turfgrass disease trends in california and the western united states naveen hyder & frank wong...
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Turfgrass Disease Trends in California and the Western United
States
Naveen Hyder & Frank WongDepartment of Plant Pathology & Microbiology
University of California, Riverside
Background information
California has the largest turf and landscape industry in the US (approx. 15 billion)
Approx. 950 golf courses in the state of California – 2nd in the US
Not much information available due to lack of turfgrass pathology program since the1990s
Objective To assess turfgrass disease trends in
California and the Western United States based on diagnostic laboratory data
What are the major disease problems?
What are the major hosts?
What are the disease trends over the last
four years?
Where should research efforts be focused?
Materials and methods
A sample = 1 cup cutter size plug of plants and soil
For this study 1 data point = one pathogen/plant interaction
Data based on diagnostic samples received
Samples are not evenly distributed throughout the
Western United States
Multiple samples from the same location
Data collected from 2006-2009 (present)
Collecting a data point
Microscopic signs >>> incubate up to 24-48 hrs
Isolation from tissueLeaves, roots and crown on pathogen specific
media
Turf Management for Golf Courses 2001 J. Beard
Common turfgrass species used in California and the Western U.S.
Cool Season (C3 Photosynthesis)
Poa annuaPoa trivialisAgrostis stoloniferaFestuca
arundinaceaFestuca rubraLolium perenne
Warm Season (C4 Photosynthesis)
Cynodon spp. Pennisetum clandestinumPaspalum
vaginatumStenotaphrum secundatum
Geographic origin(based on # of samples received)
2006 2007 2008 2009
Arizona 7 2 1 13
California 389 (85%)
366 (80%)
235 (77%)
402 (79%)
Colorado 1 3 1 11
Hawaii 4 6 6 5
Idaho 3 1 6 7
Nevada 23 (5%) 40 (9%) 28 (9%) 25 (5%)
Oregon 7 14 11 9
Texas 2 1 0 3
Utah 1 3 3 2
Washington
20 (4%) 17 (4%) 12 (4%) 31 (6%)
n = 460 n = 457 n = 306 n = 512
Sources of samples(based on number of samples received)
2006 2007 2008 2009
Residential/ commercial landscape
8 7 15 15
Sports turf 11 11 7 18
Golf courses 438 (95%)
439(96%)
283(92%)
477 (93%)
Sod farms 3 - 1 2
n = 460 n = 457 n = 306 n = 512
Most common turfgrass hosts
Data based on n= 3,360 diagnosis
Poa annua (Annual bluegrass) diseases trends Top 5 from 2006 to 2009
2006 (442) * 2007 (425) * 2008 (471) * 2009 (358) *
Algae (17%) Rapid Blight (11%) Anthracnose (14% ) Anthracnose (18%)
Summer Patch (15%)
Anthracnose (11%) Rapid Blight (13%) Rapid Blight (8%)
Rapid Blight (9%) Summer Patch (9%)
Algae (12%) Algae (8%)
Brown Ring Patch (9%)
Brown Ring Patch (9%)
Summer Patch (8%)
Summer Patch (8%)
Anthracnose (8%) Algae (6%) Brown Ring Patch (5%)
Michrodochium Patch (6%)
* Total annual bluegrass samples processed
Algae (Cyanobacteria) = Oscillatoria spp. Anthracnose = Colletotrichum cereale Brown Ring Patch = Waitea circinata var. circinata Rapid Blight = Labyrinthula terrestris Summer Patch = Magnaporthe poae Michrodochium Patch = Michrodochium nivale
AnthracnoseAlgae
Rapid BlightSummer Patch
Brown Ring Patch
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2006 2007 2008 2009
Annual
blu
egra
ss/p
athog
en in
tera
ctio
ns
(%
)Most common diagnoses on Poa annua
(Annual bluegrass)
AnthracnoseAlgae
Rapid BlightSummer Patch
Brown Ring Patch
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2006 2007 2008 2009
Annual
blu
egra
ss/p
athog
en in
tera
ctio
ns
(%
)Most common diagnoses on Poa annua
(Annual bluegrass)
Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping bentgrass) disease trendsTop 5 from 2006-20092006 (263) * 2007 (201) * 2008 (185) * 2009 (187) *
Algae (24%) Take-All Patch (23%)
Algae (10%) Anthracnose (18%)
Take-All Patch (21%)
Algae (10%) Take-All Patch (10%)
Take-All Patch (14%)
Fairy Ring (5%) Anthracnose (6%) Anthracnose (6%) Algae (11%)
Anthracnose (5%) Fairy Ring (4%) Pythium Blight (5%)
Fairy Ring (6%)
Pythium Blight (3%)
Pythium Blight (3%)
Rhizoctonia Brown Patch (4%)
Rhizoctonia Brown Patch (5%)
* Total creeping bentgrass samples processed
Algae (Cynobacteria) = Oscillatoria spp. Anthracnose = Colletotrichum cereale Fairy Ring = Various Basidiomycete spp. Pythium Blight = Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia Brown Patch = Rhizoctonia solani Take-All Patch = Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) disease trendsTop 3 from 2006 - 2009
2006 (173)* 2007 (106)* 2008 (61)* 2009 (67)*
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (15%)
Brown Patch (21%)
Brown Patch (18%)
Anthracnose (39%)
Brown Patch (15%)
Curvularia Blight (17%)
Anthracnose (16%)
Brown Patch (15%)
Curvularia Blight (14%)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (15%)
Summer Patch (7%)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (9%)
*Total ryegrass samples processed
Anthracnose = Colletotrichum cereale Bipolaris Leaf Spot = Bipolaris spp. Brown Patch = Rhizoctonia solani Curvularia Blight = Curvularia spp. Summer Patch = Magnaporthe poae
Cynodon spp. (bermudagrass) disease trendsTop 3 from 2006 - 20092006 (65)* 2007 (21)* 2008 (45)* 2009 (79)*
Spring Dead Spot (23%)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch
(38%)
Bermudagrass Decline (29%)
Bermudagrass Decline (35%)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (22%)
Spring Dead Spot (28%)
Spring Dead Spot (18%)
Spring Dead Spot (10%)
Bermudagrass Decline (17%)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (14%)
Bipolaris Leaf Spot (10%)
* Total Bermudagrass samples processed
Spring Dead Spot = Ophiosphaerella narmari / O. korrae Bipolaris Leaf Spot = Bipolaris spp. Bermudagrass Decline = Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis Rhizoctonia Large Patch = Rhizoctonia solani
Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass)
disease trendsTop 3 from 2006 - 2009
2006 (28)* 2007 (18)* 2008 (23)* 2009 (14)*
Gray Leaf Spot (38%)
Kikuyugrass Decline (38%)
Kikuyugrass Decline (44%)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch
(43%)
Kikuyugrass Decline (21%)
Gray Leaf Spot (16%)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch
(22%)
Kikuyugrass Decline (36%)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch
(18%)
Rhizoctonia Large Patch
(16%)
Gray Leaf Spot (13%)
*Total Kikuyugrass samples processed
Gray Leaf Spot = Pyricularia grisea Kikuyugrass Decline = Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis Rhizoctonia Large Patch = Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2
Summary Total # of samples received (2006-2009) = 3,360
94 % of the samples received are from golf courses
90% of these samples from golf course greens
Cool season grasses comprise 85% of the samples
50% of these samples are annual bluegrass
# 1 problem on annual bluegrass is Anthracnose
Conclusions
First effort to summarize data pertaining to turfgrass
diseases in the Western United States
California has a unique turfgrass disease profile
because of diversity of climate zones within the state
Top research priority should be cool season turf
management esp. diseases of annual bluegrass
Future research scopeUse the data base to:
Compare and contrast information with other
regions
Correlate disease trends with climatic
variations
Correlate disease trends with agronomic
practices specific to California
Acknowledgements
GCSAA Environmental Institute of Golf
California State GCSAs
Syngenta Professional Products
Bayer Environmental Sciences