious, or become irritated and say, 8"an /help you with somethingH s you can see, eye contact sends andreceives important communicative messages that help us interpretothers0 behaviors, convey inormation about our thoughts and eelings,

and acilitate or impede rapport or connection. This list reviews thespeci'c unctions o eye contact:

M Fegulate interaction and provide turn1taking signalsM %onitor communication by receiving nonverbal communicationrom othersM 2ignal cognitive activity $we look away when processinginormation*M E-press engagement $we show people we are listening with oureyes*M "onvey intimidationM E-press 6irtationM Establish rapport or connection

Pupil dilation is a subtle component o oculesics that doesn0t get as muchscholarly attention in communication as eye contact does. Pupil dilationreers to the e-pansion and contraction o the black part o the center oour eyes and is considered a biometric orm o measurement; it isinvoluntary and thereore seen as a valid and reliable orm o datacollection as opposed to sel1reports on surveys or interviews that can bebiased or misleading. 3ur pupils dilate when there is a lack o lighting

and contract when light is plentiul.7aura 9. uerrero and 9ory #loyd,!onverbal "ommunication in "lose Felationships $%ahwah, !J:7awrence Erlbaum, ABB*: (K. Pain, se-ual attraction, general arousal,an-ietyNstress, and inormation processing $thinking* also afect pupildilation. Fesearchers measure pupil dilation or a number o reasons. #ore-ample, advertisers use pupil dilation as an indicator o consumerpreerences, assuming that more dilation indicates arousal and attractionto a product. >e don0t consciously read others0 pupil dilation in oureveryday interactions, but e-perimental research has shown that wesubconsciously perceive pupil dilation, which afects our impressions andcommunication. /n general, dilated pupils increase a person0s

attractiveness. Even though we may not be aware o this subtlenonverbal signal, we have social norms and practices that may besubconsciously based on pupil dilation. Take or e-ample the notion omood lighting and the common practice o creating a 8romanticambiance with candlelight or the light rom a 'replace. 2oter and moreindirect light leads to pupil dilation, and although we intentionallymanipulate lighting to create a romantic ambiance, not to dilate ourpupils, the dilated pupils are still subconsciously perceived, whichincreases perceptions o attraction.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal"ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld,

()))*, CBC(.

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0acial /xpressions3ur aces are the most e-pressive part o our bodies. Think o howphotos are oten intended to capture a particular e-pression 8in a 6ashto preserve or later viewing. Even though a photo is a snapshot in time,we can still interpret much meaning rom a human ace caught in a

moment o e-pression, and basic acial e-pressions are recogni5able byhumans all over the world. %uch research has supported the universalityo a core group o acial e-pressions: happiness, sadness, ear, anger, anddisgust. The 'rst our are especially identi'able across cultures.Peter .

ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain&iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, +G.


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and con'dence. =eyond your opening and welcoming acial e-pressions,acial e-pressions communicate a range o emotions and can be used toiner personality traits and make udgments about a speaker0s credibilityand competence. #acial e-pressions can communicate that a speaker istired, e-cited, angry, conused, rustrated, sad, con'dent, smug, shy, or

bored. Even i you aren0t bored, or e-ample, a slack ace with littleanimation may lead an audience to think that you are bored with yourown speech, which isn0t likely to motivate them to be interested. 2o makesure your acial e-pressions are communicating an emotion, mood, orpersonality trait that you think your audience will view avorably, andthat will help you achieve your speech goals. lso make sure your aciale-pressions match the content o your speech. >hen deliveringsomething light1hearted or humorous, a smile, bright eyes, and slightlyraised eyebrows will nonverbally enhance your verbal message. >hendelivering something serious or somber, a urrowed brow, a tightermouth, and even a slight head nod can enhance that message. / youracial e-pressions and speech content are not consistent, your audiencecould become conused by the mi-ed messages, which could lead them toDuestion your honesty and credibility.

-apticsThink o how touch has the power to comort someone in moment osorrow when words alone cannot. This positive power o touch iscountered by the potential or touch to be threatening because o itsconnection to se- and violence. To learn about the power o touch, weturn to haptics, which reers to the study o communication by touch. >e

probably get more e-plicit advice and instruction on how to use touchthan any other orm o nonverbal communication. lack o nonverbalcommunication competence related to touch could have negativeinterpersonal conseDuences; or e-ample, i we don0t ollow the advicewe0ve been given about the importance o a 'rm handshake, a personmight make negative udgments about our con'dence or credibility. lack o competence could have more dire negative conseDuences,including legal punishment, i we touch someone inappropriately$intentionally or unintentionally*. Touch is necessary or human socialdevelopment, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive.Fesearch proects have ound that students evaluated a library and its

staf more avorably i the librarian brie6y touched the patron whilereturning his or her library card, that emale restaurant servers receivedlarger tips when they touched patrons, and that people were more likelyto sign a petition when the petitioner touched them during theirinteraction.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, C.There are several types o touch, including unctional1proessional,social1polite, riendship1warmth, love1intimacy, and se-ual1arousaltouch.Fichard eimann and Fandall


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makes it less threatening and more e-pected. #or e-ample, we letbarbers, hairstylists, doctors, nurses, tattoo artists, and securityscreeners touch us in ways that would otherwise be seen as intimate orinappropriate i not in a proessional conte-t. t the social1polite level,socially sanctioned touching behaviors help initiate interactions and

show that others are included and respected. handshake, a pat on thearm, and a pat on the shoulder are e-amples o social1polite touching. handshake is actually an abbreviated hand1holding gesture, but we knowthat prolonged hand1holding would be considered too intimate andthereore inappropriate at the unctional1proessional or social1politelevel. t the unctional1proessional and social1polite levels, touch stillhas interpersonal implications. The touch, although proessional and notintimate, between hair stylist and client, or between nurse and patient,has the potential to be therapeutic and comorting. /n addition, a social1polite touch e-change plays into initial impression ormation, which canhave important implications or how an interaction and a relationshipunold.

3 course, touch is also important at more intimate levels. t theriendship1warmth level, touch is more important and more ambiguousthan at the social1polite level. t this level, touch interactions areimportant because they serve a relational maintenance purpose andcommunicate closeness, liking, care, and concern. The types o touchingat this level also vary greatly rom more ormal and rituali5ed to moreintimate, which means riends must sometimes negotiate their owncomort level with various types o touch and may encounter some

ambiguity i their preerences don0t match up with their relationalpartner0s. /n a riendship, or e-ample, too much touch can signal se-ualor romantic interest, and too little touch can signal distance orunriendliness. t the love1intimacy level, touch is more personal and istypically only e-changed between signi'cant others, such as best riends,close amily members, and romantic partners. Touching aces, holdinghands, and ull rontal embraces are e-amples o touch at this level.

lthough this level o touch is not se-ual, it does enhance eelings ocloseness and intimacy and can lead to se-ual1arousal touch, which is themost intimate orm o touch, as it is intended to physically stimulateanother person.

Touch is also used in many other conte-tsIor e-ample, during play $e.g.,arm wrestling*, during physical con6ict $e.g., slapping*, and duringconversations $e.g., to get someone0s attention*.2tanley E. Jones,8"ommunicating with Touch, in The !onverbal "ommunication Feader:"lassic and "ontemporary Feadings, And ed., eds. 7aura 9. uerrero,

Joseph . ?evito, and %ichael 7. e also inadvertently send messages through accidentaltouch $e.g., bumping into someone*. 3ne o my interpersonalcommunication proessors admitted that she enoyed going to

restaurants to observe 8'rst1date behavior and boasted that she couldpredict whether or not there was going to be a second date based on the

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couple0s nonverbal communication. >hat sort o touching behaviorswould indicate a good or bad 'rst dateH?uring a 'rst date or less ormal initial interactions, Duick 6eetingtouches give an indication o interest. #or e-ample, a pat on the back is

an abbreviated hug.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #ormsand #unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, C. /n general, thepresence or absence o touching cues us into people0s emotions. 2o asthe daters sit across rom each other, one person may lightly tap theother0s arm ater he or she said something unny. / the daters are sittingside by side, one person may cross his or her legs and lean toward theother person so that each person0s knees or eet occasionally touch.Touching behavior as a way to e-press eelings is oten reciprocal. lighttouch rom one dater will be ollowed by a light touch rom the other toindicate that the 'rst touch was 39. >hile verbal communication couldalso be used to indicate romantic interest, many people eel too

vulnerable at this early stage in a relationship to put something out therein words. / your date advances a touch and you are not interested, it isalso unlikely that you will come right out and say, 82orry, but /0m notreally interested. /nstead, due to common politeness rituals, you wouldbe more likely to respond with other orms o nonverbal communicationlike scooting back, crossing your arms, or simply not acknowledging thetouch.

/ 'nd hugging behavior particularly interesting, perhaps because o mye-periences growing up in a very hug1riendly environment in the

2outhern 4nited 2tates and then living elsewhere where there arediferent norms. hug can be obligatory, meaning that you do it becauseyou eel like you have to, not because you want to. Even though you maythink that this type o hug doesn0t communicate emotions, it de'nitelydoes. limp, weak, or retreating hug may communicate anger,ambivalence, or annoyance. Think o other types o hugs and how youhug diferent people. 2ome types o hugs are the crisscross hug, theneck1waist hug, and the engul'ng hug.9ory #loyd, "ommunicating

fection: /nterpersonal =ehavior and 2ocial "onte-t $"ambridge:"ambridge 4niversity Press, ABB*, +++C. The crisscross hug is a rathertypical hug where each person0s arm is below or above the other person0s

arm. This hug is common among riends, romantic partners, and amilymembers, and perhaps even coworkers. The neck1waist hug usuallyoccurs in more intimate relationships as it involves one person0s armsaround the other0s neck and the other person0s arms around the other0swaist. / think o this type o hug as the 8slow1dance hug. The engul'nghug is similar to a bear hug in that one person completely wraps thearms around the other as that person basically stands there. Thishugging behavior usually occurs when someone is very e-cited and hugsthe other person without warning.

2ome other types o hugs are the 8shake1'rst1then1tap hug and the8back1slap hug. / observe that these hugs are most oten between men.

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The shake1'rst1then1tap hug involves a modi'ed hand1shake where thehands are oined more with the thumb and 'ngers than the palm and theelbows are bent so that the shake occurs between the two huggers0chests. The hug comes ater the shake has been initiated with one armgoing around the other person or usually ust one tap, then a step back

and release o the handshake. /n this hugging behavior, the handshakethat is maintained between the chests minimi5es physical closeness andthe intimacy that may be interpreted rom the crisscross or engul'ng hugwhere the maority o the huggers0 torsos are touching. This move awayrom physical closeness likely stems rom a 42 norm that restricts men0sphysical e-pression o afection due to homophobia or the worry o beingperceived as gay. The slap hug is also a less physically intimate hug andinvolves a hug with one or both people slapping the other person0s backrepeatedly, oten while talking to each other. /0ve seen this type o hug goon or many seconds and with varying degrees o orce involved in theslap. >hen the slap is more o a tap, it is actually an indication that oneperson wants to let go. The video ootage o then1president =ill "lintonhugging %onica 7ewinsky that emerged as allegations that they had anafair were being investigated shows her holding on, while he wastapping rom the beginning o the hug.8etting "riticalEveryone who has 6own over the past ten years has e-perienced thesteady increase in security screenings. 2ince the terrorist attacks on2eptember ((, ABB(, airports around the world have had increasedsecurity. >hile passengers have long been subect to pat1downs i theyset of the metal detector or arouse suspicion, recently oiled terrorist

plots have made passenger screening more personal. The 8shoe bomberled to mandatory shoe removal and screening, and the more recent use ononmetallic e-plosives hidden in clothing or in body cavities led to theuse o body scanners that can see through clothing to check orconcealed obects.ndrew F. Thomas, 2ot 7anding: irline /ndustry2trategy, 2ervice, and 2aety $!ew @ork, !@: press, AB((*, ((KA+.Protests against and an-iety about the body scanners, more colloDuiallyknown as 8naked -1ray machines, led to the new 8enhanced pat1downtechniDues or passengers who reuse to go through the scanners orpassengers who are randomly selected or arouse suspicion in other ways.The strong reactions are e-pected given what we0ve learned about the

power o touch as a orm o nonverbal communication. The new pat1downs routinely involve touching the areas around a passenger0s breastsandNor genitals with a sliding hand motion. The Transportation 2ecurity

dministration $T2* notes that the areas being e-amined haven0tchanged, but the degree o the touch has, as screeners now press andrub more 'rmly but used to use a lighter touch.?erek 9ravit5, 8irportPat1?owns0 "ause rowing Passenger =acklash, The >ashington Post,!ovember (+, AB(B, accessed June A+, AB(A,http:NNwww.washingtonpost.comNwp1dynNcontentNarticleNAB(BN((N(ANFAB(B(((ABGOB.htmlH

sidQ2TAB(B((+BBG+OG.

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/nterestingly, police have long been able to use more invasive pat1downs,but only with probable cause. /n the case o random selection at theairport, no probable cause provision has to be met, giving T2 agentsmore leeway with touch than police oficers. E-perts in aviation securitydifer in their assessment o the value o the pat1downs and other

security procedures. 2everal e-perts have called or a revision o therandom selection process in avor o more targeted screenings. >hatcivil rights organi5ations critiDue as racial pro'ling, consumer rightsactivists and some security e-perts say allows more eficient use oresources and less inconvenience or the maority o passengers.ndrewF. Thomas, 2ot 7anding: irline /ndustry 2trategy, 2ervice, and 2aety$!ew @ork, !@: press, AB((*, (AB. lthough the T2 has made somechanges to security screening procedures and have announced more tocome, some passengers have started a backlash o their own. There havebeen multiple cases o passengers stripping down to their underwear orgetting completely naked to protest the pat1downs, while several otherpassengers have been charged with assault or 8groping T2 agents inretaliation. #ootage o pat1downs o toddlers and grandmothers inwheelchairs and sel1uploaded videos o people recounting their pat1downe-periences have gone viral on @ouTube.

(. >hat limits, i any, do you think there should be on the use o touchin airport screening proceduresHA. /n June o AB(A a passenger was charged with battery ater8groping a T2 supervisor to, as she claims, demonstrate the treatmentthat she had received while being screened. @ou can read more about the

story and see the video here:http:NNwww.nydailynews.comNnewsNnationalNcarol1ean1price1accused1groping1tsa1agent16orida1woman1demonstrating1treatment1received1article1(.(B)OGA(. ?o you think that her actions we usti'edH >hy or whynotH+. ?o you think that more targeted screening, as opposed to randomscreenings in which each person has an eDual chance o being selectedor enhanced pat1downs, is a good ideaH >hyH ?o you think suchtargeted screening could be seen as a case o unethical racial pro'lingH>hy or why notH

ocalics>e learned earlier that paralanguage reers to the vocali5ed butnonverbal parts o a message. &ocalics is the study o paralanguage,which includes the vocal Dualities that go along with verbal messages,such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal Duality, and verbal 'llers.Peter .

ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain&iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, )KB.Pitch helps convey meaning, regulate conversational 6ow, and

communicate the intensity o a message. Even babies recogni5e asentence with a higher pitched ending as a Duestion. >e also learn that

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greetings have a rising emphasis and arewells have alling emphasis. 3course, no one ever tells us these things e-plicitly; we learn themthrough observation and practice. >e do not pick up on some moresubtle andNor comple- patterns o paralanguage involving pitch until weare older. "hildren, or e-ample, have a dificult time perceiving sarcasm,

which is usually conveyed through paralinguistic characteristics likepitch and tone rather than the actual words being spoken. dults withlower than average intelligence and children have dificulty readingsarcasm in another person0s voice and instead may interpret literallywhat they say.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, A.

Paralanguage provides important conte-t or the verbal content ospeech. #or e-ample, volume helps communicate intensity. louder voiceis usually thought o as more intense, although a sot voice combinedwith a certain tone and acial e-pression can be ust as intense. >etypically adust our volume based on our setting, the distance betweenpeople, and the relationship. /n our age o computer1mediatedcommunication, T@P/! /! 77 "P2 is usually seen as ofensive, as it iseDuated with yelling. voice at a low volume or a whisper can be veryappropriate when sending a covert message or 6irting with a romanticpartner, but it wouldn0t enhance a person0s credibility i used during aproessional presentation.

2peaking rate reers to how ast or slow a person speaks and can leadothers to orm impressions about our emotional state, credibility, and

intelligence. s with volume, variations in speaking rate can intererewith the ability o others to receive and understand verbal messages. slow speaker could bore others and lead their attention to wander. astspeaker may be dificult to ollow, and the ast delivery can actuallydistract rom the message. 2peaking a little aster than the normal (AB(GB words a minute, however, can be bene'cial, as people tend to 'ndspeakers whose rate is above average more credible andintelligent.?avid =. =uller and Judee 9. =urgoon, 8The Efects o &ocalicsand !onverbal 2ensitivity on "ompliance,


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$particularly or males*, and do not e-hibit particular regional accents.%any people perceive nasal voices negatively and assign negativepersonality characteristics to them.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal"ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld,()))*, K(. Think about people who have very distinct voices. >hether

they are a public 'gure like President =ill "linton, a celebrity like 2nookirom the Jersey 2hore, or a 'ctional character like Peter rifin rom#amily uy, some people0s voices stick with us and make a avorable orunavorable impression.

&erbal 'llers are sounds that 'll gaps in our speech as we think aboutwhat to say ne-t. They are considered a part o nonverbal communicationbecause they are not like typical words that stand in or a speci'cmeaning or meanings. &erbal 'llers such as 8um, 8uh, 8like, and 8ahare common in regular conversation and are not typically disruptive. swe learned earlier, the use o verbal 'llers can help a person 8keep the6oor during a conversation i they need to pause or a moment to thinkbeore continuing on with verbal communication. &erbal 'llers in moreormal settings, like a public speech, can hurt a speaker0s credibility.

The ollowing is a review o the various communicative unctions ovocalics:M Fepetition. &ocalic cues reinorce other verbal and nonverbal cues$e.g., saying 8/0m not sure with an uncertain tone*.M "omplementing. &ocalic cues elaborate on or modiy verbal andnonverbal meaning $e.g., the pitch and volume used to say 8/ love sweetpotatoes would add conte-t to the meaning o the sentence, such as the

degree to which the person loves sweet potatoes or the use o sarcasm*.M ccenting. &ocalic cues allow us to emphasi5e particular parts o amessage, which helps determine meaning $e.g., 82he is my riend, or82he is my riend, or 82he is my riend*.M 2ubstituting. &ocalic cues can take the place o other verbal ornonverbal cues $e.g., saying 8uh huh instead o 8/ am listening andunderstand what you0re saying*.M Fegulating. &ocalic cues help regulate the 6ow o conversations$e.g., alling pitch and slowing rate o speaking usually indicate the endo a speaking turn*.M "ontradicting. &ocalic cues may contradict other verbal or

nonverbal signals $e.g., a person could say 8/0m 'ne in a Duick, shorttone that indicates otherwise*.

"roxemicsPro-emics reers to the study o how space and distance in6uencecommunication. >e only need look at the ways in which space shows upin common metaphors to see that space, communication, andrelationships are closely related. #or e-ample, when we are content withand attracted to someone, we say we are 8close to him or her. >hen welose connection with someone, we may say he or she is 8distant. /n

general, space in6uences how people communicate and behave. 2mallerspaces with a higher density o people oten lead to breaches o our

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personal space bubbles. / this is a setting in which this type o density ise-pected beorehand, like at a crowded concert or on a train during rushhour, then we make various communicative adustments to manage thespace issue. 4ne-pected breaches o personal space can lead to negativereactions, especially i we eel someone has violated our space

voluntarily, meaning that a crowding situation didn0t orce them into ourspace. dditionally, research has shown that crowding can lead tocriminal or delinDuent behavior, known as a 8mob mentality.Peter .

ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain&iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, CC. To better understand how pro-emicsunctions in nonverbal communication, we will more closely e-amine thepro-emic distances associated with personal space and the concept oterritoriality.

"roxemic Distances>e all have varying de'nitions o what our 8personal space is, and thesede'nitions are conte-tual and depend on the situation and therelationship. lthough our bubbles are invisible, people are sociali5edinto the norms o personal space within their cultural group. 2cholarshave identi'ed our 5ones or 42 mericans, which are public, social,personal, and intimate distance.Edward T.


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casual interaction, but not intimate or public. This distance is preerredin many proessional settings because it reduces the suspicion o anyimpropriety. The e-pression 8keep someone at an arm0s length meansthat someone is kept out o the personal space and kept in thesocialNproessional space. / two people held up their arms and stood so

ust the tips o their 'ngers were touching, they would be around oureet away rom each other, which is perceived as a sae distance becausethe possibility or intentional or unintentional touching doesn0t e-ist. /t isalso possible to have people in the outer portion o our social 5one butnot eel obligated to interact with them, but when people come muchcloser than si- eet to us then we oten eel obligated to at leastacknowledge their presence. /n many typically si5ed classrooms, much o

your audience or a speech will actually be in your social 5one ratherthan your public 5one, which is actually bene'cial because it helps youestablish a better connection with them. 2tudents in large lecture classesshould consider sitting within the social 5one o the proessor, sincestudents who sit within this 5one are more likely to be remembered bythe proessor, be acknowledged in class, and retain more inormationbecause they are close enough to take in important nonverbal and visualcues. 2tudents who talk to me ater class typically stand about our to've eet away when they speak to me, which keeps them in the outer parto the social 5one, typical or proessional interactions. >hen studentshave more personal inormation to discuss, they will come closer, whichbrings them into the inner part o the social 5one.

"ersonal +pace 1.4 0eet

Personal and intimate 5ones reer to the space that starts at our physicalbody and e-tends our eet. These 5ones are reserved or riends, closeacDuaintances, and signi'cant others. %uch o our communicationoccurs in the personal 5one, which is what we typically think o as our8personal space bubble and e-tends rom (.G eet to C eet away romour body. Even though we are getting closer to the physical body oanother person, we may use verbal communication at this point to signalthat our presence in this 5one is riendly and not intimate. Even peoplewho know each other could be uncomortable spending too much time inthis 5one unnecessarily. This 5one is broken up into two sub5ones, whichhelps us negotiate close interactions with people we may not be close to

interpersonally.%atthew %c9ay, %artha ?avis, and Patrick #anning,%essages: "ommunication 2kills =ook, And ed. $3akland, ": !ew


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on his or her arm or engaging in other light social touching thatacilitates conversation, sel1disclosure, and eelings o closeness.

5ntimate +paces we breach the invisible line that is (.G eet rom our body, we enter

the intimate 5one, which is reserved or only the closest riends, amily,and romanticNintimate partners. /t is impossible to completely ignorepeople when they are in this space, even i we are trying to pretend thatwe0re ignoring them. breach o this space can be comorting in someconte-ts and annoying or rightening in others. >e need regular humancontact that isn0t ust verbal but also physical. >e have already discussedthe importance o touch in nonverbal communication, and in order orthat much1needed touch to occur, people have to enter our intimatespace. =eing close to someone and eeling their physical presence can be

very comorting when words ail. There are also social norms regardingthe amount o this type o closeness that can be displayed in public, assome people get uncomortable even seeing others interacting in theintimate 5one. >hile some people are comortable engaging in orwatching others engage in P?s $public displays o afection* others arenot.

2o what happens when our space is violatedH lthough these 5ones arewell established in research or personal space preerences o 42

mericans, individuals vary in terms o their reactions to people enteringcertain 5ones, and determining what constitutes a 8violation o space issubective and conte-tual. #or e-ample, another person0s presence in our

social or public 5ones doesn0t typically arouse suspicion or negativephysical or communicative reactions, but it could in some situations orwith certain people. e0ve all had to get into a crowded elevator or wait in a long line. /n suchsituations, we may rely on some verbal communication to reduceimmediacy and indicate that we are not interested in closeness and areaware that a breach has occurred. People make comments about thecrowd, saying, 8>e0re really packed in here like sardines, or use humorto indicate that they are pleasant and well adusted and uncomortable

with the breach like any 8normal person would be. /nterestingly, as wewill learn in our discussion o territoriality, we do not oten use verbalcommunication to deend our personal space during regular interactions./nstead, we rely on more nonverbal communication like moving, crossingour arms, or avoiding eye contact to deal with breaches o space.

TerritorialityTerritoriality is an innate drive to take up and deend spaces. This driveis shared by many creatures and entities, ranging rom packs o animalsto individual humans to nations. >hether it0s a gang territory, a

neighborhood claimed by a particular salesperson, your preerred placeto sit in a restaurant, your usual desk in the classroom, or the seat you0ve

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marked to save while getting concessions at a sporting event, we claimcertain spaces as our own. There are three main divisions or territory:primary, secondary, and public.3wen hensomeone else takes a student0s regular desk, she or he is typicallyannoyed. / do classroom observations or the graduate teachingassistants / supervise, which means / come into the classroom toward themiddle o the semester and take a seat in the back to evaluate the classsession. lthough / don0t intend to take someone0s seat, on more thanone occasion, /0ve been met by the conused or even glaring eyes o astudent whose routine is suddenly interrupted when they see me sittingin 8their seat.

Public territories are open to all people. People are allowed to markpublic territory and use it or a limited period o time, but space is otenup or grabs, which makes public space dificult to manage or somepeople and can lead to con6ict. To avoid this type o situation, people usea variety o obects that are typically recogni5ed by others as nonverbalcues that mark a place as temporarily reservedIor e-ample, ackets,bags, papers, or a drink. There is some ambiguity in the use o markers,though. hal1empty cup o cofee may be seen as trash and thrownaway, which would be an annoying surprise to a person who let it tomark his or her table while visiting the restroom. 3ne scholar0s inormal

observations revealed that a ull drink sitting on a table could reserve aspace in a university caeteria or more than an hour, but a cup only halull usually only worked as a marker o territory or less than tenminutes. People have to decide how much value they want their markerto have. 3bviously, leaving a laptop on a table indicates that the table isoccupied, but it could also lead to the laptop getting stolen. pencil, onthe other hand, could ust be moved out o the way and the spaceusurped.

Chronemics

"hronemics reers to the study o how time afects communication. Timecan be classi'ed into several diferent categories, including biological,

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personal, physical, and cultural time.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal"ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld,()))*, G. =iological time reers to the rhythms o living things.hen our natural rhythms

are disturbed, by all1nighters, et lag, or other scheduling abnormalities,our physical and mental health and our communication competence andpersonal relationships can sufer. 9eep biological time in mind as youcommunicate with others. Femember that early morning conversationsand speeches may reDuire more preparation to get yoursel awakeenough to communicate well and a more patient or energetic delivery toaccommodate others who may still be getting warmed up or their day.

Personal time reers to the ways in which individuals e-perience time.The way we e-perience time varies based on our mood, our interest level,and other actors. Think about how Duickly time passes when you areinterested in and thereore engaged in something. / have taught 'ty1minute classes that seemed to drag on orever and three1hour classesthat 5ipped by. /ndividuals also vary based on whether or not they areuture or past oriented. People with past1time orientations may want toreminisce about the past, reunite with old riends, and put considerabletime into preserving memories and keepsakes in scrapbooks and photoalbums. People with uture1time orientations may spend the same amounto time making career and personal plans, writing out to1do lists, orresearching uture vacations, potential retirement spots, or what bookthey0re going to read ne-t.

Physical time reers to the '-ed cycles o days, years, and seasons.Physical time, especially seasons, can afect our mood and psychologicalstates. 2ome people e-perience seasonal afective disorder that leadsthem to e-perience emotional distress and an-iety during the changes oseasons, primarily rom warm and bright to dark and cold $summer to alland winter*.

"ultural time reers to how a large group o people view time.Polychronic people do not view time as a linear progression that needs tobe divided into small units and scheduled in advance. Polychronic people

keep more 6e-ible schedules and may engage in several activities atonce. %onochronic people tend to schedule their time more rigidly anddo one thing at a time. polychronic or monochronic orientation to timein6uences our social realities and how we interact with others.

dditionally, the way we use time depends in some ways on our status.#or e-ample, doctors can make their patients wait or e-tended periodso time, and e-ecutives and celebrities may run consistently behindschedule, making others wait or them. Promptness and the amount otime that is socially acceptable or lateness and waiting varies among

individuals and conte-ts. "hronemics also covers the amount o time wespend talking. >e0ve already learned that conversational turns and turn1

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taking patterns are in6uenced by social norms and help ourconversations progress. >e all know how annoying it can be when aperson dominates a conversation or when we can0t get a person tocontribute anything.

"ersonal "resentation an# /nvironmentPersonal presentation involves two components: our physicalcharacteristics and the artiacts with which we adorn and surroundourselves. Physical characteristics include body shape, height, weight,attractiveness, and other physical eatures o our bodies. >e do not haveas much control over how these nonverbal cues are encoded as we dowith many other aspects o nonverbal communication. s "hapter AL"ommunication and PerceptionL noted, these characteristics play alarge role in initial impression ormation even though we know we8shouldn0t udge a book by its cover. lthough ideals o attractiveness

vary among cultures and individuals, research consistently indicates thatpeople who are deemed attractive based on physical characteristics havedistinct advantages in many aspects o lie. This act, along with mediaimages that proect oten unrealistic ideals o beauty, have contributed tobooming health and beauty, dieting, gym, and plastic surgery industries.>hile there have been some controversial reality shows that seek totransorm people0s physical characteristics, like E-treme %akeover, The2wan, and The =iggest 7oser, the relative ease with which we can changethe artiacts that send nonverbal cues about us has led to many morestyle and space makeover shows.

hat !ot to >ear seek to show the power o wardrobe and personal stylechanges in how people communicate with others.

side rom clothes, ewelry, visible body art, hairstyles, and otherpolitical, social, and cultural symbols send messages to others about whowe are. /n the 4nited 2tates, body piercings and tattoos have beenshiting rom subcultural to mainstream over the past ew decades. Thephysical location, si5e, and number o tattoos and piercings play a largerole in whether or not they are deemed appropriate or proessionalconte-ts, and many people with tattoos andNor piercings make conscious

choices about when and where they display their body art.


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hair are generally udged to be more conservative than men with longhair, but men with shaved heads may be seen as aggressive. >hether aperson has a part in their hair, a mohawk, au-1hawk, ponytail, curls, orbright pink hair also sends nonverbal signals to others.

Jewelry can also send messages with varying degrees o direct meaning. ring on the 8ring 'nger o a person0s let hand typically indicates thatthey are married or in an otherwise committed relationship. thumb ringor a right1hand ring on the 8ring 'nger doesn0t send such a directmessage. People also adorn their clothes, body, or belongings withreligious or cultural symbols, like a cross to indicate a person0s "hristianaith or a rainbow 6ag to indicate that a person is gay, lesbian, bise-ual,transgender, Dueer, or an ally to one or more o those groups. People nowwear various types o rubber bracelets, which have become a popularorm o social cause marketing, to indicate that they identiy with the87ivestrong movement or support breast cancer awareness andresearch.7ast, the environment in which we interact afects our verbal andnonverbal communication. This is included because we can otenmanipulate the nonverbal environment similar to how we wouldmanipulate our gestures or tone o voice to suit our communicativeneeds. The books that we display on our cofee table, the maga5ines adoctor keeps in his or her waiting room, the placement o resh 6owers ina oyer, or a piece o mint chocolate on a hotel bed pillow all sendparticular messages and can easily be changed. The placement o obects

and urniture in a physical space can help create a ormal, distant,riendly, or intimate climate. /n terms o ormality, we can use nonverbalcommunication to convey dominance and status, which helps de'ne andnegotiate power and roles within relationships. #ancy cars and e-pensivewatches can serve as symbols that distinguish a "E3 rom an entry1levelemployee. room with sot lighting, a small ountain that createsambient sounds o water 6owing, and a comy chair can help acilitateinteractions between a therapist and a patient. /n summary, whether weknow it or not, our physical characteristics and the artiacts thatsurround us communicate much.8etting Plugged /n

6vatarsvatars are computer1generated images that represent users in onlineenvironments or are created to interact with users in online and oSinesituations. vatars can be created in the likeness o humans, animals,aliens, or other nonhuman creatures.9atrin llmendinger, 82ocialPresence in 2ynchronous &irtual 7earning 2ituations: The Fole o!onverbal 2ignals ?isplayed by vatars, Educational Psychology FeviewAA, no. ( $AB(B*: CA. vatars vary in terms o unctionality and technicalsophistication and can include stationary pictures like buddy icons,

cartoonish but humanlike animations like a %ii character on the >ii, orvery humanlike animations designed to teach or assist people in virtual

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environments. %ore recently, +1? holographic avatars have been put towork helping travelers at airports in Paris and !ew @ork.2teve 2trunksy,8!ew irport 2ervice Fep /s 2tif and Phony, but 2he0s #riendly,!J."3%, %ay AA, AB(A, accessed June AO, AB(A,http:NNwww.n.comNnewsNinde-.ssNAB(ANBGNnewairportservicerepissti

.html; Tecca, 8!ew @ork "ity irports /nstall !ew, E-pensive orldo >arcrat and 2econd 7ie to some online learning management

systems used by colleges and universities. Fesearch shows that the linebetween reality and virtual reality can become blurry when it comes toavatar design and identi'cation. This can become even more pronouncedwhen we consider that some users, especially o online role1playinggames, spend about twenty hours a week as their avatar.

vatars do more than represent people in online worlds; they also afecttheir behaviors oSine. #or e-ample, one study ound that people whowatched an avatar that looked like them e-ercising and losing weight inan online environment e-ercised more and ate healthier in the realworld.Jesse #o- and Jeremy %. =ailenson, 8&irtual 2el1%odeling: TheEfects o &icarious Feinorcement and /denti'cation on E-ercise

=ehaviors, %edia Psychology (A, no. ( $ABB)*: (AG. 2eeing an olderversion o them online led participants to orm a more concrete socialand psychological connection with their uture selves, which led them toinvest more money in a retirement account. People0s actions online alsomirror the e-pectations or certain physical characteristics, even whenthe user doesn0t e-hibit those characteristics and didn0t get to choosethem or his or her avatar. #or e-ample, e-perimental research showedthat people using more attractive avatars were more e-troverted andriendly than those with less attractive avatars, which is also a nonverbalcommunication pattern that e-ists among real people. /n summary,

people have the ability to sel1select physical characteristics and personalpresentation or their avatars in a way that they can0t in their real lie.

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People come to see their avatars as part o themselves, which opens thepossibility or avatars to afect users0 online and oSinecommunication."hangsoo 9im, 2ang1un 7ee, and %inchoel 9ang, 8/=ecame an ttractive Person in the &irtual >orld: 4sers0 /denti'cationwith &irtual "ommunities and vatars, "omputers in hat led youto construct the avatar the way you did, and how do you think yourchoices re6ect your typical nonverbal sel1presentationH / you haven0tever constructed an avatar, what would you make your avatar look likeand whyHA

Types of Nonverbal Communication'inesicsThe word kinesics comes rom the root word kinesis, which means8movement, and reers to the study o hand, arm, body, and acemovements. 2peci'cally, this section will outline the use o gestures,head movements and posture, eye contact, and acial e-pressions asnonverbal communication.

estures are arm and hand movements and include adaptors like

clicking a pen or scratching your ace, emblems like a thumbs1up to say839, and illustrators like bouncing your hand along with the rhythm o

your speaking.


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M -aptics reers to touch behaviors that convey meaning duringinteractions. Touch operates at many levels, including unctional1proessional, social1polite, riendship1warmth, and love1intimacy. -apticsThink o how touch has the power to comort someone in moment osorrow when words alone cannot. This positive power o touch is

countered by the potential or touch to be threatening because o itsconnection to se- and violence. To learn about the power o touch, weturn to haptics, which reers to the study o communication by touch. >eprobably get more e-plicit advice and instruction on how to use touchthan any other orm o nonverbal communication. lack o nonverbalcommunication competence related to touch could have negativeinterpersonal conseDuences; or e-ample, i we don0t ollow the advicewe0ve been given about the importance o a 'rm handshake, a personmight make negative udgments about our con'dence or credibility. lack o competence could have more dire negative conseDuences,including legal punishment, i we touch someone inappropriately$intentionally or unintentionally*. Touch is necessary or human socialdevelopment, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive.Fesearch proects have ound that students evaluated a library and itsstaf more avorably i the librarian brie6y touched the patron whilereturning his or her library card, that emale restaurant servers receivedlarger tips when they touched patrons, and that people were more likelyto sign a petition when the petitioner touched them during theirinteraction.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, C.There are several types o touch, including unctional1proessional,

social1polite, riendship1warmth, love1intimacy, and se-ual1arousaltouch.Fichard eimann and Fandall


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M ocalicsreers to the vocali5ed but not verbal aspects o nonverbalcommunication, including our speaking rate, pitch, volume, tone o voice,and vocal Duality. These Dualities, also known as paralanguage, reinorcethe meaning o verbal communication, allow us to emphasi5e particular

parts o a message, or can contradict verbal messages. ocalics >elearned earlier that paralanguage reers to the vocali5ed but nonverbalparts o a message. &ocalics is the study o paralanguage, which includesthe vocal Dualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch,

volume, rate, vocal Duality, and verbal 'llers.Peter . ndersen,!onverbal "ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain &iew, ":%ay'eld, ()))*, )KB.Pitch helps convey meaning, regulate conversational 6ow, andcommunicate the intensity o a message. Even babies recogni5e asentence with a higher pitched ending as a Duestion. >e also learn thatgreetings have a rising emphasis and arewells have alling emphasis. 3course, no one ever tells us these things e-plicitly; we learn themthrough observation and practice. >e do not pick up on some moresubtle andNor comple- patterns o paralanguage involving pitch until weare older. "hildren, or e-ample, have a dificult time perceiving sarcasm,which is usually conveyed through paralinguistic characteristics likepitch and tone rather than the actual words being spoken. dults withlower than average intelligence and children have dificulty readingsarcasm in another person0s voice and instead may interpret literallywhat they say.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, A.

M "roxemics reers to the use o space and distance withincommunication. 42 mericans, in general, have our 5ones thatconstitute our personal space: the public 5one $(A or more eet rom ourbody*, social 5one $C(A eet rom our body*, the personal 5one $(.GCeet rom our body*, and the intimate 5one $rom body contact to (.G eetaway*. Pro-emics also studies territoriality, or how people take up anddeend personal space."roxemicsPro-emics reers to the study o how space and distance in6uencecommunication. >e only need look at the ways in which space shows up

in common metaphors to see that space, communication, andrelationships are closely related. #or e-ample, when we are content withand attracted to someone, we say we are 8close to him or her. >hen welose connection with someone, we may say he or she is 8distant. /ngeneral, space in6uences how people communicate and behave. 2mallerspaces with a higher density o people oten lead to breaches o ourpersonal space bubbles. / this is a setting in which this type o density ise-pected beorehand, like at a crowded concert or on a train during rushhour, then we make various communicative adustments to manage thespace issue. 4ne-pected breaches o personal space can lead to negative

reactions, especially i we eel someone has violated our spacevoluntarily, meaning that a crowding situation didn0t orce them into our

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space. dditionally, research has shown that crowding can lead tocriminal or delinDuent behavior, known as a 8mob mentality.Peter .

ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and #unctions $%ountain&iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, CC. To better understand how pro-emicsunctions in nonverbal communication, we will more closely e-amine the

pro-emic distances associated with personal space and the concept oterritoriality.

M Chronemicsreers the study o how time afects communicationand includes how diferent time cycles afect our communication,including the diferences between people who are past or uture orientedand cultural perspectives on time as '-ed and measured $monochronic*or 6uid and adaptable $polychronic*. Chronemics "hronemics reers tothe study o how time afects communication. Time can be classi'ed intoseveral diferent categories, including biological, personal, physical, andcultural time.Peter . ndersen, !onverbal "ommunication: #orms and#unctions $%ountain &iew, ": %ay'eld, ()))*, G. =iological timereers to the rhythms o living things. hen our natural rhythms are disturbed, by all1nighters, etlag, or other scheduling abnormalities, our physical and mental healthand our communication competence and personal relationships cansufer. 9eep biological time in mind as you communicate with others.Femember that early morning conversations and speeches may reDuiremore preparation to get yoursel awake enough to communicate well and

a more patient or energetic delivery to accommodate others who maystill be getting warmed up or their day.

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