tripartite, 40-70 cm wide, anterior segments tripartite with the central partition again bipartite, posterior segments bipartite with secondary and tertiary segments irregularly pinnatifid, the whole structure resembling a tattered umbrella, blade dark green, upper surface glossy with a slight bluish green sheen. Inflorescence borne on a pale grey, purple-speckled peduncle 8.5-18 cm X 8-10 mm. Spathe 9-20 X c. 3.5 cm, erect, thick, fornicate, lower margins free, not overlapping, exterior pale grey with very dense purple speckling, paler below, interior deep purple. Spadix much shorter than spathe, 3.5-5 X 1-1.5 cm, conic to ovoid-conic, shortly stipitate, pale greyish white; stipe c. 5 X 5 mm, pale grey. Flowers bisexual, naked, very densely arranged. Stamens 2-3 mm long; filaments c. 1.2 mm long, whitish; thecae c. 1.5 mm long, yellow. Gynoecium bottle-shaped, 5-7 X 0 . 6 3 mm, pale grey; style extending far beyond stamens; stigma obtuse. Infructescence cylindric, composed of c . 40 berries; berries globose, c. 8 mm in diameter, pericarp densely spiny, spines 1.5-2 mm long, dark green; seed ellipsoid, c. 5 X 4 mm, testa hard, thick, verrucose.

DISTRIBUTION, S.E. Thailand (provinces of Chanthaburi, Prachinburi and Saraburi).

HABITAT. Seasonally dry bamboo forest; 350-450 m.

REFERENCES

Bogner, J. (1973). Die Gattung Pycnospatha Thorel ex Gagnep. (Araceae). Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrz f t 122: 199-2 16.

Gagnepain, F. (1941). Pycnospatha Thorel, mss., nov. gen. Aracearum. Bulletin de la Sociiti Botanique de France 88: 5 1 1-5 1 2. - (1942). Araceae. In Lecomte, H., Flore Ginirale de l’lndo-Chine 6:

1075-1 196. Masson, Paris. Hay, A. (1992). Tribal and subtribal delimitation and circumscription of

the genera of Araceae tribe Lasieae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 184-205.

Hu, S. Y. (1968). Studies in the Flora of Thailand 41. Araceae. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 23: 409-457.

Linnaeus, C. (1 753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm.

TWO PELARGONIUM SPECIES FROM TURKEY AND NORTHERN IRAQ

Margaret A. T . Johnson and Brian Mathew

The genus Pelargonium L’H6r. in the Geraniaceae, comprises approx- imately 280 species, the vast majority of which are native to South Africa. Surprisingly there are two frost-tolerant species which are found in Turkey and also northern Iraq. Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl is in fact quite widespread throughout Turkey, unlike the only

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other Turkish species, P. quercetorum Agnew, which has been found only in one small area near Hakksri in the south east (Johnson & Ozhatay, 1988). Both species belong to section Jenkinsonia (Sweet) Harv. and are closely related, with P. quercetorum being generally much larger than P. endlicherianum. Three of the four other species in the section, P. antidysentericum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kostel., P. praemorsum (Andr.) Dietrich and P. tetragonum (L. fil.) L’HCr., nearly all grow in the Cape area of South Africa. The fourth, P. boranense Friis & M. G. Gilbert, occurs in Ethiopia.

Both P. endlicherianum and P. quercetorum are frost-hardy, semi- shrubby species with numerous palmately lobed basal leaves and woody, rhizomatous root-stocks which in P. endlicherianum are more horizontally spreading than in P. quercetorum. Plants of P. quercetorum, although more vigorous and larger than those of P. endlicherianum, are more compact. Their distinctive magenta-carmine flowers are conspicuously zygomorphic, with two large upper petals and three greatly reduced lower ones (which sometimes are absent). The seven fertile stamens protrude prominently. Pelargonium quercetorum has been illustrated by Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst (see van der Walt & Vorster, 1988).

In Turkey, P. endlicherianum is known as solucanotu meaning Lworm wort’, since fresh flowers can be used as a folk medicine to cure intestinal parasites (Baytop, 1963: 233). It was first described by Fenzl in 1842 from material collected ‘in the Taurus Mountains’, and Sir Joseph Hooker featured the plant in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (82: t. 4946, 1856). There is only one unconfirmed account of the species having been found outside Turkey, a t U1-Jabah in the Syrian Desert (Post, vol. 1 : 264, 1932). This species may, therefore, be endemic to Turkey where it has been collected on over 50 occasions throughout Anatolia.

Pelargonium quercetorum is confined in Turkey to the extreme south east, near the borders of Iraq and Iran, where it grows on steep limestone slopes in clearings in Quercus libani woodland. Its specific epithet means ‘ofoak woods’. The species was described only in 1967 by Agnew from three collections made in Iraq. Subsequently, only a few more collections have been made, but it is likely that this species has a wider distribution in south-west Asia than is presently known. The editor of the Flora o f Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Peter Davis, made two herbarium collections ofP. quercetorum (Davis 44818 and 45381) and in his field notes he comments on the strong

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distinctive smell of the flowers of this species. The accompanying illustration of P. endlicherianum is of a plant

grown from rhizomes collected by M. Johnson (No. 127) whilst travelling with N. & E. Ozhatay in 1982, whereas the illustration of P. quercetorum on Plate 228 is of a plant which was raised from seed collected by Jim & Jenny Archibald of Sherborne, Dorset (now of Llandysul, Dyfed), and sown at Kew early in 1988. Two plants were raised, one of which was planted out in the Alpine House at Kew, and they both flowered successfully for the first time in July 1990.

CULTIVATION. In summer, when there can sometimes be a shortage of flowering subjects in the alpine house, the attractive brightly coloured flowers of these pelargoniums provide a welcome splash of colour. Although at Kew some material of P. endlicherianum is grown in cold frames in clay pans, material which has been planted out in the Alpine House (Mathew 9614) has greatly benefited from unrestricted root development. This particular collection was made in 1979 near the village of Gundogmug in the Taurus Mountains, in scree slopes at about 1,400 m. Interestingly, the attractive small tufted Geranium glaberrimum Boiss. & Heldr. growing in the adjacent cliff crevices was also introduced into cultivation and is now growing very well in the Alpine House. Pelargonium endlicherianum is a very long-lived plant in cultivation and material collected in 1965 (Mathew €5' Tomlinson 4467) is still vigorous and healthy. I t is also cultivated successfully at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh and in Dundee Botanic Garden.

Pelargonium quercetorum is growing well planted out in the Alpine House at Kew, although it is equally happy in a pot in an unheated greenhouse. The vigorous growth and prolonged flowering period of both species when planted out in poor soil on horizontal ledges is probably not typical of plants in their native habitat.

When the palmate leaves first appear from the woody rhizomat- ous crowns, they are barely dissected, but as the stems elongate they develop five or seven lobes, with pronounced dissection at maturity. Unlike other Pelargonium species in section Jenkinsonia, both P. endlicherianum and P. quercetorum have many flowers (30 or more) in their pseudo-umbels. The flowers develop and open over a period of several weeks, with the flowering season further extended by branching of the long stout peduncles on which the flowers are borne above the leaves. In 199 1, P. endlicherianum flowered from June until the beginning of October, whereas in the same season, P. quercetorum

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Pelargonium endlicherianum

Plate 227

MARK FOTHERGILL

seemed to have two distinct flowering periods. Viable seed of both species was collected in 1990, and the young seedlings raised were planted outside. I n other years seeds have either not set or not ripened, which may be due to temperature and/or day length. Controlled pollination carried out in 1989 on pot-grown plants of P. endlicherianum (Johnson 127) resulted in no seed-set, although seed has set spontaneously in other years, even on solitary plants. When ripe, the long-beaked fruit splits into five mericarps, each one-seeded and provided with a long awn which becomes spirally twisted at maturity. The long hairs on the inner face of the awn develop to form a ‘parachute’ which facilitates seed dispersal by wind.

Where the plants grow in Turkey, snow and temperatures below freezing are common in winter, so in Britain both species are capable of being grown in the open provided drainage is good. During very cold wet winters and prolonged wet spells in summer, it is advisable to protect the crown to prevent the rhizomes from rotting. Both species require a free-draining compost, with P. quercetorum prefer- ring a moister, richer soil than P. endlicherianum. When grown under glass, plants should be allowed to die down in late summer and watered sparingly throughout winter. Watering can be increased in early spring as new growth develops, reducing the quantity again during the summer, especially in dull damp weather.

Propagation is either by division or by seed, although division of P. quercetorum is more difficult because of its more stocky, less elongated, root-stock. Viable seed germinates readily on damp filter paper in petri-dishes, or it can be sown in clay pots (containing a standard seed compost with added grit incorporated to improve drainage) and plunged outside in a seed frame. Although these plants are susceptible to aphid attack which causes spotted markings on the peduncles, they are apparently unattractive to white-fly, which are often a problem on other Pelargonium species.

CYTOLOGY. The most common basic chromosome number in Pelargonium is x = 11, including many different polyploid levels based on this number. There are also many published accounts of 2n = 18 and 36 (i.e. x = 9). Within section Jenkinsonia, both P. antidysentericum and P. praemorsum have 2n = 18 and 36, whereas P. boranense and P. tetragonum have 2n = 22. Unusually, all four populations of P. endlicherianum and the two of P. quercetorum which have been studied cytologically at Kew have a chromosome number of 2n = 34 (Johnson & Ozhatay, 1988). Prior to our investigation,

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several other workers had published chromosome counts of 2n = 36 for P. endlicherianum, although the number for P. guercetorum was unknown. In section Eumorpha (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv., Gibby et al. (1990) found that seven populations of P. alchemilloides (L.) L’HCr. from southern Africa had the same unusual chromosome number of 2n = 34. Since they also found other populations of this species in the same region possessed either 2n = 16 (x = 8) or 2n = 18 (x = 9), it seems likely that these 2n = 34 plants are hybrids derived from the 2n = 16 and 2n = 18 cytotypes, with subsequent chromo- some doubling. In Turkey, however, although there are records of 2n = 36 (i.e. x = 9, tetraploids) for P. endlicherianum, there are no counts of x = 8, so it is unlikely that the 2n = 34 counts found by us arose in the same way. It is more probable that the Turkish plants are aneuploids derived from 2n = 36, since it is well known that tetraploid plants can tolerate the loss of chromosomes, although at the diploid level this effect would be lethal.

Pelargonium endlicherianum. A, calyx, X 3; B, one of the two upper petals, X 3; C, three lower petals, X 3; D, fruit, X 3. Drawn by Mark Fothergill.

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227. PELARGONIUM ENDLICHERIANUM Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl in Pugillus P1. Nov. Syr. et Taur. Occ. Vienna. Part 1: 6 (1842). Type: Turkey, in montibus Tauri occidentalis, Kotschy 109 (K!). Geraniospermum endlicherianum (Fenzl) 0. Ktze., Rev. Gen. 1. 94 ( 189 1 ).

DESCRIPTION. Perennial herb, slightly succulent, 1 0-30 cm in height when in flower. Root-stock a thick rhizome, horizontally spreading or suberect, often clothed with the remains of leaf-bases and stipules. Stems herbaceous, erect, several from each root-stock, densely pubescent, unbranched or with 1 or 2 lateral branches. Leaves petiolate; petioles long, slender, densely pubescent, 7-15 cm long (basal leaves) or 1-8 cm long (stem-leaves); blade 3-5 cm long and wide, reniform or suborbicular, crenate to shallowly palmately lobed with 5-7 crenate or dentate lobes, densely and softly pubescent above and beneath; stem-leaves usually more deeply palmatisect. Stipules brown, 5-1 0 mm long, ovate-triangular, shortly acuminate, ciliate and pubescent. Injorescence consisting of 1-3 pseudo- umbels, each with up to 15 flowers and carried on a peduncle (from the joint with the main axis) 3-12 cm long. Bracts reddish tinged, 4-6 mm long, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, densely pubescent. Pedicels at first pendant, becoming erect, 15-35 mm long at anthesis, densely pubescent. Flowers bright carmine-pink with darker veins. Sepals suffused with pink, 8-10 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent. Upper petals 2, pinkish- magenta with conspicuous darker veining, 25-31 mm long, 10-15 mm wide, broadly obovate, usually retuse or erose, undulate; lower petals 3, minute. Stamens declinate, 10, usually 3 of them sterile without anthers and much shorter; fertile filaments fused at the base, 10-15 mm long, filiform, glabrous. Ovary 4-5 mm long, densely pubescent. Style 10-1 1 mm long. Fruit 35-40 mm long including the beak, splitting from the base upwards into 5 mericarps; mericarps c. 6 mm long, narrowly ovoid, pubescent; beak 29-34 mm long, plumose, spirally twisted at maturity.

DISTRIBUTION. Turkey. Widespread, mainly in areas between the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions.

HABITAT. Rocky slopes; 650-2,400 m.

228. PELARGONIUM QUERCETORUM Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew in Kew Bull. 21: 227 (1967). Type: Iraq. Erbil Liwa, Kan Mami Sherin, N. of Sherwan Mazin, 21 June 1961, Al-Sabry 859 (holotype K! isotype BUE).

DESCRIPTION. Perennial herb, slightly succulent, 70-150 cm in height at flowering time. Root-stock a short, thick, f erect rhizome. Stems herbaceous, few, erect, sparsely pubescent towards the base, glabrescent, sparsely branched. Leaves petiolate; petioles long, slender, the basal ones up to 45 cm

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long, those of stem-leaves up to 23 cm long; blade palmately lobed to palmatisect with 5-7 lobes, the outline broadly ovate or reniform to suborbicular, 12-2 1 cm long, 10-20 cm wide, sparsely papillose-pubescent and glandular-hairy above and beneath, especially on the veins, margins coarsely and obtusely dentate. Stipules light brown, ovate-triangular, 10- 15 mm long, pubescent. Znjorescence consisting of 1 or 2 pseudo-umbels each with up to 30 flowers and carried on a long peduncle (ix. from thejoint with the main axis) 10-30 cm in length. Bracts membranous, pale brown, ovate- lanceolate, pubescent, 5-6 mm long. Pedicels pendant at first, becoming erect, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 12-2% mm long at anthesis. Flowers

Pelargonium quercetorum. A, calyx, X 3; B, one of the two upper petals, X 3; C, fruit, X 3. Drawn by Mark Fotherpill.

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Pelargonium quercetorum

Plate 228

MARK FOTHERGILL

bright pink, strongly fragrant. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate and pubescent on the exterior, usually suffused pinkish, 13-17 mm long. Upper petals 2, spathulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, sometimes undulate at the apex, 22-30 mm long, 8-10 mm wide, pinkish magenta with darker veining; lowerpetals 3, small, 3-5 mm long, ovate or narrowly elliptic, or absent. Stamens declinate, 10, usually 3 of them sterile without anthers and much shorter; fertile filaments of varying lengths, usually 4 long and 3 shorter fused at the base, filiform, glabrous, 12-15 mm long. Ovary 5-6 mm long, pubescent. Style 10-14 mm long. Fruit 4-6 cm long including the beak, splitting from the base upwards into 5 mericarps; base of mericarps 6-8 mm long, oblong, pubescent; beak 3.4-5.2 cm long, plumose, spirally twisted at maturity.

DISTRIBUTION. S.E. Turkey, N. Iraq. HABITAT. Limestone slopes, in association with Quercus libani;

1,200-2,000 m.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT. We are grateful to Tony Hall, Supervisor of the Alpine and Herbaceous Collections at Kew, for his advice on the cultural requirements of these species.

REFERENCES

Baytop, T. ( 1 963). Tiirkiyenin Tibbi ve Zehirli Bitkileri (Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Turkey). Istanbul.

Gibby, M., Albers, F. & Prinsloo, B. (1990). Karyological studies in Pelargonium sect. Ciconium, Dibrachya, and Jenkinsonia (Geraniaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 170: 15 1-59.

Johnson, M. A. T. & Ozhatay, N. (1988). Thedistribution and cytologyof Turkish Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). Kew Bulletin 43: 139-48.

Davis, P. H. (1967). Pelargonium. In Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 487-88. Edinburgh Univ. Press.

~ (1988). Pelargonium. Op. cit. 10: 106. Post, G. E. (1932). Flora o f Syria, Palestine and Sinai (edn. 2, revised by

vander Walt, J. J. A. & Vorster, P. J. (1988). PelargoniumsofSouthernAfrica J. E. Dinsmore). Beirut.

3: 1 14-16. National Botanic Gardens, Kirstenbosch.

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