TYPES OF BOOKS

DictionaryA book that lists the words of

a language in alphabetical order and gives their

meaning, or that gives the equivalent words in a

different language.

ThesaurusA book that lists words in groups of synonyms and

related concepts.

EncyclopediaA book or set of books giving information on many subjects

or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged

alphabetically.

Almanac1.An annual calendar containing

important dates and statistical information such as

astronomical data and tide tables.

2. A handbook, typically published annually, containing information of general interest or on a sport

or pastime.

PARTS OF A BOOK

Appendix

A section or table of additional matter at the end

of a book or document.

Index1.An alphabetical list of names,

subjects, etc., with references to the places where they occur, typically

found at the end of a book

2.An alphabetical list by title, subject, author, or other category of a collection of books or documents,

e.g., in a library

GlossaryAn alphabetical list of terms

or words found in or relating to a specific

subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief

dictionary.

Table of ContentsList of chapters or topics

covered (with page numbers) in the front of a book, following the title

page.

TYPES OF WRITING

ExpositoryIntended to explain or describe something

DescriptiveProvides details about an object, place, or person purposefully to make the

experience depicted come alive for the reader, and

appeals to one or more of their five senses

Persuasivea piece of writing that

states the opinion of the writer and attempts to

influence the audience.

Narrativea piece of writing that tells a personal story from the

writer’s past.

LITERARY TERMS

IronyVerbal: Saying one thing, and

meaning anotherSituational: an outcome that turns

out to be very different from what was expected, the difference

between what is expected to happen and what actually does

Dramatic: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience

but not grasped by the characters in the play.

Idiom1. A group of words established

by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g.,

raining cats and dogs).2. A form of expression natural

to a language, person, or group of people

SimileA figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing

with another thing of a different kind, (e.g., as brave

as a lion).

ImageryThe use of vivid or figurative

language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.

Metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to

an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Also, a metaphor does not use “like” or “as”.

PersonificationThe attribution of a personal

nature or human characteristics to something

nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract

quality in human form.

HyperboleExaggerated statements or

claims not meant to be taken literally.

AlliterationThe occurrence of the same

letter (consonant) or sound at the beginning of adjacent or

closely connected words.

OnomatopoeiaThe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., snap, sizzle).

AssonanceIn poetry, the repetition of

the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming

stressed syllables (e.g., penitence, reticence).

TYPES OF POEMS

Haiku3 Lines

5, 7, 5 syllablesGenerally about nature

LimerickA limerick is a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two-line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is

a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and

rhyming.

Sonnet14 Lines

Alternating Rhyme SchemeEnds in a Couple

Citations

A BOOK

Author’s last name, first name. Book Title. Place of publication (if several are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the U.S., add an abbreviation of the country): Publisher (shorten the publisher’s name), year of publication.

CHAPTER OR WORK IN A BOOK

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Book Title. Editor’s first and last names. Edition number. Place of publication (if several are listed, give only the first. For cities outside the U.S., add an abbreviation of the country): Publisher (shorten the publisher’s name), year of publication. Page numbers.

ARTICLE OR DEFINITION IN A REFERENCE BOOK

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Reference Book Title. Edition number and/or year of publication.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title date: page numbers.

SCHOLARLY JOURNAL ARTICLE

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume number. Issue number (year): pages.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title date, edition: page.

INTERNET SITE OR HOME PAGEWhen citing an entire internet site, include as much of the following information

as is available:

Author’s last name, first name. Site Title (or a description like Home Page or Course home page). Site date or last update. Name of the sponsoring organization. Date of access <internet address>.

VIDEO

Title. Director’s first and last names. Performers, writers and producers (optional). Original release date, if relevant. Videocassette. Distributor, year.