two 24 correct usage 713 - uprh de los libros/libro 12.pdf · 2010. 4. 13. · part one writing ~...

PART ONE

WRITING

INTRODUCTIONTO WRInNG

PROCESSANDSTRUCTURE

AIMS FORWRITING

LANGUAGEAND STYLE

Where's the Action? 2

1 Writing and Thinking 142 Understanding Paragraph Structure 563 Understanding Composition Structure 96

4 ExpressiveWriting 1245 Creative Writing 1586 Writing to Inform 2047 Writing to Explain 2408 Writing to Persuade 2769 Writing to Explore 318

10 Writing About Literature 35811 Writing a Research Paper 40212 English: History and Development 46013 Style in Writing 48014 Writing Clear Sentences 50315 Combining Sentences 52616 Improving Sentence Style 541

PART Two

HANDBOOK

~ <t'~c

GRAMMAR17 The Parts of Speech 55218 The Sentence 58119 The Phrase 60320 The Clause 626

USAGE21 Agreement 64722 Correct Pronoun Usage 67223 Clear Reference 69924 CorrectVerb Usage 71325 Correct Use of Modifiers 76226 Placement of Modifiers 78027 A Glossary of Usage 790

MECHANICS 28 Capitalization 81829 Punctuation 84030 t Punctuation 86431 Spelling 902

PART THREE

RESOURCES

32 Formal Speaking and Debate 93233 Communication Skills 94834 The Library/Media Center 95935 Reference Works 96736 The Dictionary 97537 Vocabulary 98038 Letters and Forms 99439 Studying and Test Taking 1006

v

PART ONE WRITING~

Where's the Action? 2

An Introduction to Writing by James L. Kinneavy 2-14~ CHAPTER 1.WRITING AND THINKING

Reading About One Writer's Process 16

Aim-The "Why" of Writing 20Process-The "How" of Writing 21PREWRITING 22

Finding Ideas for Writing 22Keeping a Writer's Journal 23Freewriting 24Brainstorming 25Clustering 26Asking Questions 27Reading with a Focus 28Listening with a Focus 29Observing 30Imagining 30

Critical Thinking Analyzing a Subject 32Considering Purpose, Audience, and Tone 33Critical Thinking Analyzing Purpose, Audience, and Tone 35Arranging Ideas 38

Using Charts 39CriticalThinking ClassifyingInformation 41WRITINGA FIRSTDRAFT 43

EVALUATINGAND REVISING45Critical Thinking Evaluating and Revising a Paragraph 49PROOFREADINGAND PUBLISHING50

MAKING CONNECTIONS 54

Exploring the Creative Process 54Imitating a Writing Style 54

vi

tV\~

d/ ~ (()

~J\

CHAPTER 3 UNDERSTANDING COMPOSITIONSTRUCTURE 96

a Model of Composition Form 98

cription and 100 Other Essays

What Makes a Composition 102The Thesis Statement 102EarlvPJans and Formal Outlines 106

he Introduction 112Techniques for Writing Introductions 112

The Body 117Emphasis 117Unity 117Coherence 117

The Conclusion 119

cwMAKING CONNECTIONS 122

Writing an Informative Composition 122

viii

~ CHAPTER 4 EXPRESSIVE WRITING124

a Model of Expressive Writing 126

Writing a Personal Essay 130PREWRITING 130

Choosing a Personal Experience 130Planning Your Personal Essay 132

Thinking About Purpose, Audience, and Tone 132Recalling Details 133Arranging Detail$ 134Reflecting on the Meaning of the Experience 135

Critical Thinking Evaluating Details 136

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT138The Structure of Your Personal Essay 138A Passage from an Autobiography 138

EVALUATINGANDREVISING148

PROOFREADINGANDPUBLISHING151

Mechanics Hint Punctuating Dialogue 151

"'\I!~S I Wander, Langston


WRITINGACROSSTHE CURRICULUM Group Self-Expression in History 155SELF-ExPRESSIONAND THE FUTURE Setting Goals 156

ix

~ CHAPTER 5 CREATIVE WRITING

Reading a Model of Creative Writing 160

Writing a Short Story 164PREWRITING 164Exploring Story Ideas 164Planning Your Story 166

Developing Conflict and Plot 166Exploring Characters and Setting 168Choosing a Point of View 169 .

Critical Thinking Analyzing Point of View 171Thinking About Purpose, Audience, and Tone 172

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT174Combining the Basic Elements of Stories 174

EVALUATINGAND REVISING 189

Grammar Hint Using Precise Verbs 191

PROOFREADING AND PUBLISHING 192

WRITING WORKSHOP 193

Sun, Lorraineansberry . riting a Scene


158

If

"te.Endrezze . Writing a Poem


SPEAKINGANDLISTENINGImagining a Historical Dialogue 202DESCRIPTION IN FICTION 203

x

~ CHAPTER 6 WRITING TO INFORM204

Reading a Model of Informative Writing 206

Writing a Comparison/Contrast Essay 210PREWRITING210Considering Subjects, Purpose, and Audience 210Planning a ComparisonlContrast Essay 213

Gathering Information 213Critical Thinking Analyzing Subjects for Their Relevant Features 214

Developing a Thesis Statement 216Arranging Information 217

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT219The Stru,gure of a Comparison/Contrast Essay 219

d


, PROOFREADINGANDPUBLISHING231

Usage Hin!, Degrees of Comparison 231


AN EXTENDEDDEFINITIONWriting an Extended Definition


WRITING ACROSS THECURRICULUM Comparison/Contrast in Literature 237WRITINGACROSSTHECURRICULUMClassification in Science 238

xi

~ CHAPTER7 WRITING TO EXPLAIN240

Reading a Model of Cause-and-Effect Writing 242

Writing a Cause-and-Effect Explanation 247PREWRITING247Considering Topic, Purpose, and Audience 247Planning a Cause-and-Effect Explanation 250

Identifying Your Thesis 250Gathering Information 251Organizing Information 252

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT255The Structure of a Cause-and-Effect Explanation 255A Passage from a Book 256

'lains" from Nation of

rltical Thin-king Using Induction 263

EVALUATING AND REVISING 266Grammar Hint Subordinate Clauses 268



Enough" from Magic in theting a Process Analysis


TESTTAKINGCause-and-Effect Essay Questions 273ExPLANATION THROUGH DESCRIPTION 274

xii

~ CHAPTER 8 WRITINGTO PERSUADE 276

Reading a Model of Persuasive Writing

ez Perces

Writing a Persuasive EssayPREWRITING 283

Focusing on an Issue 283Choosing a Specific Issue 283Developing a Position Statement 284Thinking About Purpose, Audience, and Tone 286

Supporting Your Opinion 288Using LogicalAppeals 288Using Emotional Appeals 289Using Ethical Appeals 290Identifying Opposing Positions 290

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT293The BasicElements of Persuasion 293The Organization of a Persuasive Essay 293Two Newspaper Editorials 294--II

Montana Historical Society, Helena.

EVALUATINGAND REVISING302Critical Thinking Evaluating Your Reasoning 302Grammar Hint Varying Sentence Structure 308


WRITING WORKSHOP 311 - on the Prize,"


PERSUASIONACROSSTHECURRICULUMPolitical Cartoons 314SPEAKINGAND LISTENING Persuasion in the Media 315PERSUASIONIN ACTION Letters to the Editor 317

xiii

~ CHAPTER 9 WRITINGTO EXPLORE318

Reading an Exploratory Essay 320

Writing a Problem-Solution Essay 324PREWRITING324 JExploring Problems 324

Identifying a Problem 324Investigating a Problem 326

Exploring Solutions 327Identifying Possible Solutions 327Finding the Best Solution 329Listing Necessary Steps 332

Planning Your Problem-Solution Essay 333Considering Your Purpose, Audience, and Tone 333Providing Support 334

CriticalThinking Evaluating Evidence 335WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT337

The BasicElements of a Problem-Solution Essay 337A Problem-Solution Essay 338II"~~ .

sibility," Shannon Long

A BasicFramework for a Problem-Solution Essay 343_Nit.-EVALUATINGAND REVISING 348

PROOFREADINGAND PUBUSHING352

GrammarHint Affectand Effect353


Group Problem Solving 354 .

Exploring a Problem and Writing a Group Presentation 355


WRITING TO EXPLOREAND TO EXPRESSYOURSELF A Journal Entry 356

EXPLORATORYWRITING ACROSS THE CURRICULUM History 357

xiv

~ CHAPTER 10 WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE358

Reading a Story and a Model of Literary Analysis 360

Writing a Literary Analysis 368PREWRITING368Reading and Responding to Literature 368

Starting with Personal Response 368

Readin~fliterature Critically-371Planning a Literary Analysis 378

Thinking About Audience, Purpose, and Tone 378Finding a Focus for Your Analysis 378Developing a Thesis Statement 379Gathering Evidence to Support Your Thesis 379

Critical Thinking Evaluating Supporting Evidence 381Deciding on an Order of Ideas 383

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT384The Structure of a Literary Analysis 384

Mechanics Hint Incorporating Supporting Evidence 385A BasicFramework for a Literary Analysis 386



, Niaima Turner


hert . Writing a Movie Review


EVALUATIONACROSSTHECURRICULUMA Musical Performance Review 398LITERATUREAND PERSUASIONA Book Advertisement 400

LITERATUREAND EVALUATIONUnderstanding Deductive Reasoning 401

xv

... CHAPTER 11 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER 402

Reading a Model of Reporting 404

.0c'" c° '" o+' ~.;;;

§@:2:I: cD .~.g~11~ ~.(!!~,;~H~~£~,.,>~",.0 8 1i'"""C- ~=° "" '"«\:) O:I: ."'z ~c:" 0..'- C ,.,J:ijc~~"""t.o~~::>::>"""°"-~]"~,§~ §,.!!!O",.;;;D~""'" ..Q""> e-.~~~~J: o ,.,....>-u.oo

Writing a Research Paper 409PREWRITING 409

Finding a Research Topic 409Discovering Subjects 409Selecting a Specific Topic 410

Beginning Your Research 412Considering Purpose, Audience, and Tone 412Asking Research Questions 413Getting an Overview and Finding Sources 413

CriticalThinking Evaluating Sources 417Recording and Organizing Information 420

Taking Notes 420Writing a Thesis Statement 425Developing an Outline 426

WRITINGYOURFIRSTDRAFT428Strusturing th~Report 428

c:0>"

"ii~...~oo~~g.

8~'"ff"5I. "'.- C:c:-o..s@"'ifJ~ c:--;;;

i,g'$!§,.!! I!!if.",

;'Jgt""

<:~~«I!!~..~

~~c-J!:.,8:r:~.0 "".0')'g°c?~<: ~'"

~ .. tlJ~~g8"'NU~

~';;~e.'" :"'- '""'.oO:r:

sing Quotations 435Documenting Sources 437


PROOFREADINGAND PUBLISHING 450

Grammar Hint Using a Quotation as Part of a Sentence 450

" Bill Langhofer

ucation: A Sit-Down Tour,"atf Tomlfil'SOn 8 Writing an Article Based on an Interview

MAKING CONNECTIONS457

TRAVEL WRITING 457RESEARCHACROSSTHECURRICULUMScience 458

xvi

CHAPTER 12 ENGLISH: HISTORY AND~ DEVELOPMENT 460

A Various Language 460The Origins of English: Pre-English 461Old English 462Middle English 465Modern English 465American English 467

The Colonial Period (1607-1776) 468The National Period (1776-1898) 469The International Period (1898 to the Present) 471American and British English 472

The Future of English 473

The Foreign Gourmet 479

Varieties of American English 474Dialect 475

Regional Dialects 475Ethnic Dialects 476

Standard English 478


xvii

.~ CHAPTER 13 STYLE I~ WRITING

What is Style? 480

Adapting Your Style 481Voice and Tone 482Formal to Informal 484Informal EnglishUsage 486

Levels of Meaning 488

Synonyms 489NonsexistLanguage 490Denotation and Connotation 492Loaded Words 492Jargon 493

Don't Cramp Your Style 495Tired Words 495Cliches 495Mixed Figuresof Speech 497Euphemisms 498Gobbledygook 499


Write with Different Aims 501

xviii

480

~ CHAPTER 14 WRITING CLEAR SENTENCES 503

Ways to Achieve Clarity 503Coordinating Ideas 504Mechanics Hint Punctuating Compound Sentences 505Subordinating Ideas 506

Adverb Clauses 506Adjective Clauses 509

Correcting Faulty Coordination 511Using Parallel Structure 512

Montana Historical Society, Heier

Obstacles to Clarity 515Sentence Fragments 515

Phrase Fragments 518Subordinate Clause Fragments 518

Run-on Sentences 521

MAKINGCONNEcTIONS. 524

Use Parallel Structure for Rhythm and Emphasis 524

~ CHAPTER 15 COMBINING SENTENCES 526

Combining Sentences for Style 526

Combining by Inserting Words and Phrases 528Single-Word Modifiers 528Prepositional Phrases 529Participial Phrases 531Appositive Phrases 532

Combining by Coordinating Ideas 534

xix

....

Combining by Subordinating Ideas 536Adjective Clauses 536

Mechanics Hint Punctuating Adjective Clauses 537Adverb Clauses 537

Mechanics Hint Punctuating Adverb Clauses 538Noun Clauses 538


Write the Opening of a Mystery Story 540

~ CHAPTER 16 IMPROVING SENTENCE STYLE 541

Revising for Variety 541Varying Sentence Beginnings 542Varying Sentence Structure 545

Revising to Reduce Wordiness 546

MAKINGCONNECTIONS549

Craft a Short Story 549

xx

PARTTwo HANDBOOK

~ CHAPTER1 7 THE PARTS OF SPEECH 552

Their Identification and FunctionDIAGNOSTICTESTIdentifying Parts of Speech 552The Noun 553Common and Proper Nouns 553Concrete and Abstract Nouns 554Collective Nouns 554Compound Nouns 554

The Pronoun 555Personal Pronouns 555Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 556Demonstrative Pronouns 556Interrogative Pronouns 557Relative Pronouns 557Indefinite Pronouns 557

The Adjective 559Articles 560Adjective or Pronoun? 560Nouns Used as Adjectives 561Writing Application Using SpecificAdjectives

to Make Descriptions Vivid 563The Verb 565Action Verbs 565Linking Verbs 565The Verb Phrase 567

The Adverb 568Adverbs Modifying Verbs 568Adverbs Modifying Adjectives 569Adverbs Modifying Other Adverbs 569Nouns Used as Adverbs 569

U~-ci@~':':0"':to~\oc~:O1:':;;'QilEtE«~c0":"0"'~.cO:,:"='-w~'"'-1-5~.:iI

u:;f..;@,ifijtf/

~£..c"~iEt::

f.«"'c:l;f#"58J1::;

uJ!:;fJ/

xxi

The Preposition 571

The Conjundion 574Coordinating Conjunctions 574Correlative Conjunctions 574Subordinating Conjunctions 574

The Interjedion 576

Determining Parts of Speech 576Picture This 577

REVIEW: POSTIEST1 Identifying Parts of Speech 578

REVIEW:POSTIEST2 Writing Sentences with Words Used as Specific Parts ofSpeech 579

SUMMARY OF PARTS OF SPEECH 580

?-

- ......-" ./" /'" /

\ //\ /

,,-, /'_\/-

..-

xxii

~ CHAPTER 18 THE SENTENCE 581

Subjects, Predicates, ComplementsDIAGNOSTICTESTA. Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Complements 581

B. Classifying Sentences 582

Sentence or Fragment? 582

The Subject and the Predicate 584The Simple Subject 584The Simple Predicate 585The Compound Subject and the Compound Verb 585How to Find the Subject of a Sentence 586Writing Application Using Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs to

Combine Sentences 589

Complements 591The Direct Object and the Indirect Object 592The Objective Complement 593The Subject Complement 595

Classification of Sentences 597Picture This 599REVIEW: POSTTEST1 A. Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Complements in the

Sentences of a Paragraph 600B. Classifying Sentences 601

REVIEW:POSTTEST2 Writing Sentences 601

xxiii

~ CHAPTER 19 THE PHRASE 603

Kinds of Phrases and Their FunctionsDIAGNOSTIC TEST A. Identifying Phrases 603

B. Identifying Phrases 604

The Prepositional Phrase 605The Adjective Phrase 605The Adverb Phrase 607Writing Application Using Prepositional Phrases to Add Information

to Sentences 608

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 611The Participle 611The Participial Phrase 612The Gerund 614The Gerund Phrase 615The Infinitive 616The Infinitive Phrase 619

Appositives and Appositive Phrases 621PictureThis 622

REVIEW: POSTTEST1 A. Identifying Phrases 623B. Identifying Phrases 624

REVIEW:POSTTEST2 Writing Sentences with Phrases 625

xxiv

~ CHAPTER20 THE CLAUSE626

Adjective, Noun, Adverb ClausesDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Identifying Independent and Subordinate Clauses 626

B. Classifying Sentences According to Structure 627

The Independent Clause 628

The Subordinate Clause 629The Adjective Clause 630

Relative Pronouns 631Picture This 633The Noun Clause 634The Adverb Clause 636

Subordinating Conjunctions 637The EllipticalClause 637

Sentences Classified According to Structure 640Writing Application Using a Variety of Sentence Structures 642

REVIEW:PaSTIEST1 A. Identifying Independent and Subordinate Clauses 644B. Classifying Sentences According to Structure 645

REVIEW:PaSTIEST2 Writing a Variety of Sentence Structures 646

iVc;,..0'"t::J'"'0c:0B.!!0u...;EeI!:in0'"c:00:;:'"u

xxv

~ CHAPTER21 AGREEMENT647

Subject and Verb, Pronoun and AntecedentDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Choosing Correct Forms for Subject-Verb and

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 647B. Choosing Correct Forms for Subject-Verb and

Pronoun- Antecedent Agreement 648

Number 649

Agreement of Subjed and Verb 649Intervening Phrases and Clauses 650Indefinite Pronouns 652Compound Subjects 653Special Problems in Subject-Verb Agreement 655Picture This 663

Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent 664Writing Application Using Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement for Clear

Meaning 667REVIEW:POSTIESTA Proofreading Sentences for Subject-Verband

Pronoun- Antecedent Agreement 670B. Proofreading a Paragraph for Subject-Verb and

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 671

xxvi

~i3c~8~'.'"o. u:H"'Oot£:ije~0 c00>.'8.Do.o.=,,0",vE~0"3

~sr@.~.<::~~>.'" ~g-i':c"z8.!~.D"-" .88

~ CHAPTER 22 CORRECTPRONOUN USAGE672

Case Forms of PronounsDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Selecting Correct Forms of Pronouns 672

B. Selecting Correct Forms of Pronouns 673

Case 674The Nominative Case 675The Objective Case 679The PossessiveCase 683Picture This 685

Special Pronoun Problems 686Appositives 686Pronouns in Elliptical Constructions 687Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 688Who and Whom 690 .Writing Application Using Whoand WhomCorrectly in Formal English 695REVIEW: POSTTESTA. Proofreading Sentences for Correct Pronoun Forms 697

B. Proofreading a Paragraph for Correct Pronoun Forms 698

~ CHAPTER 23 CLEAR REFERENCE699

Pronouns and AntecedentsDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Revising Sentences by Correcting Unclear References 699

B. Revising Sentences by Correcting Unclear References 700

Ambiguous Reference 701General Reference 703

Weak Reference 706

Indefinite Reference 707Picture This 708REVIEW: POSTTEST A. Revising Sentences by Correcting

Faulty Pronoun References 710B. Revising Sentences by Correcting

Faulty Pronoun References 711

xxvii

~ CHAPTER 24 CORRECT VERB USAGE713

Principal Parts; Tense, Voice, MoodDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Choosing the Correct Verb Forms 713

. B. .Revising Verb Voice or Mood 714

The Principal Parts of Verbs 715Regular Verbs 715Irregular Verbs 716

Six Troublesome Verbs 730Lie and Lay 730Sit and Set 732Rise and Raise 733

Tense 736The Forms of Verbs According to Tense 736The Usesof the Tenses 739Picture This 743

Special Problems in the Use of Tenses 744Sequence of Tenses 744The Present Infinitive and the Present

Perfect Infinitive 746The Present Participle and the Present

Perfect Participle 747

Adive Voice and Passive Voice 748The Retained Object 750The Usesof the PassiveVoice 750Writing Application Using Active Voice and Passive Voice Effectively 753Mood 755

REVIEW:POSTIESTA. Proofreading Sentences for Correct Verb Usage 760B. Proofreading Sentences for Correct Verb Usage 760

xxviii

~ CHAPTER25 CORRECTUSE OF MODIFIERS 762

Forms and Uses of Adjectives and Adverbs;ComparisonDIAGNOSTICTEST A. SelectingModifiersto CompleteSentences 762

B. Proofreading a Paragraph for Incorrect Modifiers 763

Forms of Modifiers 764

Uses of Modifiers 764SixTroublesome Modifiers 767

Bad and Badly 767Good and Well 767Slow and Slowly 768

Picture This 769

Comparison of Modifiers 770Regular Comparison 770Irregular Comparison 772Uses of Comparative and Superlative Forms 773Writing Application Using Comparisons in Persuasive Writing 775

REVIEW:PaSTIESTA. Using Modifiers Correctly 778B. Proofreading for the Correct Use of Modifiers 778

xxix

~ CHAPTER26 PLACEMENT OF MODIFIERS 780

Misplaced and Dangling ModifiersDIAGNOSTlc'TESTA. Revising Sentences by Correcting Faulty Modifiers 780

B. Revising Sentences by Correcting Faulty Modifiers 781

Misplac.ed Modifiers 782Two-Way Modifiers 782Picture This 784 -

Dangling Modifiers 785

REVIEW:POSTIESTA. RevisingSentencesby CorrectingFaultyModifiers 788B. Using Modifiers Correctly 788

~ CHAPTER 27 A GLOSSARY OF USAGE790

Common Usage ProblemsDIAGNOSTICTESTA. Identifying Correct Usage 790

B. Identifying Correct Usage 791Picture This 797The Double Negative 811

. Writing Application Using Standard English in Writing a Local History 814

REVIEW:POSTIESTA. Correcting Errors in Usage 815B. Correcting Errors in Usage 816

xxx

~CHAPTER 28 CAPITALIZATION818

Rules of Standard UsageDIAGNOSTIC TEST A. Recognizing Correctly Capitalized Sentences 818

B.Proofreading for Correct Capitalization 819Picture This 824Writing Application Using Capitalization in a Letter 825

REVIEW:PaSTIEST Capitalizing Words and Phrases Correctly 836SUMMARY STYLE REVIEW 838

~ CHAP!ER29 PUNCTUATION

End Marks and Commas

840

DIAGNOSTICTESTA. Correcting Sentences by Adding or Deleting End Mark/?a.ndCommas 840 ," .." '

B. Proofreading a Paragraph for Correct Comma Usage 841End Marks 842Picture This 846

Commas 846Items in a Series 846Independent Clauses 848Nonessential Clauses and Phrases 851Introductory Elements 853Interrupters 855Conventional Uses 857Unnecessary Commas 858Writing Application Using Interrupters Correctly 859REVIEW:POSTIEST A. Correcting Sentences by Adding or Deleting End Marks

and Commas 861 ,

B. Proofreading a Letter for the Correct Use of End Marksand Commas 862

SUMMARY OF COMMA USES 863

xxxi

~ CHAPTER 30 PUNCTUATION864

Other Marks of PunctuationDIAGNOSTICTEST A. Proofreading Sentences for Correct Punctuation 864

B. Proofreading Paragraphs for Correct Punctuation 865

Semicolons 866

Colons 869

Dashes 872

Parentheses 873

Brackets 874 1

Picture This 874

Italics 875

Quotation Marks 878

Ellipsis Points 885Omissions from Quoted Material 885Pauses in Written Passages 886

Apostrophes 887Possessive Case 887Contractions 891Writing Application Using Contractions in

Informal Dialogue 892Plurals 894

Hyphens 896

REVIEW:POSTIESTA. Proofreading Sentences forCorrect Punctuation 899

B. Proofreading Paragraphs forCorrect Punctuation 900

xxxi;

~ CHAPTER31 SPELLING

Improving Your SpellingGood Spelling Habits 902

Spelling Rules 904ie and ei 904-cede, -ceed, and -sede 904Adding Prefixes 905Adding Suffixes 905Forming the Plurals of Nouns 909Writing Numbers 913

Words Often Confused 915300Spelling Words 927

902

xxxiii

PART THREE RESOURCES

~ CHAPTER 32 FORMAL SPEAKING AND DEBATE 932

Skills and StrategiesBecoming an Effective Speaker 932

Preparing a Speech 933Selecting a Topic 933Analyzing Your Audience 934

Organizing Speech Notes and Materials 934Practicing Your Speech 935

Delivering a Speech 936Speaking Effectively 937

Adive Listening 938listening Politely 938Using the LQ2RMethod 938listening Critically 939

Debating 940Stating a Debate Proposition 940Preparing a Debate Brief 941

Refuting the Opposing Arguments 943Building a Rebuttal 943Participating in a Debate 943

Speaking Order for a Debate 944Conducting and Judging a Debate 945

Review 946

xxxiv

~ CHAPTER33 COMMUNICATIONSKILLS948

Types and TechniquesTheCommunicationCycle 948

Giving and Receiving Information 949Directions. Telephone Messages

Interviewing 950Conducting an Interview 950Interviewing for a Position 951

Group Discussions 952InformalGroupDiscussions953 1Formal Group Discussions 954

Oral Interpretation 956Adapting Material 956Presenting an Oral Interpretation 956

Review 957

.~ CHAPTER34 THELIBRARy/MEDIA CENTER959

Finding and Using InformationThe Librarian 959

Finding Books in the Library 959The Call Number 960

The Dewey Decimal System. The Library of Congress SystemThe Card Catalog 961

Using Reference Materials 963The Readers' Guide 963The Vertical File 964Microforms 964Computers 964Recorded Materials 965

Review 965

XXXV'

~ CHAPTER35 REFERENCEWORKS

Principle References and Their UsesThe Reference Section of the Library 967

Common Reference Books 968Books of Synonyms 968Encyclopedias 968Biographical Reference Books 968Atlases 970 1Almanacs and Yearbooks 970Indexes and Bibliographies 971Books of Quotations 971Reference Books About Literature 971Current Events Resources 972Special Reference Materials 973College and Career Guides 973

Review 974

967.

~ CHAPTER36 THEDICTIONARY

Arrangement and ContentsTypesof Dictionaries975

Contents of a Dictionary Entry 976

Information Found in Dictionaries 977Unabridged Dictionaries 977Abridged Dictionaries 978Specialized Dictionaries 978

Review 979

xxxvi

975

~ CHAPTER3 7 VOCABULARY980

Learning and Using New WordsAdding to Your Word Bank 980

Using Context Clues 981Determining Meanings from the General Context 982

Using Word Parts 982Roots 983Prefixes 984Suffixes 986Other Ways to Form New Words 988

Choosing the Appropriate Word 988Using the Dictionary 988Choosing the Right Synonym 989

Analogies 989

Review 991

xxxVii

~ CHAPTER38 LETTERSAND FORMS994

Style and ContentsThe Appearance of a Business Letter 994

Writing Business Letters 995The Parts of a Business Letter 995Types of Business Letters 995

Request or Order Letters. Complaint or Adjustment Letters. Appreciationor Commendation Letters. Letters of Application

The Personal Resume 1001Addressing an Envelope 1002

Completing Printed Forms and Applications 1002

Writing Informal or Social Letters 1004Thank-you Letters. Invitations. Letters of Regret

Review 1004

~ CHAPTER39 STUDYING AND TEST TAKING1006

Using Skills and StrategiesFollowing a Study Plan 1006

Strengthening Study Skills 1007Readingand Understanding 1007

Writing to Learn 1007Using a Word Processor as a Writing Tool 1008

j.

Using the SQ3R Method 1009Interpreting and Analyzing Information 1010

Finding the Main Idea 1010Stated Main Idea. Implied Main IdeaRecognizing Relationships Among Details 1010

Reading Passage and Sample Analysis 1011Applying Reasoning Skills 1013

xxxviii

Analyzing Graphics and Illustrations 1013Applying Study Methods 1014

Taking Notes. Classifying 8 Organizing Information Visually 8

Outlining 8 Paraphrasing. Summarizing 8 Writing a Precis 8Memorizing

Improving Test-Taking Skills 1024Preparing for Tests 1024

Kinds of Tests 1025Classroom Tests 8 Standardized Tests

Taking Standardized Tests 1026Kinds of Test Questions 1026Limited-Response Questions 8 Open-Response QuestionsTests of Verbal Expression 1027Tests of Critical Reading 1030Testsof CriticalAnalysis 1035

EssayTests 1036

Review 1038

GLOSSARYOFTERMS 1042

GLOSSARY1047

INDEX 1050

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS1080

PHOTOCREDITS 1086

ILLUSTRATIONCREDITS1088

xxxix

two 24 correct usage 713 - uprh de los libros/libro 12.pdf · 2010. 4. 13. · part one writing ~...

Documents