Day 9 IntellectualProperty

CopyrightUSvLaMacchiaNoElectronicTheftAct

TheBerne

Convention

FairUseDoc

trine

Intellectual Property is: 0 Theintangiblecreativework,notitsparticularphysicalform0 Valueofintelligenceandartisticworkcomesfromcreativity,ideas,research,skills,labor,non-materialeffortsthecreatorprovides0 Protectedbycopyrightandpatentlaw0 Globalcopyrightagreement:(1886):signatorycountriesagreetoenforcecopyrightviolationsacrossborders(adoptedinUS:1988)

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Berne Signatory Countries

3"BerneConventionsignatories"byUser:Conscious-Ownwork.ThisWilewasderivedfrom:BlankMap-World6.svgBerneConvention.png.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0viaCommons-https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg#/media/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg

IP History in (mostly) the US 0 1790Wirstcopyrightlaw:termof14years0 1831:termextendedto28years0 1886Berneconventionsignedbyfoundingcountries(notUS)0 1909CopyrightAct:term28years,possiblerenewal+280 1976and1980copyrightlawrevisedtoincludesoftwareanddatabasesthatexhibit"authorship"(originalexpressionofideas),includedthe"FairUseDoctrine”,life+50years

0 1982high-volumecopyingbecameafelony0 1988:USsignsBerneagreement0 1992makingmultiplecopiesforcommercialadvantageandprivategainbecameafelony

0 1998:termlife+70years0 FYI:MickeyMousecopyrightedin1928.

Textbookp.185-1864http://artlawjournal.com/mickey-mouse-keeps-changing-copyright-law/

Copyright holder rights: 0 U.ScopyrightLaw(Title17ofU.S.Code)givescopyrightholder

1.  Tomakecopies2.  Toproducederivativeworks,suchastranslations

intootherlanguagesormoviesbasedonbooks3.  Todistributecopies4.  Toperformtheworkinpublic(e.g.music,plays)5.  Todisplaytheworkinpublic(e.g.artwork,

movies,computergames,videoonaWebsite)Textbookp182

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0 DigitaltechnologyandtheInternetmakecopyrightinfringementeasierandcheaper.0 NewcompressiontechnologiesmakecopyinglargeWiles(e.g.graphics,videoandaudioWiles)feasible.0 SearchenginesmakeWindingmaterialeasier.0 Peer-to-peertechnologymakestransferringandsharingWileseasier.

and… à6

CopyrightCrisis

0 BroadbandconnectionsmaketransferringWileseasierandenablestreamingvideo.0 Miniaturizationofcamerasandotherequipmentenableaudiencememberstorecordandtransmitevents.0 Scannersallowustochangethemediaofacopyrightedwork,convertingprintedtext,photos,andartworktoelectronicform.0 Newtoolsallowustomodifygraphics,videoandaudioWilestomakederivativeworks.

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Points of View § Weshouldrecognizethat“theproblem”looksdifferentfromdifferentperspec8ves.§ Consumers?§ Writers,singers,ar8sts,actors?§ Entertainmentindustry?§ Amateurs?§ Scholars?

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US v. LaMacchia 0 TookplaceinMAin19940 21yearoldstudentatMITsetupabulletinboardsite(“Cynosure”)andencouragedotherstouploadcopyrightedgamesandsoftware.TheWileswerethentransferredtoanothersite(“Cynosure2”)fromwhichuserscoulddownloadallthematerial.0 Lossestocopyrightholdersvaluedatover$1,000,000.0 Chargedwithwirefraud,becausehiscopyrightviolationstookplaceoverwiredcommunication.

9http://fraud.laws.com/wire-fraud/united-states-v-lamacchia-1994

0 CopyrightviolationsmustbebroughtundertheCopyrightAct.0 1992CopyrightActrequiresWinancialgainbypiratestocountasinfringement.0 LeMacchiadidn’t-inanciallybene-itfromcopying/distributingmaterial,socopyrightlawsatthetimedidn’tapply.

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Laws

madeitafelonytowillfullyinfringecopyrightbyreproducingordistributingoneormorecopiesofcopyrightedworkwithatotalvalueofmorethan$1,000withina6monthperiod

ClosedLeMacchiaLoopholebecauseoffendersdidnothavetoJinanciallybeneJitinordertobecharged.

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§ Fourfactorsconsidered1. Purposeandnatureofuse–commercial(lesslikely)ornonprofitpurposes

2. Natureofthecopyrightedwork3. Amountandsignificanceofpor8onused4.  Effectofuseonpoten8almarketorvalueofthecopyrightwork(willitreducesalesofwork?)

§ Nosinglefactoralonedetermineswhat’sfair§ Notallfactorsgivenequalweight,variesbycircumstance

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Justification? 1.  Ican’taffordtopayforthisbook/song/movie.2.  Thecompanyisalarge,richcorporation.3.  Iwouldn’tbuyitattheretailprice,they’renotlosingasale.4.  IcouldlendafriendaCD,Ishouldbeabletomakethema

digitalcopyofcontent.5.  MyactionsareinsigniWicantcomparedtopeoplemakinga

livingoffofpiracy.6.  Everyonedoesit.7.  Iwanttouseasonginmyvideo,butIdon’tevenknow

wheretogotogetpermission.8.  I’mpostingthiscontentforfree,Ijustwantpeopletoenjoy

it.

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