turtles 3 march · turtle shell and skeleton • shell is made up of dermal bone, the neural series...
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TurtlesTurtles
Chapter 12
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TurtlesTurtles
• Two major groupsTwo major groups– Cryptodires
• 10 families10 families
– Pleurodires• 3 families3 families
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Turtle respirationTurtle respiration
• Breathing – can’t breathe with muscles inBreathing can t breathe with muscles in between ribs – They have muscles that are attached to the viscera ythat force it upward and then also muscles that increase the size of the visceral cavity that allows the viscera to settle back downthe viscera to settle back down
– Transverse abdominus and pectoralis muscles forces viscera upwardforces viscera upward
– Abdominal oblique and Serratus muscles are inspiratory muscles
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Turtle respirationTurtle respiration
• Many aquatic turtles are able to get oxygenMany aquatic turtles are able to get oxygen from water– Pharynx and cloaca are major sites for aquatic gas– Pharynx and cloaca are major sites for aquatic gas exchange
• Soft‐shelled turtles (pharynx)Soft shelled turtles (pharynx)
• Rheodytes leukops (cloaca)
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Turtle shell and skeletonTurtle shell and skeleton
• Shell is made up of dermal pbone, the neural series as well as the ribs are fused to the dermal bonedermal bone.
• Ribs are unique in being external to the pelvic and pectoral girdle
• The Scutes which originated from the epidermis which dofrom the epidermis which do not coincide with the underlying bone.
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ShellShell
• Many turtles have hinges in their h llshells– Terrapene and Cuora (american
and asian box turtles) have one hinge on the plastronhinge on the plastron
– Kinosternon have two hinges on the plastron
– Testudo have one hinge on theTestudo have one hinge on the plastron but at the location of the second hinge in Kinosternon
– Kinixys have a hinge at the back part of the carapace
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ThermoregulationThermoregulation
• Many turtles especially pond turtles control their body temperature by basking.
• Large turtles have thermal inertia (their body mass is so large that it takes a considerable amount of time to equilibrate withthat it takes a considerable amount of time to equilibrate with the environment)
• Some marine turtles achieve a considerable degree of endothermyendothermy– Maintain body temperatures much higher than the water– Leatherbacks forage in cold oceans and maintain temps up to 18
degrees warmer than the waterdegrees warmer than the water– Countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels is thought to contribute
to retaining heat
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Temperature dependent sex d ( )determination (TSD)
• Changes of 3 to 4 degrees C result in differentChanges of 3 to 4 degrees C result in different sexes, with higher incubation temperatures producing the larger sexproducing the larger sex
• Check out fig. 12‐10
I l h l i ll f l b• In turtles the larger sex is usually females but in Crocodilians it is males
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Turtle migrationsTurtle migrations
• Marine turtles migrate back to the beach thatMarine turtles migrate back to the beach that they were born. Sometimes over great distances (up to 2000 miles)distances (up to 2000 miles)
• Some species (Kemps and Olive Ridley) nest in large numbers known as arribadaslarge numbers known as arribadas
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Turtle conservationTurtle conservation
• Turtles used for:Turtles used for:– Food (eggs, meat)
Pets– Pets
– Decoration (tortoise shell glasses, etc.)
B ll ti f t tl i i• Ban on collection of many turtle species in Texas last year
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNHwVJQJM7Y
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Turtle diversityTurtle diversity
• PleurodiraPleurodira– Chelidae 52 species mainly in Aus and S Americain Aus and S America
– Pelomedusidae 19 species Common pond terrapins ofCommon pond terrapins of Africa
– Podocnemidae 8 species S pAmerica and Madagascar
• Gondwanan distribution
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Turtle diveristyTurtle diveristy
• CryptodiraCryptodira– Testudinidae 51 species(tortoises)species(tortoises)
– Bataguridae 69 species– Bataguridae 69 species (mostly asian)
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DiversityDiversity
• Emydidae 41 speciesEmydidae 41 species (mosty N America)
• Trionychidae 30 species (N A i Af i(N America, Africa, Asia)
400 lb softshell from vietnam
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DiversityDiversity
• Carettochelydiae 1Carettochelydiae 1 species from New Guinea and NGuinea and N Australia
• Dermatemydidae 1 i fspecies from
Mexico and Central A iAmerica
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diversitydiversity
• Kinosternidae 22Kinosternidae 22 species from N and S AmericanAmerican
Ch l iid 6• Cheloniidae 6 species worldwide
i ltropical oceans
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diversitydiversity
• Dermochelydae 1Dermochelydae 1 species worldwide marinemarine
Ch l d id 3• Chelydridae 3 species, 2 in N A i d 1 i SEAmerica and 1 in SE Asia