turf and ornamental pest control
TRANSCRIPT
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ER IC STORMER , NAVFAC ATLANT IC
TURF AND ORNAMENTALPEST CONTROL
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P U B L I C H E A LT H ● E N V I R O N M E N TA L S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y ● A E S T H E T I C S
WHY & WHERE?
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Constructed Environments
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METHODS OF MONITORING
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Using a disclosing solution to flush insects from the thatch
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DISTINGUISHING PROBLEMSABIOTIC VS. BIOTIC
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ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING)
•Caused by non-living conditions, such as soil compaction, wind, frost, salts, and girdling roots
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ABIOTIC INJURY
•Physical evidence is not usually found on the plant, i.e., wind damage•Does not usually spread•May affect numerous plant species
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Pathogen
Conducive Environmen
tSusceptible
Host
Biotic diseases cannot occur without each of these elements being present.
DISEASE
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BIOTIC (LIVING)
•Caused by living organisms, including insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses•Develop gradually•Often appear irregularly
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BIOTIC INJURY
•Often accompanied by evidence, i.e., insect cast skins, frass, fungal spores•May spread progressively in a plant, or to other plants• Some will be specific to a plant species
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INFLUENTIAL FACTORSAbiotic
• Air (Oxygen, Nitrogen)• Water• Light• Wind• Soil• pH• Temperature• Humidity• Salinity• Inorganic nutrients
Biotic• Other organisms:• Competitors• Disease agents• Predators• Symbiosis, e.g.,• Mutualism• Parasitism• Commensalism
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SIGNS & SYMPTOMSBIOTIC OR ABIOTIC?
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SIGNS
• Signs are the actual organisms causing disease• These include:• Fruiting bodies – reproductive structures of
fungi• Spores – reproductive cells of fungi• Mycelium – tubular, thread-like growth of fungi• Mildew – whitish growth composed of
mycelium of fungi• Insects and/or their frass (excrement) are also
signs, although not signs of disease
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SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms are the plant’s reactions to the causal agent• These include:• Leaf spots• Abnormal growth/malformed tissue• Stunted growth• Wilting• Dead tissue• Discolored tissue• Exudation of sap or gum• Insect feeding injury – this is a symptom used for
diagnosis, but not a symptom of a disease
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DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS IN LANDSCAPES
• Many abiotic and biotic agents can bring about the same injury• Diagnosis may be challenging due to variability• Soils• Plant selection• Environmental conditions• Dynamic nature; continuously changing• Individual factors may cause injury alone, or
in conjunction with other factors• Chronic problems may express subtle
symptoms
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DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS
• ID the plant• ID the symptoms• Inspect the entire plant/planting• Inspect the site• Look for patterns• Review management history of the site• Test likely causes
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INSECTS & MITESAN INTRODUCTION
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TURF GRASS PESTSINSPECTION & SURVEYING
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MONITORING FOR TURF INSECTS
• Look for the suspected pest•Discolored or withered blades• Chewed or frayed blades or roots• Frass (excrement) or webbing• Small holes, mounds, or burrows• Presence of a large number of birds, animal droppings
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TURF GRASS PESTSABOVE GROUND FEEDERS
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ARMYWORMS
Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
Yellow Striped ArmywormSpodoptera ornithogalli
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CHINCH BUGS
Adult (Approx. 1/8” long) Nymphs
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SOD WEBWORMS
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BILLBUGS
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TURF GRASS PESTSBELOW GROUND FEEDERS
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WHITE GRUBS
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Japanese Beetle
Northern Masked Chafer Beetle
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MOLE CRICKETS
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ORNAMENTAL PLANT PESTSDEFOLIATORS
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GYPSY MOTH LARVA
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GYPSY MOTH
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TENT CATERPILLARS
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BAGWORMS
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ORNAMENTAL PLANT PESTSSKELETONIZERS
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JAPANESE BEETLES
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SAWFLIES
Hibiscus Sawfly
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ORNAMENTAL PLANT PESTSBORERS
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BORERS
• Enter shoots, twigs, stems, bark, and trunks to feed and complete their life cycle
• Examples:• Bark Beetles (e.g., southern pine beetle)• Pine tip moths• Twig Borers (e.g., dogwood twig borer)• Stem and trunk borers (e.g., bronze birch
borer)
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EMERALD ASH BORER
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LEAF MINERSMOTHS ● WASPS ● FLIES
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Colu
mbi
ne le
af m
iner
fly
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SAP SUCKING INSECTS & MITES
A P H I D S , S T I N K B U G S , H O P P ER S , S C A L E S , M I TE S , T H R I P S , W H I T E F L I E S
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APHIDS
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HOPPERS
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STINK BUGS
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THRIPS
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MITES (ARACHNIDA, “SPIDER”)
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SCALES
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WHITEFLIES
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OTHER PESTS OF NOTEMISCELLANEOUS
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BOX ELDER BUGS
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CUTWORMS
Bronze cutworm caterpillar
Bron
ze c
utwo
rm a
dult
Black cutworm caterpillar
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IDENTIFICATION & SURVEY
• ID the pest• Know its life cycle to plan monitoring and
control• Inspect regularly throughout the growing
season• Inspect highly valued areas at least weekly• Inspect for overwintering pests• Look on leaf undersides, plant stems, and
trunks
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DISEASES OFORNAMENTAL PLANTS
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WHAT IS A “DISEASE”?
A disease is defined as any impairment of plant health or condition of abnormal functioning.
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TYPES OF PLANT DISEASEBIOTIC
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Bacteria Fungi
VirusNematodes
CAUSES OF DISEASE
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PLANT DISEASESMANIFESTATIONS
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PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES
• Microscopic, unsegmented worms• Reproduction is sexual, via eggs• Some feed on roots externally, others internally
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VIRAL• Some can be
spread by insects, such as aphids, and whiteflies• Symptoms: • Yellow to white
mosaic pattern• Leaf curl• Yellowing• Necrosis• Stunting
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ROT (FUNGAL)
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ROT (FUNGAL)
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BLIGHT (BACTERIAL)
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CANKER (BACTERIAL, FUNGAL)
Black knot cankerBacterial canker in cherry
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GALL (BACTERIAL, FUNGAL OR INSECTS)
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WILT (BACTERIAL, FUNGAL)
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RUSTS (FUNGAL)
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ORNAMENTAL PLANT DISEASES
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ROOT ROT (PYTHIUM, PHYTOPHTHORA)
Healthy roots
Diseased roots
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CROWN GALL (AGROBACTERIUM SPP.)
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FIRE BLIGHT (ERWINIA AMYLOVORA)
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WILT (VERTICILLIUM FUNGI)
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LEAF SPOT (ANTHRACNOSE FUNGI)
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POWDERY MILDEW (MISC. FUNGI)
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SOOTY MOLD
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TURF DISEASES
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WHAT TO LOOK FORIn An Entire
Lawn• Spots• Circles• Patches• Irregular growth
Individual Plants• Leaf spots• Lesions• Foliar dieback• Crown rot• Root rot
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BROWN PATCH (FUNGAL)
Symptoms: Circular yellow-brown patches of thinned turf. On individual blades, elongated lesions bordered above and below by tan or chocolate-brown bands.
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BROWN PATCH (FUNGAL)
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SCLEROTINIA DOLLAR SPOT(FUNGAL)
Leaf blades with lesions – reddish margin at top and bottom, and curled “hourglass” shape
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SCLEROTINIA LEAF SPOT (FUNGAL)
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MELTING OUT
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MELTING OUT (FUNGAL)
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PINK SNOW MOLD (FUNGAL)
Under snow cover, Pink Snow Mold causes circular patches of disease that can be up to 20 cm across
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PINK SNOW MOLD
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FAIRY RING (FUNGAL)
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FAIRY RING (TYPE 1)
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FAIRY RING (TYPE 2)
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FAIRY RING (TYPE 3)
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DISEASE MANAGEMENTPRINCIPLES
SIX MAJOR ELEMENTS
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EXCLUSION
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ERADICATION
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PROTECTION
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RESISTANCE
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THERAPY
Chemotherapy
Meristem (tissue) culture
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AVOIDANCE
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CONTROL METHODSNON-CHEMICAL
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KEEP ‘EM HEALTHY
•Proper irrigation•Appropriate fertilization•Maintain soil structure/condition•Proper mowing and/or pruning•Good sanitation (remove harborage)
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NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL
•Select disease resistant plant varieties (cultivars)•Protect and encourage natural enemies
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CONTROL METHODSCHEMICAL
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CHEMICAL CONTROL - INSECTS
• Effective and economical control requires:• Correct identification of pest and host
plant
• Proper pesticide selection
• Proper equipment selection
• Timely and proper application of pesticides
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CHEMICAL CONTROL - DISEASES
• Fungicides prevent infection, or inhibit spore development
• Systemic and preventative fungicides
• Reapplication of fungicides is often needed
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HAZARD CONTROLS
• Avoid pesticide drift; don’t apply when wind speed exceeds 5mph•Use the lowest practical operating pump pressure•Use extreme caution when applying pesticides near slopes, water, wetlands or areas of non-target organisms.
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HAZARD CONTROL - DISEASES
• Set the nozzle pattern in accordance with the type of pesticide used•When applying in areas where cars park, announce at least 1 day ahead• Reduce likelihood of phytotoxicity; use wettable powders over emulsifiable concentrates
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E R I C . ST O R M E R @ N AV Y. M I L
THE END