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3/18/2021 Ornamental & Turfgrass Pest Management Janet Hurley, ACE Texas A&M AgriLife Extension School IPM Coordinator Training Types of Insect Pests Sucking Meristem feeding Phloem feeding Mesophyll feeding Chewing Mining Skeletonizing Leaf feeding Root feeding Boring Gall Making Meristem Attackers Thrips Gall‐making insects Meristem tissue Thrips FEED ON GROWING TIPS OF THE PLANT 1 2 3 4

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Page 1: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Ornamental & Turfgrass Pest Management

Janet Hurley, ACE

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension

School IPM Coordinator Training 

Types of Insect Pests

• Sucking• Meristem feeding• Phloem feeding• Mesophyll feeding

• Chewing• Mining• Skeletonizing• Leaf feeding• Root feeding• Boring

• Gall Making

Meristem Attackers Thrips

Gall‐making insects 

Meristem tissue

ThripsFEED ON GROWING TIPS OF THE PLANT

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Page 2: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Gall makers

• Distorted leaf, stem, or flower parts

• Insects, disease or physical damage may cause galls

• Oaks have more galls than any other plant group

Andricus laniger on live oak

Phloem FeedersAphids

Some scale insects

Mealybugs

Leafhoppers and planthoppers

Whiteflies

Phloem

Phloem feedersFeed on the phloem (sap) of plants◦ Aphids◦ Whiteflies◦ Plant bugs◦ Scales◦ Mealybugs◦ Stink bugs

Aphids

Pear‐shaped

Long legs

Tiny tails (cornicles)

Found in colonies

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Page 3: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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HoneydewProduce a colorless, sweet, sticky fluidWill attract ants and flies Black fungus or sooty mold 

Diagnosing aphidsPear‐shaped insects on leaves, stems (with or without wings)

Cast skins

Honeydew deposits

Aphid natural enemies

Syrphid flyLady beetle

Green Lacewing

Syrphid fly larva

Lady beetle larva

Lacewing larva

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Page 4: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Scale insectsArmored scales◦ Feed on parenchyma cells◦ No honeydew◦ Multiple generations per year

Soft scales and bark scales◦ Feed on phloem◦ Honeydew◦ (usually) one generation per year

Scale insect controlSoaps and oils

dormant vs. summer oils

systemic insecticides

sprays timed to kill crawler stage

Scale crawlers

Two insect pests of crapemyrtleCrapemyrtle aphid, Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy)◦ Native to southeast Asia (India, China, Korea, Japan)◦ Monophagous on Lagerstroemia

Crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana)◦ Native to Asia (China, Korea, Japan)◦ Polyphagous with poorly described host records, 

Crapemyrtle aphid

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Page 5: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Black sooty mold

Xylem Feeders Some leafhoppers and sharpshooters 

Spittlebugs

Xylem

LeafhoppersSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees

Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap

Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses, phytoplasmas and bacteria.

Graphocephala versuta (Photo courtesy Sam Houston, Bugguide)

Gyponana octolineata (Photo courtesy Stephen Luk, Bugguide)

StemparenchymaBorers (beetle and moth)

Armored scale insects

Stem parenchyma

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Page 6: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Borers• Attack xylem and phloem tissue in tree

• Enter as larvae through weak spots in bark

• Adult forms emerge from holes chewed in bark

• One generation per year, usually

Adult borers

Borer larvae

Root feedersAphids

Beetles◦ White grubs◦ Wireworms

Flies (maggots)

Chinch bugs

Armyworms 

Crickets

Cockroaches

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Page 7: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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White grub 

White grubs• Immature form of the June beetle 

• Multiple species• Phyllophaga crinita – June 

beetle• Cyclocephala lurida –

Southern masked chafer• Others

• Underground root feeder

• 5‐10 grubs per ft2

• One generation per year• Adult emergence in June, July

• Ideal treatment time around 4th of July (July‐early August)

Other scarab beetles

June beetle life cycle

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Page 8: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

1st or 2nd instar is optimal treatment stage

• best time to treat around July 4

White grub controls for consumersImidacloprid (Bayer Season‐Long Grub Control™, HiYield Grub Free Zone III®)*

Chlorantraniliprole (Scotts GrubEx)

Pyrethroids not highly effective (e.g., lambda cyhalothrin, 

White grub controls for professionals

Granular insecticides imidacloprid (Bayer Merit® G)* Clothianidin (Arena 50 WDG)* Thiamethoxam (Meridian™ 0.33G, Caravan G)*  Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn G) trichlorfon (Dylox® 6.2G)

Liquid insecticides imidacloprid (Merit® SC, WP) clothianidin (Arena™)* chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn® SC) trichlorfon (Dylox® 80) carbaryl (Sevin® 80 WSP) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid® 2F)

* Neonicotinoid

White grub insecticide cost comparisons• * Neonicotinoid insecticides

Product Active Cost Rate Cost / Acre

Acelepryn Chlorantraniliprole $129/25 lb 50‐100 lbs per acre $258‐$516

Arena 2.5G Clothianidin* $66/30 lbs 80‐160 lbs per acre $176

Meridian 0.33G Thiamethoxam* $86/40 lbs 60‐80 lbs per acre $129‐$172

Merit 0.5 G Imidacloprid* $39/30 lbs 60‐80 lbs per acre $78‐$104

Dylox 6.2 Trichlorfon $47/30 lbs 130 lbs per acre $204

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Page 9: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Neonicotinoids and pollinator 

safety

Flowering weeds and neonicotinoid insecticides. Larson et al 2014. Environ. Toxicol. & Chem., Larson et al 2013. PlosOne.

• >99% reduction in neonicotinoid residues in blooms formed after mowing.

• Follow label directions and mow flowering weeds to protect beneficials including bumble bees

• Chlorantraniliprole was a safe alternative to neonicotinoids

Chinch bugs

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Page 10: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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Chinch bug biology

• 3 to 6 generations/year

• Principal host is St Augustinegrass

• Look for yellowed, stunted dead plants, especially along pavement edges

• Damage occurs from sap‐feeding and (suspected) toxin

• Threshold 25 bugs/ft2

Photo by Casey Reynolds

Collection 

Chinch bug control

• Resistant varieties have lost resistance in many areas.  TAMStar reported to be latest resistant variety

• High label rates of insecticides with wetting agent

• Pyrethroids• Chlothianidin*• Thiamethoxam*• Trichlorfon

• 2nd application if necessary, in 2‐3 weeks

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Page 11: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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Armyworms Fall armyworm • Moth 

• Caterpillar stage 

Fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperda

• Armyworms overwinter in south Texas and Mexico

• Larvae feed 2‐3 weeks• Risks:

• Opens up turf canopy to allow weeds to grow

• If occurs during hot summer, may allow sun damage to stolons, runners

• Mow and treat with residual insecticide

Photos from NC State Univ. D.S. Reiland, J. Castner, L.J. Buss

True armyworm, Mythimna unipuncta

• Immature stage of true armyworm moth, identified by white, diamond‐shaped dot in center of forewing.

• Larva has reticulated head capsule

• Minor pest with potential for sporadic outbreaks spreading to turf (more likely following warm winters)

• effective control with pyrethroid sprays, chlorantraniliprole, biologicals

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Page 12: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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Sod Webworms

Tropical sod webworm

Tropical sod webworm damage

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Page 13: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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Armyworm/webworm insecticides and cost comparisons

Product Active Cost Rate Cost / Acre

Acelepryn SC Chlorantraniliprole $1000/0.5 gal 2‐4 fl oz per acre $31‐$63

Astro Insecticide Permethrin $140/1.25 gal 17‐35 fl oz per acre $13‐$27

Talstar P bifenthrin $52/1.0 gal 8‐11 fl oz per acre $3.25‐$4.50

Conserve SC Spinosad* $150/0.25 gal 11‐52 fl oz per acresmall – large larvae

$51‐$244

Dipel Pro DF Bacillus thuringiensis* $22/ lb 1‐2 lb per acre(small larvae)

$22‐$44 Mole crickets

Three species in Texas

•Northern mole cricket (Neocurtilla hexadactyla)• minor pest

•Southern mole cricket (Scapteriscus borelli)• more predator than plant feeder

•Tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus) • severe damage to turf.  Thought to be restricted to SE corner of state: Houston east to Louisiana

Mole cricket ranges in Texas

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Page 14: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

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U shaped gap in dactyls V-shaped gap in dactyls

Distinguishing southern and tawny mole cricket If you think you’ve had mole cricket damage:

• Map out affected areas• May‐June, sample turf in mapped sites 

for nymphs with soap flush• Treat infested areas May‐July

• Bifenthrin• Fipronil (topchoice)• Indoxacarb• Thiamethoxam

Soap flush: 3 Tbsp lemon scented Dawn in 3‐gal water

Surinam cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis

• Adults are medium‐sized (3/4 to 1 inch long) 

• Have a shiny brown to blackish body with golden‐colored forewings and markings on the abdomen. 

• Prothoracic shield (covering the thorax) is shiny black, narrowly marked with yellow along the front edge

Surinam cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis 

• Burrowing species often found in mulch and compost piles and sometimes associated with bedding plants.

• Not a building dweller where moisture and humidity is low. Their impact on buildings is minimal and bites are unlikely. Their species causes widespread damage to regions prone to high heat and humidity including:

• Gardens• Greenhouses• Lawns

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Page 15: turf pest managementSuck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees Have piercing‐sucking mouthparts, enabling them to feed on plant sap Can transmit plant pathogens, such as viruses,

3/18/2021

Crustation: Crayfish/Crawfish in Turf• Areas of turf in low‐lying areas that 

maintain damp soils and shallow subsurface water levels may support crayfish populations. 

• Damage is not so significant to the turf, but large amounts of soil may be brought to the surface as the crayfish tunnel in the soils. 

• Such large mud turrets may create mounds that can be annoying or inconvenient, especially during lawn maintenance.

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