turkish english translation

7/31/2019 Turkish English Translation

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MERSN UNIVERSITY

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING DEPARTMENT

Turkish English Translation

Instr. Dnercan DNK

Translation Analysis Project

Ferda DEDE

07285022

May, 2010Mersin


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While the letters are passing from one country to another one and one nation to another,they do another trip. They used to pass from overthe stones to the papyrus, the papyrus to thewaxed plaques, the waxed plaques to the parchment and from the parchment to the paper. Howa tree cultivated in the sandy land grows differently from a tree cultivated in the clayey and

bog area; the letters changed their appearance and forms just so during the process of passingfrom the stone to the paper.

The letters used to rise vertically and squarely on the stone and become round on thepaper. They also wiggeled like a star on the wax. They became like a nail and took shape likestar needle. Especially they always disguised and transformed on the paper and parchment.

Many various tools were used for writing. The paper and pencil that we use so muchare the invention of yesterday. If we came back to earlier and the ages the writing was justoccuring from the pictures of primitive men, then t would be seen how writing is verydifficult. Because in those days there were not any tools which were required for writing.Everyone had to think and find what they would write with and where and how to write on theirown.

Among the tools of that period, like the scapula of sheep, the leaf of wet clay, thepieces of pottery, the laethers of wild animals and barks were used in this period. It waspossible to draw a picture with a sharpened bone or a flintstone on all of these. Prophet of Islam

Muhammed had the Holy Koran written on the scapula of sheep. The Greeks used to givetheir votes by writing on the potteries(ostrakons) not like doing today in their popularassemblies.

Even afterthepapyrus was found, many writers had to write their writings on the piecesof potteries because of the poverty. It is told that one of the Greek scholars broke allpotteries in his house to write a book. Roman soldiers and bureaucrats who were on guardin Egypt wrote their invoices on the pieces of potteries because of the lack of papyrus.

However, leaves of palm and barks were more appopriate for writing. Long before the

papyrus was found, the needle was used to write on these. In India, many books were writtenon the leaves of palm. After the edges of leaves were cut in some extent, they were sewn.The edges of this book were gilded or painted with gold. Thus, a very beautiful book would

come into existence. In the countries which were rich in forest, on the leaves that were madeof barks of beech and liden tree were written.

All the same, there has been a writing method since old ages; we use it even today. This

is the writing on the stone. The book made of stone is the most longlife of the books. Fourthousands yaers ago, very long stories which were written on the walls of old Egypt grave

temples has come to the present day.

ANALYSIS of PAGE ONE

1.Lexical parameters: bir lde : in some extent


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2.Syntactic parameters: Yaz yazmak iin ok eitli aralar kullanlmtr: Many varioustools were used for writing.

:Biraz daha ncelere, ilk insanlarn resimlerden yaznn henzdomakta olduu alara dnersek o zaman yaz yazmann inanlmayacak kadar zor olduu

grlr: If we came back to earlier and the ages the writing was just occuring from thepictures of primitive men, then it would be seen how writing is very difficult.

: Grevle Msr'da bulunan eski Romal asker ve memurlar; Romansoldiers and bureaucrats who were on guard in Egypt

: Yapraklarn kenarlar bir lde kesildikten sonra iplikle dikiliyordu:After the edges of leaves were cut in some extent, they were sewn.

:Bu kitabn kenarlar altnla yaldzlanr ya da renk renk boyanrd:The

edges of this book were gilded or painted with gold.: kayn ve hlamur aac kabuklarndan yaplm yapraklar zerine

yaz yazlrd: on the leaves that were made of barks of beech and liden tree were written.

3.Morphological parameters: -iken : while..pass-ing,

geiyorlard : used to pass,

4.Prepositions: no preposition

5.The most difficult parts you have found to translate: Eski Yunanllar, halktoplantlarnda oylarn imdi yapld gibi kat zerine deil de, anak mlek (ostrakon)larzerine yazarak verirlerdi:The Greeks used to give their votes by writing on thepotteries(ostrakons) not like doing today in their popular assemblies.

: . zerine ine ile yaz yazlmaktayd: the needle was

used to write on these.

6.Grammar subject that I chose(articles): the and a

AMURDAN KAIDA DORU

nsanlar ok eskiden beri tatan daha hafif, ama onun kadar dayankl bir "nesne" aradlar. Tun


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zerine yazmay denediler. Bir zamanlar saraylar ve tapnaklarn sslemi olan zerleri yazl

tun levhalar bugn de grmek mmkndr. Bazen bu levhalardan birinin btn bir duvarkaplad da olurdu. Levhann iki yzne yaz yazlmsa, levha bir zincirle aslrd.

Anlatrlar; Fransa'da Blois kentinde, tuntan bir kilise kaps vardr. Bu kilise kaps bir kitabandrr. Kapnn stnde Kont Etienne ile Blois kenti arasnda yaplm bir antlamayazldr. Bu antlama gereince halk, Kont'un atosu etrafna bir duvar ekmeyi kabul ediyor;

buna karlk Kont da araptan ald vergiyi halka balyordu. arab ienler oktan

dnyadan gtler, etrafndaki duvar ykld. Buna karlk tun kapnn kanad zerinde

kazlm olan antlama hala durmaktadr.

Bir ilgin yaz yazma ynetimi daha vard.

Bir zamanlar Dicle ile Frat boylarnda yaayan Asurlularla Babilliler ok eskiden

kullanmlard. Koyuncuk'ta, eski bakent Ninova ykntlar arasnda Austen Henry Layard adlbir ngiliz, Asur hkmdar Asur Banibal'n kitapln buldu. Bu, iinde bir yaprak kat bile

bulunmayan ok ilgin bir kitaplktr. Bu kitapln btn kitaplar lleci amurundand.

Lleci amurundan olduka byk ve kaln levhalar hazrlanrd. Yazc yazsn keli sivri

omayla bu levhalarn zerine yazard. omak, amurun iine batrlp hzla ekilincekaln balayp incecik kuyruk halinde biten bir iz meydana gelirdi. Babilliler ve Asurlular

bylece ok abuk yaz yazarak ivi yazsnn dzgn ve incecik satrlaryla levhalar

(tabletleri) doldururlard. Bu i bittikten sonra daha dayankl olmas iin mlekiye verilirdi.

Eski Asurlular da mlekiler kitap piirirlerdi. Bylece ta gibi dayankl kitaplar oluurdu.

Asurlular balk zerine yalnz yaz yazmazlar, basma da yaparlard. Deerli talardan,

kabartma resimlerle ssl merdane biiminde mhrler kazrlard. Bir antlama yaptklarndabu merdaneyi balk tablet zerinden geirirlerdi. Bylece tablet zerinde ok iyi seilebilen bir

mhr kard. Basmalar zerindeki desenler bugn bu yolla yaplmaktadr. Rotatif basma

makinesi de bu trde almakta ve yazlar merdanenin zerinde bulunmaktadr.

FROM MUD TO PAPER

Humans had searched for an object which was lighter than stone but as strong as it

since long before. They tried to write on bronze. Even today it is possible to see bronze plaques

which were written on and which decorated palaces and temples once. One of these plaquessometimes covered a whole wall. If two sides ofthe plaque were written, it hung with a chain.

It is told that there is a bronze door of a church in the city Blois in France. This gateresembles a book. A pact between the earl Etienne and the city Blois is written on the door.In accordance with this pact, citizens had been accepting to build a wall around the castle ofthe Earl; and the Earl had been donating the tax that he took from wine. The ones who drank

the wine had already died and the wall around it was demolished. However, the pact that wasscraped on the leaf of bronze door still states.


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There was another interesting writing method.

Once Assyrians and Babylons who lived the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates used itlong before. An English man who named Austen Henry Layard found the library of thesovereign of Assyria, Assyria Banibal, among the ruins of old capital Ninova in Koyuncuk.

This is an interesting library which has not even a sheet of paper. All of the books of this librarywere made of the pipe clay. Quite big and large plaques were prepared from the pipe clay. Thewriter wrote on these paques with his trigonal sharpened cudgel. When the cudgel wasinserted into the mud then it was pulled up, there occurred a trace which started filmyand ended like a tail. Thus, Babylons and Assyrians wrote very fast and filled the

plaques(tablets) with smooth and tenuous lines of the cuneiform. After this work was

completed, to make it stronger it was given to potters. In Acient Assyrians, potters fired book.Thus, the books which were strong like stone came into existence.

Assyrians wrote not only on the wet clay, but also they did printing. They scraped seallike roller which was ornamanteed with screw pictures made of gem stones. When they madean agreement, they got this roller over the clay tablet. Thus, there became a visible seal on thetablet. Patterns on the screw pictures are done like this way. The rotary press machine workslike this and the writings are on the roller.

ANALYSIS of PAGE TWO

1.Lexical parameters: kabartma resimler: screw pictures

2.Syntactic parameters:Anlatrlar;.: It is told that there is a bronze door of a church in the

city Blois in France.

:Bazen bu levhalardan birinin btn bir duvar kaplad da

olurdu: One of these plaques sometimes covered a whole wall.

3.Morphological parameters: .ediyor..balyordu: .....had been accepting.had

been donating.

4.Prepositions:

5.The most difficult parts you have found to translate: omak, amurun iine batrlp hzlaekilince kaln balayp incecik kuyruk halinde biten bir iz meydana gelirdi: When the cudgelwas inserted into the mud then it was pulled up, there occurred a trace which startedfilmy and ended like a tail.


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6.Grammar subject that I chose(articles): the

PAPRS BULUNUYOR

Msrllarn icat ettikleri kitap ise ok garipti. Uzun, ok uzun ve yz metrelik bir erit dnn:

Bu erit kattan yaplma benzerse de bu genelde "acayip" bir katt. Elinize alp atutarsanz,incecik bir ok apraz izgilerden yaplm karelerden meydana geleceigrlecektir. Bir parasn koparrsnz, gerekten de tpk hasra benzeyen bir takm-eritlerden rl olduu kolayca anlalr. Grnte bu kat; sar, parlak ve perdahldr.Balmumu levhalar gibi kolay krlabilir de...

zerindeki satrlar eridin uzunluunca deil de, dikine; onlarca, hatta yzlerce stunlar halindeyazlmtr. Eer satrlar eridin uzunluunca yazlm olmasayd, her satr okumak iineridin bir bandan teki bana kadar gidip gelmek gerekirdi. Bu garip kat kendisindendaha garip bir bitkiden elde ediliyordu. Nil kylarnn bataklk yerlerinde plak, uzun gvdeli

ve tepesinde pskll olan yine garip grnl bir bitki yetimekteydi. Bu bitkinin ad

papirst. Dil bilim olarak da kelime bir ok dilimize gemitir. Papier (Almanca veFranszca), paper (ngilizce) olarak dnya dillerinde rnekleri vardr.

YAZI YAZMADA LK ARALAR

Mumu bilmeyenimiz yoktur. Balmumundan bir kitab grenlerimiz ise ok azdr. Ya gibi

eritilebilen bir kitap, tula kitaplardan da, erit kitaplardan da ok daha yadrgatcdr.

Romallarn icat ettii balmumundan kitaplarn neredeyse geen yzyln baarnda, Fransz

devrimine kadar kullanldn bilenler pek azdr. Balmumundan kitap bizim cep defterimiz

byklnde birka levhadan yaplmtr. Her levhann ortasnda buraya sar ya da siyahaboyanm balmumu doldurulurdu. Bu levhalarn iki kesinde delikler vardr. Bu deliklerden

geirilen kurdelalarla, levhalar birbirine balanarak bir kitap halini alrd. Birinci ve sonuncu

levhann d yzeylerinde balmumu bulunmazd. Bylece kitap kapandnda balmumu iyzndeki yazlarn silinmesinden korkulmazd.

Bu levhalarn zerine neyle yazlyordu. Kukusuz mrekkeple deil. Bu i iin bir ucu

sivriltilmi, teki ucu yuvarlaklatrlm elik kalemler kullanlyordu. Kalemin sivri ucu ile

yazar, yuvarlak ucu ile de dzeltir ya da silerlerdi. te bizim silmek iin kullandmzlastiklerin ilklerinden biri de buydu. Balmumu yaz tahtalar ok ucuzdu. Dolaysyla

karalamalar, notlar gnlk hesaplamalar bunlarn zerine yazlyordu. Roma'ya uzak Msr'a

getirilen papirs pahalyd. Bu yzden de yalnz kitap yapmakta kullanlyordu.

Ancak imdi kurun kalemin ve ucuz kadn ortaya kndan sonra balmumu

levhalardan vazgeilebildi. Oysa, bir ka yzyl ncesine kadar hibir renci kemerinde birbalmumu levha olmadan edemezdi. Daha papirsn en parlak dneminde ona zorlu bir


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Nations who had been spent their time on sphered since long ago wrote on the leather of

domestic and wild animals. However, the leathers being appropriate material forwriting;in other words becoming parchment, it was required to be cultivated perfectly.Look how this happened:

ANALYSIS of PAGE THREE

1.Lexical parameters: .. gemitir: proceeded to

: erit: eryth (?)

2.Syntactic parameters:Paprs bulunuyor: Papyrus is found

:.her satr okumak iin eridin bir bandan teki bana kadar

gidip gelmek gerekird: it would have required to go from a top and come to another top toread each line.

:Bylece kitap kapandnda balmumu i yzndeki yazlarn silinmesindenkorkulmazd: Thus, it was not afraid of being deleted the writings on the inner side of thebook.

:Ancak imdi kurun kalemin ve ucuz kadn ortaya kndan sonrabalmumu levhalardan vazgeilebildi: However, after the pencil and cheap sheet appeared,the wax plaques could be forshaken.

:ona zorlu bir rakip tremiti. :. there appeared a rival to it

:Ama derinin yaz yazmaya uygun bir madde;yani paromen halinegelebilmesi iin iyice terbiye edilmi olmas gerekti : However, the leathers beingappropriate material for writing;in other words becoming parchment, it was required tobe cultivated perfectly.

3.Morphological parameters:

4.Prepositions:

5.The most difficult parts you have found to translate:Bu erit kattan yaplma benzersede bu genelde "acayip" bir katt : While this strip resembled to paper, it was an oddpaper.

:Elinize alp a tutarsanz,incecik bir ok apraz izgilerdenyaplm karelerden meydana gelecei grlecektir: When you take up it and spotlight, itwill be seen that it consists of many tenuous cross lines.

:Bir parasn koparrsnz, gerekten de tpk hasra benzeyen birtakm-eritlerden rl olduu kolayca anlalr:When you tear off a piece of it, it is easily

understood that it is woven a set of eryth(?) which resembles to mat.


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ANADOLU YNE NDE

Eski Msr'n skenderiye kentindeki kitaplkta bir milyona yakn papirs tomar bulunuyordu.

Bu kitapln zenginleip bymesinde, Ptolome Slalesi'nden gelen Firavunlar ok

almlard. Bylece skenderiye kitapl uzun yllar boyunca dnyann en nde gelen

kitapl oldu. Fakat bir sre sonra bir baka kitaplk,Anadolu'daki Bergama kenti kitapl

onunla yarmaya balad.

O srda hkmdarlk eden Msr Firavunu, Bergama kitapln acmaszca cezandrmaya karar

verdi ve lkesinden papirs gnderilmesini yasaklad. Bergama hkmdar da buna karlkyle bir nlem dnd: Yurdunun en usta adamlarn yanna arp koyun yada keiderisinden papirs yerini tutacak ve yaz yazmaya yarayacak bir madde hazrlamalarn

buyurdu. te o gnden sonra Bergama, dnyaya paromen satan bir yer haline geldi. Yunanca

"pergament adn alan Paromen,doduu kentin (Pergamon) adn alarakbyle icat olmutu.Ksa bir sre sonra Paromeni katlanabilecei ve defter haline getirilebilecei anlald. Ayr

ayr yapraklardan dikilmi kitap da byle ortaya kt.

Zamanla Msr'da Papirs daha az retilmeye baland. Hele Araplar Msr' aldktan sonra

Msr'dan Avrupa lkelerine olan papirs gnderilii bsbtn durdu. te ancako gnparomen kesin bir zafere ulat. Bu, pek de olumlu bir zafer deildi. Roma imparatorluu,buolaydan bir ka yzyl nce kuzeyden ve doudan gelen yar ilkel kavimlerce ykma

uratlmt.

Bitmez tkenmez savalar bir zamanlar zengin olan kentleri ssz bir duruma getirmiti. Her

geen yl yalnz bilginlerden deil, okuma-yazma bilenlerinin saysn da azaltmt. Paromen,

kitap kopya etmeye yarayan biricik ara olarak kaldnda, onun stne yaz yazacak kii de

hemen hemen kalmam gibiydi. Romal kitaplarn byk kopya ilikleri oktan kapanmt.

Yalnz kral saraylarnda, adal bir dille mektuplar yazan yazclar kalmt. Bundan baka,

kuytu ormanlar da ya da ssz vadilerde kaybolmu manastrlarda sevap ilemek iin kitapkopya eden keilere de rastlamak mmknd.

ANATOLIAN IS ADVANCED AGAIN

There were about one milion rolls of papyrus in the library of Alexandria in AcientEgypt. Pharaohes who were members of Ptolome Family worked for growing and getting rich

of this library. Thus, the library of Alexandria had been one of the most prominent library ofworld for long years. However, after a time another library of the city Pergamon in Anatolian

started to contend with it.


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KTAP...KTAP!!!

O alarda kullanlan mrekkep de Romallarn ya da Msrllarn kullandklar mrekkepten

ayryd. Paromen zerine yazmak iin deriye iyice sinen ve silinmesi kolay olmayan, zel

dayankl bir mrekkep icat olunmutu. Bu mrekkep, bugn de bir ok mrekkeplerin

yapld gibi maz soyundan (mrekkep kozas), demirslfattan ve reineden (ya da Arap

zamkndan) yaplrd.

te artk kadn icat edilmi olduu gnlerden kalma eski bir elyazmasnda bulunan ve o

zaman ki mrekkeplerin nasl yapldn anlatan bir reete: "Mazlar bir Ren arab iineatarakgnee ya da scak bir yere braknz. Elde edilecek sar suyu bir bezden szdktensonra ve mazlar da ezdikten sonra bu suyu baka bir ieye doldurunuz. Buna, unla

kartrm, demir slfat katnz. Sk sk,bir kakla kartrnz. Gzel bir mrekkep elde etmi

olursunuz. Mazlarn yeter derecede, Ren arabnn da mazlarn iinde kaybolacakmiktarda olmas gerekir. stediimiz ly tutturabilmeniz iin demir slfat azar azarkoyunuz. Mrekkebi kaleminizle kadn zerinde bir deneyiniz. stediiniz kadar siyah

olmadn grrseniz, koyultmak iin bir reine tozu katnz, sonra da dilediinizi yaznz!"

Bu eski mrekkebin artan bir zellii vard. O mrekkeple yazldndan nceleri yaznnrengi ok soluk olurdu. Aradan bir sre getikten sonra yaz kararrd. Bizim imdikimrekkeplerimiz ise ,ilerine boya katabildiimiz iin daha iyidir. Bu nedenle de bunlaryalnz okuyan deil, yazan da iyi grebilir. Bir dnemler nasl papirs paromeneyenildiyse,eninde sonunda paromen de yerini hepimizin bildii kat'a brakmak zorunda kald.

THE BOOKTHE BOOK!!

The ink which was used in that ages was different from the ink which Romans orEgyptians used. To write on the parchment a special and strong ink, which covered in theleather and its wiping was not easy, had been invented. This ink was made of tannin (ink

cocoon), ferric sulphate and rosin (or acacia) like the inks of today.

Here is a recipe in a manuscript which is from the days of the papers invention and that

tells us about how the ink used to make in that time: Puttingthe tannins into theRen wine,put them under the sun or in a hot place. After straining the yellow water which will be gotin a cloth and smashing the tannins, fill this water in another bottle. Add ferric sulphatewhich was mixed with flour to this. Mix it with a spoon ever so often. You will obtain a goodink.(?) To be up to the measure that we want, put the feric sulphate bit by bit. Try the ink with

your pen on a paper. If you see that it does not black enough, to thicken the ink put the powderof rosin in it, then make whatever you want!


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making paper. To make paper, bamboo fibres, some plants and ol rags were used. They mixedthem with the water in a mortan andused to knead. Paper was made of this dough. Thecontours which were woven with filtry bamboo like a silk cage were usedin here.

Being poured some paper on the pattern, the pattern was bowed everywhere to make

fibres cohere and become like rug. The water flowed out the holes of the cage and remained thewet paper layer on the cage. They removed this layer carefully and spreaded it over a wood and

dried it under the sun. Finally, they put one of the rolls of these dried paper sheets under aprintere which was made of wood.

Until the paper came from Asia to Europe, few years had passed. This work passedsome stages: In 704, Arabics conquered the city Samarkand in the midle Asia. Among many

loots that they got, they took the secret of making paper to their country. Thus, paper factories

were established in the countries like Sicily, Spain and Syria because of the paper that Arabics

got by this way. In addition, a factory was established in Syrias city Mambic which was named

Bambic byEuropians.

Arabic merchants took Manbic paper to Europe with the eastern goods like carnation,

pepper and aromas. Baghdad paper sold as all layers was counted as the best of the papers. In

Egypt, different kinds of paper were made. (?)

This kind of paper was made of old rags. Its color was black spotted. When it was

spotlighted, even pieces of rags could be seen in patches. Until Europes own paper factories or

with idiom of that days paper mills were seen, many years had passed. Anyhow it waspossible to see this kind of paper mills in 13. Century.

ANALYSIS of PAGE FIVE

1.Lexical parameters: .yeter derecede:amply (but I could not translate the sentence whichbegins with this word.)

:..o gnlerin deyimiyle: .with idiom of that days

2.Syntactic parameters:Elde edilecek sar suyu bir bezden szdkten sonra ve mazlar daezdikten sonra bu suyu baka bir ieye doldurunuz: After straining the yellow water whichwill be got in a cloth and smashing the tannins, fill this water in another bottle

:Bizim imdiki mrekkeplerimiz ise ,ilerine boya katabildiimiz iindaha iyidir: However, our inks are better because of the paint that we can put in them.

3.Morphological parameters: at-arak:. Putting

:.kartrp. hamur haline getiriyorlard:.mixed andused to knead


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:dklp: being poured.

4.Prepositions:

5.The most difficult parts you have found to translate:Mazlarn yeter derecede, Renarabnn da mazlarn iinde kaybolacak miktarda olmas gerekir: I could not translate thispart.

:Burada kalp olarak incecik bambu kamyla ipekten kafeseklinde rlm evreler kullanlyordu: The contours which were woven with filtrybamboo like a silk cage were usedin here.

Msr'da eitli kat trleri yaplmaktayd. Bunlarn arasnda ok byk tabakalar halindeyaplan "skenderiye kad"ndan tutun da, gvercin postalarnda kullanlan kcktabakalara kadar her trl kat vard.: (?) I could not translate this part.


RESOURCE:

http://www.genbilim.com/content/view/5/61/

turkish english translation

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