tunstall enterprise palace

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE[THE RE_BUILDING OF STOKE-ON-TRENTS ECONOMY]

P. A. WESTWELL

Bachelor of Architecture

Manchester School of Architecture

2011 | 2012

Thesis Porolio

305_Introducon

07_Context

13_Data Denion Within The Derive

69_Infrastructural Urbanism

89_Tunstall Enterprise Palace

141_Drawings

Contents

Introducon 4

Introducon 5

Introducon

In the introducon to the Re_Map College, of the 2010|2011 Bachelor of Architecture at the Manchester School of Architecture, the 5th and 6th year students were presented with the [Re_Map] ICU Reader. This contained an extensive extracts from books and arcles relang to the theme of the Re_Map College:

The reader focussed on issues such as Mapping the Urban Landscape, Technological Opmism, Networked Responses, and Beyond Architecture. These topics, along with addional reading, and individual interests and invesgaons, formed the background to the following thesis project.

Re_Map constantly move between data and the physical real urban landscape. We use our mapping and datascaping to reveal things about the real world so the things we nd out can then bear actual approaches for transforming and aecng change in urban condions. The data will not provide the answer alone, we need to interpret it and extrapolate ideas in relaon to it to evolve master-plans, programmac strategy, architectural envelopes, surface denion etc...

[Brook, R. & Dunn, N. 2011]

Context 6

Context 7

Context

The area of study for this project is Stoke-on-Trent.

Also known as The Poeries, Stoke-on-Trent is a unique city in England that is comprised of the following six district towns: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton. Situated in Staordshire in the West Midlands, this polynucleic formaon of towns is located along the River Trent and, according to 2007 esmates, has a populaon of around 239,700.

Stoke-on-Trents wealth grew dramacally from the 17th Century onwards due to the success of many industrial-scale poery manufacturing companies such as Royal Doulton, Dudson Ltd, Spode, and Wedgewood. The local abundance of coal and clay suitable for earthenware producon led to the early (inially limited) development of the poery industry. In 1769 Wedgwood himself built one of Britains rst large factories, in Etruria, the village he established on the outskirts of Burslem, his birthplace. The construcon of the Trent and Mersey Canal enabled the import of china clay from Cornwall together with other materials and facilitated the producon of creamware and bone china.

Since the last half of the 20th century, almost all of the bole-shaped kilns that framed the skyline have been taken down, due to regulaons from the Clean Air Act. Stoke-on-Trent had an esmated 4,000 bole kilns in the heyday of the poery industry, today reduced to a mere 46.

However, Stoke-on-Trent is sll the centre of the Brish ceramic industry, and is the largest clayware producer in the world, other local industries include chemical works, rubber works and tyre manufacturing (Mitchelin Tyre Co.), engineering plants, paper mills, texle processing, and electronics.

The demographics in the 2001 census idenfy Stoke-on-Trents gender distribuon ad 51.3% female. With regard to ethnicity, the composion is 94.8% white, 2.6% Asian Brish Pakistani, 0.5% Asian Brish Indian and 0.3% Black Afro Caribbean. Chrisanity accounts for 74% of the populaon, 3.2% are Muslim and 13.4% have no religion, and the average age of residents is 38.

Stoke-on-Trent is geographically located in the centre of the UK, and is in close proximity (50 miles) to Derby, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheeld and Liverpool.

STOKE-ON-TRENT1_Tunstall2_Burslem3_Hanley4_Stoke5_Fenton6_Longton

1

2

34

5

6

Tunstall

Hanley

Fenton

Context 10

Burslem

Stoke

Longton

Context 11

DATA DEFINITION WITHIN THE DERIVE

Data Denion Within The Derive Brief 14

Brief

In September 2011, the following brief was issued to students:

Of all the aairs we parcipate in, with or without interest, the groping search for a new way of life is the only aspect sll impassioning. Aesthec and other disciplines have proved blatantly inadequate in this regard and merit the greatest detachment. We should therefore delineate some provisional terrains of observaon, including the observaon of certain processes of chance and predictability.

[Guy Debord, Introducon to a Crique of Urban Geography]

You will invesgate the architectural ramicaons of wondering in the city. Whereas Debord and the Situaonist Internaonal were content to simply execute these experiments, we are interested in their concepon, their record and most specically, their translaon into form that has geo-spaal context. The element of chance is important but not paramount as it was to the SI and the surrealists before them. We are interested in the convergence of mapping, GPS, data and sensaon in three-dimensional and locaonal space.

[Richard Brook and Nick Dunn. 2011]

Data Denion Within The Derive Response 15

Response

Aer receiving the brief, students formed into groups of YR5 and YR6 student. Ulising the reader as a catalyst, invesgaon was carried out into the methods employed by groups or individuals who idenfy themselves with psychogeography.

These methods were then tested and adapted, idenfying useful aspects that would be suitable for the type of invesgaon carried out in the designated research area, in this case Tunstall.

This methodology then resulted in a set of data that was translated into a wide range of diering and complementary datascapes. These datascapes were then analysed for trends and paerns that provided an informed conclusion.

This process of method, pracce, record and translaon ulmately led to individual trajectories that allowed exploraon of personal ideas and interests.

Data Denion Within The Derive Theorecal Text 16Book_Situaonistas: arte, polica, urbanismo

The reader distributed contained thirteen texts all of which were presented to the studio.This is a review of the presentaon analysing the book: Situaonistas: art, polica, urbanismo.

OverviewThe book is in Spanish and English and was published in 1996. The chapter that the text is extracted from is wrien by Thomas Y. Levin. He was part of the curatorial collecve responsible for the rst exhibion on the Situaonist Internaonal at the Centre Pompidou, ICA London and the ICA Boston in 1989. He is currently working on two books, one on the recording of narrave cinema in terms of surveillance, and the other on the lm-theorecal cinema of Guy Debord. The text is an interesng and informave study of the works of the Situaonist Internaonal.

Focused on the utopian theories of urbanism propounded by members of the Situaonist Internaonal, an inuenal European arsts collecve founded in 1957 by French writer and avant-garde lmmaker Guy Debord, this catalogue illustrates a diverse array of works dang from the 1950s and 60s that include painngs, posters and photocollages by such arsts as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio as well as numerous sculptural assemblages, drawings, architectural models and other pieces produced by

Dutch painter and experimental arst Constant as documentaon of his visionary New Babylon urban project.

History The SI was an avant-garde collecve and polical body that ocially inaugurated on July 28, 1957 and auto-dissolved in 1972. The body undertook a sustained interrogaon of the role of cultural producon in post-war western consumer culture. They relentlessly examined art and society through tracts, posters, books, lms, etc. The SI had its peak in its inuence on the uprisings of May 1968 in France.

At the SIs founding conference in Cosio DAroscia in 1957, the groups theorecal motor, Guy Debord presented a carefully wrien programmac Report on the Construcon of Situaon and on the condions of organizaon and Acon of the Internaonal Situaonist Tendency which conveys the urgency, the intensity and the militancy of the edging collecve revoluonary project. In this report, Debord manifest that the world needs a liberang transformaon possible of both society and of the life that man found themselves incarcerated. The SIs founding document concerned with the antagonism between new desires and the retardave eect of an oppressive economic structure that precludes the use of these aecve resources. The death of

Cover artwork Cover artwork

The full ensemble of the arts and technologies are compeng means to realise a holisc composion of a milieu

The SI not only wanted to build, they wanted to build cies

Data Denion Within The Derive Theorecal Text 17

the exploitaon of mankind must also bring about the abolion of the passions, compensaons and the habits generated by the exploitaon. Therefore, Debord claried that it is a must to construct new ambiances that are simultaneously the product and the instrument of new modes of behaviour.

Unitary UrbanismUnitary Urbanism is the rejecon of the standard Euclidean and wholly funconal approach to urban Architectural design.It is the rejecon of the compartmentalizaon of art, and its detachment from its surroundings. The Utopian ideal of the SI consists of an idea that mans metropolitan surroundings and the urban environment are at so much of a blend that the idencaon of where funconality ends and play begins cannot be even be disnguished. It is an ideal for the whole world where funconality is sll catered for but done so in an atmosphere of connual exploraon and leisure, both of which aim to smulate. The synthesis of Unitary Urbanism should fully incorporate arts and technologies, allowing a new milieu (environment) which is so encompassing that the myopic and tradional arts and architecture are overtaken. Unitary Urbanism is less the concrete fabricaon of quodian (daily) space rather the construcon of an enre atmosphere and a style of life. The Situaon / Derive / Dri / Psychogeography / Detournement / Industrial Painng /

Cedric Price_Fun Palace

Archigram_Walking City

If you take the idea of change mobility and interchangeability of parts, why not interchangeability of place?

Recuperaon / Revoluon / The Society of the Spectacle have all involved from the SI.

GesamtkunstwerkGesamtkunstwerk is translated from German as total work of art ideal artwork universal artwork or synthesis of the arts. This all-encompassing word was used by Guy Debord and the Situaonalists as the descripon for their utopian ideal, a new polical form and urban environment.

Ivan Chtcheglo and the Leerist Internaonal If one were to trace the genealogy of Situaonist urbanism, the most proximate context would be the work of the Leerist Internaonal and the Visionary 1953 essay Formulary for a new Urbanism by Ivan Chtcheglo. Chtcheglo called for a new architecture that will be both a means of knowledge and a means of acon, a modiable, malleable architecture that will change parally and even totally depending upon the desires of its inhabitants. Everyone will live in their own personal cathedral so to speak. The Leerist Internaon was created by Guy Debord, a kind of dra version of the SI. Based In Paris, they were a collecve of radical arsts and polical theorists, took up Chtcheglos call for a thorough exploraon of the relaons between space, me


Thorough exploraon of the relaons between space, me and passion

and the passions. They undertook with great fervour the aecve urban mapping, which they called Psychogeography.

Psychogeography IShould building be FIX? The rst, born of the aempt to avoid any sort of urban xity, is a vision of the city in permanent temporal and physical transformaon, a sort of nomadic metabolism that ancipates in very general terms the Walking City project developed by Ron Herron and Brian Harrey of Archigram, 1965. Based on the largely unexamined assumpon that a city conceived in its enrely as one massive process of dri would as such provide the ideal environment for the derive, the SI imagined a nomadic metropolis engaged in a connual and acve process of construcve and decay.

Psychogeography II Ludic MegastructuresThe inial ideas of Psychogeography and nomadic walking cies although engaging were more of an experiment. The SI had plans for the realisaon of urban construcon in what they termed Ludic Megastructuralism. They embraced the idea of the megastructure as a huge support which would oer individuals the framework to resolve their own ideals and create environments. This was the SI seeming to resolve the conict between design and the derive. The new construcon materials

and technologies on the 1950s and 60s seemed to make these structures possible. A building in New York in 1955 was cited by Debord as manifesng signs allowing an internal derive via the exibility of moving internal walls. With such mega spaces and open infrastructure allowing nomadic living, Guy Debord said that the SI not only wanted to build, but they wanted to build cies.

New BabylonBoth Leerist and Situaonists produced various sorts of graphic and textual artefacts that refunconed older maps as well as surveillance images, aerial photographs and sociological graphs as a means to trace eecve vectors in relaon to built space.Although the Situaonists, according to Debord, did not have me to build because they had to devote their energies to changing the world instead of merely the cityscape, there was at least one early aempt, albeit quickly aborted, to actually work out the technical, structural and soci-polical contours of a built SI urban environment: the New Babylon [top opposite] project of the Dutch architect, and Situaonist, Constant Nieuwenhuys. Located in the context of a crisis of urban space, the drawings and models produced by Constant re-examine and redene the very noon of the architect who will no longer be the builder of forms alone, but rather the builder of complete ambiances.

Constant_New Babylon 1963

Constant_New Babylon 1958


One day we will construct cies made from the derive

Covered CityThe Covered City was a dynamic and exible space, conducive to nomadism. It was a model by Constant, made in 1956, of a permanent yet highly uid campsite for gypsies in Alba Italy. It was a connuous spaal construcon elevated from the ground and incorporang both housing structures and public spaces (which can be modied for dierent purposes according to the needs of the moment). The city employed giant space frames that were structural innovaons of the French pavilion at the Brussels Expo 58, designed by French engineer Rene Sarger. The structure incorporated suspended spaces for sleeping, pleasure, producon and distribuon, alleviang the ground free for trac and public meengs.

Constant_The Covered City

Inuences of the Derive

20Data Denion Within The Derive Method

Method

Aer taking inuence from the work of the Situaonists, and their way of mapping and recording a derive, the following dra methodology was tested out on an area of Hulme, Manchester.

Inial desktop research into the designated Stoke-on-Trent town of Tunstall had revealed a local blog entled MyTunstall [hp://mytunstall.co.uk/]. This source was interesng as it contained local views and comments of specic incidents and acvies by local residents.

As there was no blog for the Humle area, a series of topics that occurred frequently in the MyTunstall blog, along other local data were used as a set of criteria to start mapping exercises in Hulme. The diagram below outlines how the criteria can be broken down into 4 areas of: land-use, social record, control, and crime.

Entries from My Tunstall blog

Dra methodology

Hulme, Manchester

21Data Denion Within The Derive Pracce

Hulme is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England. It is located immediately south of Manchester city centre, it is an area with signicant industrial heritage. This area was chosen as a pracce site due to its varied programme (residenal, retail and green space), and its close proximity to the university. This allowed swi analysis of data collected and the opportunity for addional tesng if required. Smart Phones and notes on paper were used to record the derive as they were mobile and quick to use. Some of the mapping applicaons within the Smart Phones used provided interesng results. The process and ndings are shown on the following pages.

View of Beetham Tower from Hulme Park

Centre of Hulme

Residenal area in Hulme


Context_Site idened that contained varied programme and realisc wandering distances

Grid_Grid applied to allow for comparison


Actual Derive_Route taken to map site

GPS Derive_Route recorded by Smart Phone at conict with the Actual Derive

Green Space_Desktop analysis of percentage of green space in each grid square, and overall percentage of green space

Crime Data_Desktop analysis ulising police.co.uk gave informaon of types and locaons of crimes. No. of crimes per grid square


Surveillance_Physically recording posioning of surveillance equipment

An-Social Behaviour_Manually idened locaons and rangs of instances of gra/vandalism and street rubbish



Planning Applicaons_Number of planning applicaons made since 2009, per grid square

House Prices_Houses sold over the last 5 years and average house price per grid square

3D Data Layering

27

Conclusion

Discussions aer the collecon and translaon of the above data concluded that some methods were more subjecve than others.Although, in detail, the gridding structure is very presumptuous (i.e. it is unfair to value an area that is 100m x 100m by informaon that is recorded in only 10m x 10m of that square), with the data types of crime data, planning applicaons and house prices it proves useful as these cannot be visibly recorded. Also green space can be valued by a grid square as it can be calculated from easily available aerial photographs.

Surveillance and ASB were more subjecve as it is dicult to value their severity in the case of ASB , or visual splay in surveillance.

For the future data collecon it was agreed there needed to be two types of derive: a desktop derive that records invisible data i.e. stascs online; and a physical derive that maps and located and valued specic data types on the ground in-situ.

Data Denion Within The Derive Pracce

28

Context

Having pracced and analysed a methodology for recording a derive in Hulme, the town of Tunstall, in Stoke-on-Trent, was idenied as the research area. The town centre, and surrounding areas, were overlaid with a 250m x 250m grid derived from the OS map. This allowed for geographic comparave datasets.

Tunstall is the most northern, and fourth largest town of the Poeries. It is situated in the very north west of the city borough, with its north and west boundaries being the city limit. It stands on a ridge of land between Fowlea Brook to the west and Scoa Brook to the east, surrounded by old le making and brick making sites, some of which date back to the Middle Ages.

Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall Research

Tunstall Town Centre

500 metresN

Desktop_Context

29

My Tunstall

The MyTustall social networking blog had, presumably, been setup to share ideas and feelings of the area, but had basically become a portal through which residents were venng their frustraon of crime and an-social behaviour in Tunstall, naming specic locaons and incidents.

The website allows residents and companies to adverse things, but the most acvity seems to take place in the blog. It currently contains 10,150 entries and is separated into 38 forums.

Reviewing a few of the entries, MyTunstall paints the picture that Tunstall and the surrounding area is not on eof the most desirable areas in which to live or work, and that there is a lot of an-social behaviour, vandalism and crime. However, site visits showed Tunstall to be a busy lile market town that seemed pleasant.

The Word Cloud below, of the rst few pages of the forum, illustrates the reoccurring themes.

Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall ResearchDesktop_My Tunstall

My Tunstall Word Cloud

30Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall ResearchDesktop_Crime Data

Crime Data

Having used the police.co.uk website to get an accurate locaon of crimes and category in Hulme, this source also provides an interesng overview of Stoke-on-Trent and Tunstall. The interacve map on the website allows for street by street informaon on types of crime and volume.

At a larger scale, in comparing it with other post-industrial towns, Stoke-on-Trent is shown to have the smallest number of crimes per populaon, and per person. Of the crimes that are commied, the majority are ASB related. Breaking down the crimes into the six towns and looking at the types of crimes, Tunstall is about equal with Burslem, Fenton and Longton. Finally looking at the six categories of Robbery, Vehicle Crime, ASB, Burglary, Violent Crimes, and Other Crimes, Tunstall is prodiminantly aected by ASB and Other Crimes.

31Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall Research

Police.co.uk crime data for Tunstall

32Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall ResearchPhysical_Interview with PC Clarke

its probably about half a dozen individuals at any one me who are comming 80-90% of all the crime

not ddling the crime if you like, but being invenve

20 years ago there would be about 6 to 7 burglaries a day in Tunstall... Whereas now we probably get 1 burglary every 2 to 3 days in the whole of Stoke-on-Trent

Interview with PC Clarke

One parcular site visit led to an interview with local PC Sergeant Paul Clarke, a member of the Neighbourhood Policing Team. PC Clarke was able to provide detailed locaons of problemac areas with regards to crime and ASB, as well as areas that were most desirable to live in. This gave an overall insight into the layout, acvies and demographics of the town. This insight was used as the locaon for the groups methodology.

PC Clarke also discussed how crime, compared to twenty years ago, had reduced dramacally. He highlighted that the problems that do remain involve mainly an-social behaviour, burglary, and vehicle crime and how they are located around the town.

Also discussed was the slow turnaround of police data and recording of incidents, to ocers on the beat. In a technology age where the police are able to have informaon on police.co.uk, it sll takes them over 24hrs to report informaon back to ocers. Within all this there is no real strong link with the public.

In the conclusion of the interview, PC Clarke did highlight how it was only really a handful of people actually causing the trouble.

33Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall Research

500 metresN

Map Findings

Most Crime_worst rst [RED] D3 D4 H4 G4 F7

Also Williamson Street is located. This is the street the Crime Data located as the most crime-ridden street in Tunstall.

Most Desirable_most rst [BLUE] F4 F5 G3

Most ASB_worst rst [GREEN] E5 Town Centre area Memorial Garden Tunstall Park area

34Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall ResearchPhysical_Interview with PC Clarke

Process

Again the map would be gridded into 250m x 250m square that allow for fair comparison.

Levels of detail would vary due to me and resources. It is unrealisc to visit and record every street in the town. Scales of invesgaon would be applied. The areas that PC Clarke had idened as the: Most Crime [D3], Most An-Social [E5], and Most Desirable [F5], along with a Town Centre would be mapped in a similar way to that of the Hulme derive. Using a similar analysis to how recording is carried out in the book Fear & Space, a map will be able to be drawn of how crime-ridden, or not, an area is.

Two types of data collecon were to be used: desktop and physical recording. Due to me and manpower restricons it was unrealisc to aempt to carry out a physical analysis of the whole town, so, similarly to Hulme, Tunstall was divided into grid squares.

Desktop Data Collecon

Collecng views of MyTunstall bloggers, idenfying areas and issues, assigning those to grid squares Crime stascs on the police website, assigning those to grid squares

Physical Data Collecon

Derive, route walked Regulated boundaries Private barriers ATM fear space Blind zones Street lights Vandalism Rubbish Surveillance

Fear + Space front cover

Extract from Fear + Space

37Data Denion Within The Derive Tunstall Research Queson

Having produced a research overview of the area of Tunstall, a methodology had to be devised to allow physical recording to take place and a conclusion to be drawn.

MyTunstall described almost as a warzone with young yobs running wild. The Crime Data highlighted that Stoke-on-Trent, and Tunstall in parcular, were average if not less than average when it came to having issues with crime. PC Clarke idened there are problems in the area and that these issues are ongoing, but it isnt as bad as it used to be.

These three sources gave diering views on the percepon of crime within Tunstall. All can be seen to be subjecve in their own right, so an overall comparison of the three data sets would be the most accurate. That is what would be invesgated: HOW SERIOUS IS CRIME IN TUNSTALL?

The process and ndings are shown on the following pages.

RESEARCH QUESTION_ HOW SERIOUS IS CRIME IN TUNSTALL?

Town Centre

Data Denion Within The Derive Record 38

39Data Denion Within The Derive Record

D3_Most Crime


E5_Most An-Social Behaviour


F4_Most Desirable


Data Denion Within The Derive Translaon 47

Crimescapes

Having collected all the data from the three areas of: MyTunstall, Crime Data, and PC Clarke, crimescapes could now be constructed to observe the results and drawing comparisons.

The following four pages display three dierent datasets:

1. Town Centre Crimescape_ Frequency Layer Diagram_ Crime Data by Sheet2. Town Centre Crimescape_ Frequency Layer Diagram_ Site Survey Data3. Tunstall Crimescape

48Data Denion Within The Derive Translaon

Frequency Layer Diagram_Crime Data by Sheet


Frequency Layer Diagram_Site Survey Data


Tunstall Crimescape

52Data Denion Within The Derive Congure

Conclusion

Town Centre Crimescape_Frequency Layer Diagram_Crime Data by SheetThis crimescape illustrates the types of crimes that happen on various streets within the town centre. The most acve areas are along Scoa Road and around Tower Square. Scoa Road is alongside a large shopping complex so there is an argument that these gures relate to acvies within the shopping complex. Tower Square is in front of the Market Hall and is where PC Clarke reported the largest amount of ASB.

Town Centre Crimescape_Frequency Layer Diagram_Site Survey DataThis crimescape illustrates the control elements on various streets within the town centre. The most acve areas are along Scoa Road the roundabout to the north of the centre and along the A50. The high amount of street lights is to be expected due to the roads. The surveillance equipment used in this area is large CCTV cameras that are used to monitor trac as well as pedestrian acvity. PC Clarke informed students that these cameras are operated by a control room in Hanley by the council, and not the police. The next most acve area in terms of these elements is around Tower Square.

Tunstall Crimescape All the data that was collected was compiled in to a spreadsheet that allowed informaon for every grid square to be overlaid on top of one another. Before being compiled into the nal Combined Stats, the three areas of research: Crime Stats, PC Clarke Stats, and MyTunstall Stats, were anaylsed.Crime Stats showed high areas of crime along Williamson Street [F7,F8] to the south east of the Town Centre. This is an interesng area as there are a variety of dierent programmes to the north and south of the road. To the north is the shopping complex and open car park, and to the south there is mixed industrial units and parks, with residenal areas in between. The grid square of D3 stands out dramacally as well. This is also a slightly mixed programme area with industrial land [used and vacant] dispersed among housing. This area was idened by PC Clarke as a High Crime grid square because of alcoholism, burglary and, at one point, murder. There is also slight amount of acvity in the Town Centre which could be expected due to the retail aspect and high fooall.

53Data Denion Within The Derive Congure

PC Clarke Stats illustrate the large map of Tunstall shown a few pages prior to this. The main areas of crime are D3,D4 [residenal and some vacant industrial], and H4 [Tunstall Park].

MyTunstall Stats dier slightly from the previous two datasets, in that D2 and D3 are prominent, but also the adjacent grid squares of C2 and C3 are elevated. This dataset is gathered from the comments in the MyTunstall forums so it is very direct in some instances and can be considered very subjecve. Unlike the other two crimescapes all grid points have some sort of value. This is due to some comments not being specic about an exact locaon. In that instance every grid square acquires a value.

Combined Stats compiles all three datascapes to produce an overall picture of the high crime areas in Tunstall. With only a slight prominence of acvity within the Town Centre, there is a the overriding presence of D3 looming above the other peaks.

This proves conclusive that D3 is denitely an area for further invesgaon.

Summary

In answer to the queson How serious is crime in Tunstall?, is that it isnt that serious.

Stoke-on-Trent itself features very low compared to other contemporary, post-industrial towns and cies with regards a problemac crime situaon. Within that low crime value, Tunstall sits on average if not one of the lowest in terms of crime issues.At a more inmate level, mainly through the evidence of PC Clarke, the MY Tunstall forums, and site visits, it is noceable that there is a tension in the area of D3.

The following rst image depicts the percepon of Tunstall through the eyes of someone observing the comments of the MyTunstall bloggers, whereas the second image is the reality of Tunstall: an average town with some areas of an-social behaviour, drunks and vehicle crime, just like any other town. As well as the occasional youth whizzing around on a mini moto and some broken glass from a Lambrini bole on the play park.

Data Denion Within The Derive Congure

My Tunstalls Percepon of Tunstall

Data Denion Within The Derive Congure

The Reality of Tunstall

QR Barcodes

58Data Denion Within The Derive Installaon

QR Barcode applicaons

QR Barcodes

59

Smart Phone App

As part of the Data Denion brief, students were required to work towards an installaon that records and presents ndings of the exploraons in an abstract way that has geo-spaal associaon and locaonal characteriscs.

QR Barcodes were chosen as a medium through which to present the data already collected.

History and TechnologyQR Barcode is abbreviated from Quick Response code. It is a type of matrix barcode (two dimensional code) that was rst introduced in the automove industry to track vehicles during the manufacturing process. It was designed to be decoded at high speed and is created on a 31x31 grid using only black pixels on a white background. One great advantage of using QR Barcodes is their ability to store large amounts of elctronic data.

QR barcodes are being used more and more in everyday life as adversing and sharing informaon. All Smart Phones can download applicaons that allow them to decode the code. The codes then to link to websites or simply reveal a word. The group wanted to take this a step further by using this technology in a feedback loop with police, so the public would be able to record, and be aware of, crime.

MethodologyThe datasets already collected were in were in two formats: 1. Per grid square; 2. Per street. Both contained informaon about crime, surveillance, rubbish, vandalism, and fear spaces about these 250m x 250m grids, or streets. This data was compiled from MyTunstall anaylsis, Crime Data on the police.co.uk website, and the PC Clarke interview.

As a methodology for an installaon, the group proposed an applicaon for Smart Phones.

Members of the public would nd these QR Barcodes around Tunstall and, upon scanning them, would be linked to a webpage that would display their locaon. They would then choose one of two opons: an-derive game or the variable route nder.

The variable route nder allows users to view the crime stats of the street they are on, choose an end point on the map, then select a set of criteria that would guide them to the end point via the highest or lowest aributes chosen. They would then scan QR codes they came across along the way to ensure they are heading in the right direcon.

The an-derive game works in a similar way to the variable route nder, apart from it is at a gridded scale rather than a street scale. Whereas the variable route nder selects appropriate streets to traverse depending on the users criteria, the an-derive game allows a lot more freedom, hence derive. Upon selecng and valuing your desired criteria, the user would only given the direcon of the next square and have to nd the next QR code.

As part of a feedback loop, users are able to post comments or report crimes that have happened, geo-tagging them as they go to build up a dataset of local informaon.

There would be some subjecvity in the feedback given, and a certain amount of monitoring would be required to ensure the system is being used correctly, but ulmately this Smart Phone App allows users to view live crime stats of the area they are in. This would allow people to get home via the safest route possible but also allow users to explore a town as a digitally enabled Situaonist.

Manufacture & InstallaonAs an installaon, QR Barcodes were screen printed onto ceramic les and then aached to points in the centre of these grid squares or on street signs.

Data Denion Within The Derive Installaon

QR Barcode installaon

Manufacture


[re_map]_tunstall

variable route finder

[re_map]_tunstall

anti-derive game

INFRASTRUCTURAL URBANISM

Infrastructural Urbanism Brief 70

Brief

In November 2011, the following brief was issued to students:

Infrastructural work recognises the collecve nature of the city and allows for the parcipaon of mulple authors. Infrastructures give direcon to future work in the city not by the establishment of rules or codes (top-down), but by xing points of service, access, and structure (boom-up). Infrastructure creates a directed eld where dierent architects and designers can contribute, but it sets technical and instrumental limits to their work. Infrastructure itself works strategically, but it encourages taccal improvisaon.

[Stan Allen, Infrastructural Urbanism]

Following on from Data Derive, you should now have a plaorm of inial research and contextual data upon which you can begin to develop themac inquiry. Using the data you will discover and record along with addional contextual research and datasets you will be in a posion to iniate concepts, themes and strategies, leading to a thesis proposal for the re_programming of landscape and a clear denion of your theorecal posion.

[Richard Brook and Nick Dunn. 2011]

Infrastructural Urbanism Response 71

Response

The conclusion of the previous secon was that Tunstall suers from an average or low amount of crime in comparison to the other towns in Stoke-on-Trent. This secon will analyse Stoke-on-Trent from the wider perspecve of economics and transport infrastructure at a naonal and global level. By reviewing the work of Cedric Prices Poeries Thinkbelt and ulising current government economic models, this secon will conclude by proposing a masterplan from which an architectural intervenon, improving Stoke-on-Trents urban infrastructure can be developed.

Infrastructural Urbanism Transport 72

Curr

ent

mes

Prop

osed

m

es

Transport

Following a site visit to some of the developing staons involved in Londons Crossrail project, a study into the eects a similar large scale infrastructure project, High Speed Rail, would have on Stoke-on-Trent was carried out.

High Speed RailBuilding on the success of High Speed 1, which provides high-speed internaonal and domesc rail services between the Channel Tunnel and London St Pancras, there is a compelling case for developing a naonal HSR network to serve all of Britain.

Mainline Europe currently boasts 3,480 miles of high-speed railway lines with a further 2,160 miles under construcon and 5,280 more miles planned for the future. Britain, meanwhile, has just 68 miles of high-speed lines in operaon. The UKs infrastructure is the driver for its economic prosperity.One third of the UKs populaon live in cies and many millions more commute into them every dayLondon and the cies involved in HSR:UK generate 55 % of naonal wealth

High Speed 1 was the rst phase in Britains contemporary rail system. The second phase, HS2, to be completed in 2026, is the route from London Euston to Birmingham. There are also HS3, HR4, and HS5 planned to reach Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheeld, Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh. One of two addional stops between Birmingham and Manchester is Stoke-on-Trent. This connecon with London will have a signicant impact on Stoke-on-Trent.

BenetsSome of the benets that will be realised by the biggest change the UK railways have seen in 60 years are that it will free up exisng west coast lines for more freight and local services and allowing travellers to reach their desnaons more eciently and swily. This will allow people to give up their cars on long distance travels, resulng in 3.8 million fewer vehicle journeys. The dramacally cut journey mes, and the provision of vital connecvity, will boost Britains economic compeveness and shrink the north-south divide. The new railway would travel at speeds of up to 200 mph, along 1,500 miles of rail, and passengers would be able to get from Glasgow to London in just 2hr 16 minutes, while also serving Manchester and Birmingham.

Stoke-on-Trent to London / London to Stoke-on-TrentWith the introducon of the High Speed network in Britain many cies are brought closer together. London Euston Staon is now only a 1hr 30mins commute from Tunstall. Reversely Tunstall is only 1hr 30mins from London Euston and even closer to major northern cies.

The diagram to the immediate right shows how it can currently take up to 3hrs 18mins to get from a house in Tunstall to an oce in London Euston aiming to get to work for 9:00am [which isnt currently possible]. At its quickest, the journey can take 1hr 50mins, but this is unlikely to increase anymore due to the capacity of the current train infrastructure.

With HSR, Tunstall is now comparable to commuter towns such as Eastleigh, Whilesford, Mistley, Southminster, Snodland, and

High Speed Rail Logo

High Speed Rail proposed routes and journey mes


Hollingbourne. Although the distances are dramacally dierent, Tunstall is over twice as far away from London as Eastliegh is, the travel mes are exactly the same.

This opens up the more aordable housing market of Stoke-on-Trent to City commuters. The average house price of the six exisng London commuter towns is 252,785, compare this to the 115,545 of Tunstall, this is a dierence of 137,240.

This infrastructural introducon gives a new presence to Stoke in the fact that it is now well connected to the north as well the south. Already located in the centre of Britain, HSR allows Stoke-on-Trent to achieve the benets of being incredibly well connected by road and rail.

Poeries Loop LineThe Poeries Loop Line was a railway line that served several towns in Stoke-on-Trent. It was built by the North Staordshire Railway o its main line (nowadays referred to as the Manchester branch of the West Coast Main Line via Stoke).It was opened in many short secons due to the cost of railway construcon during the 1870s and connued to serve the populaon of Stoke-on-Trent up unl the 1920s, when the line began to fall vicm to road compeon.

The Poeries Loop Line was a very short line, which assumed great importance with increasing local developments. Schemes for the Loop Line were inuenced and aected by the plans of other companies in the world outside Staordshire who wished to gain access to the industrial riches of the Poeries.

Nowadays the enre track has been exhumed, old staons have been built over and in some cases the old route has been intersected with the construcon of industrial units. The majority of the Loop Line route is sll open, and there is denite potenal to revitalise this route to create direct links between the 6 major towns. A current line would have to use the road at points but it is suitable for a Light Rapid Transport system.

1hr 30 minute commute from London

1902 Loop Line Route

m6

m6

m6

a500

a500

a50

a50

stoke-on-trent

longport

kidsgrovealsager

stoke-on-trent

longton

crewe

wedgewood

blythebridge

tunstall

burslem

hanley

stoke

longton

fenton

national cycle network

mersey canal

caldon canal

trent andmersey canal

BoundaryStaordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

6 Towns

Roads

Rail

Cycling

Canals

Poeries Loop Line

Poeries Loop Line extension

High Speed Rail


Stoke-on-Trent Connecvity

With Stoke-on-Trent becoming a High Speed Rail staon between Manchester and Birmingham, revitalising the Poeries Loop Line and extending the PLL along exisng embankments of the current rail line, the area is now directly connected to London in Journey mes that are comparable with major commuter towns in the South East. This infrastructural connecvity couple with low house prices and building rates makes Stoke-on-Trent very appealing to investors.

alsagercrewe

towns

rail

rail station

road

canals

national cycle route

loop line

stoke-on-trent boundary

high speed rail

loop line extension

loop line station


longport

kidsgrove

longton

wedgewood

blythebridge

tunstall

burslem

hanley

stoke

longton

fenton


UK economic acvity shrank by 0.2% in the last three months of 2011

[ONS]

Infrastructural Urbanism Economy 78

Economy

Having established that Stoke-on-Trent has the potenal to be well connected from an infrastructural perspecve, its current economic situaon, and the UK as a whole, is currently on the decline rendering it an area of low interest for investment.

Following the banking crisis of 2008 the UKs economy is such that:

Large numbers of unemployed high-skilled people Deprived neighbourhoods Companies are unwilling and unable to invest Government debt at record of 1tn High Street casuales: Peacocks, Thorntons, and HMV UK inaon rate falls to 4.2% Rising prices: food and drink, housing and services, public transport

The once prosperous industrial economy of the UK has a falling GDP, and the emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) are rapidly dominang the producon of manufactured goods around the globe.

BRIC Economies


Local Negaves

At a more regional level, policies indicate that Stoke-on-Trent has the following underlying negave connotaons that are resulng in a lack of interest and investment by companies and families.

Out migraon and commung outside the area Large number of high-skilled unemployed Aging populaon (55% are either

Challenges

Policies such as the Adopted Core Spaal Strategy 2009 have set out a number of challenges to focus on with the aim of creang a more desirable locaon.

Increase employment in higher value jobs Aract new investors Enjoyable desnaon Revitalise the economy

Employment incenves

new development in locaons easily accessible by healthy modes of transport, creang aracve and sustainable places in which to live and work

Economic prosperity has a direct bearing on our quality of life

[Adopted Core Spaal Strategy 2009]


Aractors

Stoke-on-Trent currently has many exisng aractors that local councils are looking to capitalise on to bring in outside investment. The Poeries_Sll the centre of the Brish ceramic industry, largest clay producer in the world Natural recreaonal surroundings_The Peak District and Naonal Cycle Networks Tourism_canals_10,000 boats a year Rich historic landscape including_250 listed buildings 23 conservaon areas, and 5 historic parks and gardens Aordable housing Geographically well connected Centre for distribuon Two universies (one with a medical school and science park) Compeve labour and land costs

Summary

Currently there are many issues with the area that are leading it to be characterless and deprived. This is a far cry from the hustle and bustle of the once world renowned centre of ceramics. There are many policy documents that strive to get Stoke-on-Trent and the surrounding areas to be a more desirable locaon for companies and families to move to. The exisng aractors oer a rich surrounding to this post-industrial city.

This thesis will now look to strategies and iniaves at a naonal level to help develop the economy.

Contemporary bespoke and mass-produced ceramics

Stoke-On-Trent is the most cost-compeve place to set up a new UK Business

[KPMG]



Local Enterprise Partnerships

By abolishing Regional Development Agencies and replacing them with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP), the Government has embarked on a radical reform programme that allows these LEPs to act decisively and increase prosperity.

Local enterprise partnerships are led by local authories and businesses across natural economic areas. They provide the vision, knowledge and strategic leadership needed to drive sustainable private sector growth and job creaon in their area.

The budget 2011 announced that Government would establish 21 new Enterprise Zones in LEP areas. The core oer for businesses in the Zone is around simplied planning and business rates discounts, with Zones having the potenal to develop innovave soluons to address the specic local economic challenges.

Enterprise Zones

Enterprise Zone overview: Public/private iniave Increasing employment Improving economic performance in an area Commitment to localism Discount rates and TAX increment nancing for businesses Fast-stream planning via Local evelopment Orders Superfast broadband

Local Enterprise Partnerships


Stoke-on-Trent + Staordshire Enterprise Zone

The North Staordshire Enterprise Zone (NSEZ) is at the heart of the LEPs drive to aract new business to invest, encourage new business formaon and to smulate workforce skills and aspiraons.

The NSEZ will boost local economic growth through:

Delivering highly targeted, sector-specic investor support

Catering for the full range of business needs, from micro-businesses to large logiscs operaons on easily accessible sites all close to the M6 Motorway and the heart of the UK economy Potenally creang 9386 jobs by April 2015 Providing packages of investment incenves Linking directly to the naonal job creaon drive

The Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) is dedicated to transforming the local economy by creang a dynamic entrepreneurial culture and removing barriers to job creaon.

[LEP]

Stoke-on-Trent + Staordshire Proposed Enterprise Zone Sites


Poeries Thinkbelt_Gantry cranes in acon

View from Poeries rail line Adaptable units

Poeries Thinkbelt_Cedric Price

The Poeries Thinkbelt was a seriously considered project by Cedric Price in the 1970s for revitalizing the educaonal and industrial infrastructure of northern Staordshire. By the 1960s the Poeries had fallen into ruin and rust, the vicm of rising costs and foreign compeon. Prices Poeries Thinkbelt was a plan to convert a region of Britains once-thriving industrial heartland into a one hundred square mile think-tank, recuperang derelict industrial sites and railways as the basic infrastructure for a new educaonal industry, in part to stem the de of the Brain Drain.

Like many industries in England, the coal and ceramics industries of North Staordshire had fallen on hard mes aer the Second World War, and by the 1960s, the Poeries was a ruined industrial landscape. These condions were repeated in scores of industrial centres throughout Britain.

Price sought to re-establish the North Staordshire Poeries as a centre of science and emerging technologies, much as it had been during the Industrial Revoluon. He envisioned his Poeries Thinkbelt as a wholesale conversion of Englands rusng industrial infrastructure into a new industry of technical educaon and scienc research, focusing on praccal applicaons.

Despite the promises of post-war educaonal reform by both the Labour and Conservave governments, Brish higher educaon in the post-war years was sll largely associated with presge, high social status, and the classics, lagging far behind Western Europe and the United States in research opportunies and technical training.

Price coined the neologism Thinkbelt to describe the educaonal orientaon as well as the regional scale of his project, describing it as a kind of cross between Berkeley in California and a College of Advanced Technology, for twenty thousand students. He hoped that his Poeries Thinkbelt would help to break down the tradional wall between pure and applied science and technology, lure sciensts and technologists back to Britain, and help to put the naon at the forefront of advanced technologies.

His plan for the Poeries Thinkbelt was to ulize the abandoned rail network of the Poeries as the infrastructure of his new think tank. Using the technologies of prefabricaon and containerized shipping, he designed mobile, rail-mounted classrooms, computer, and data storage modules, laboratories, lecture, and demonstraon halls, which would shunt constantly from place to place along the refurbished railway lines.


Poeries Thinkbelt Proposion

Fun Palace

There were three large transfer areas in the Poeries Thinkbelt. In addion to providing residenal Accommodaon Towers, social spaces, teaching facilies, and administrave areas, large gantry and radial cranes would handle the rearrangement of variable funcon mobile units in the Faculty Zone from and to the adjacent rail lines.

In all, there were to be thirty two thousand living units. Like the mobile teaching units, the housing modules could be moved around and rearranged by cranes and rail as the program changed over me. Students could leave their homes in the morning, board the mobile classrooms, and learn while their classroom moved along the PTB rail circuit, from a demonstraon laboratory, to a model factory, to an experimental staon, returning back to their modular homes at the end of the day.

In the Poeries Thinkbelt, Price enlarged on the improvisaonal, adaptable model of architecture he had rst explored in the Fun Palace to create a landscape of constant change and acvity, more like an electronic circuit than a stac building. His redeployment of the ruined industrial landscape of the Poeries was a microcosm of his vision for architecture and for the future of Britain (a radical departure from the stolid monuments of

tradional universies or the new Redbrick schools), oering new models of economic, educaonal, and social development within an acve architectural matrix far more extensive than that of the Fun Palace.

Like the Fun Palace, the Poeries Thinkbelt was never realized. Price had never idened a client for the Thinkbelt and his proposal failed to aract much more than bemused interest.

Infrastructural Urbanism Masterplan 86

Masterplan

This thesis suggests that the current Enterprise Zone proposal for Stoke-on-Trent does not embed itself into the community enough. The Date Denion Within The Derive secon highlighted that the urban areas are where the problems of crime and an-social behaviour are. This thesis sees the development of EZ sites within current urban areas, on derelict industrial sites, as a way of bringing up the community and economic reputaon of Stoke-on-Trent.

Having idened that Stoke-on-Trent is one of the most cost eecve places to set up a UK business, ulising the Governments EZ iniave and centring and linking areas around redeveloped infrastructure, similar to the Poeries Thinkbelt, the following masterplan is proposed.

New Proposed Enterprise Zone

The current case for an Enterprise Zone in Stoke-on-Trent proposes three sites for development. This masterplan distributes this same amount of area to sites that are closure to urban areas and focussed around the proposed Loop Line Light Rapid Transport rail line. This will allow seamless integraon for all towns to be connected to naonal infrastructure when High Speed Rail is completed.

The criteria for an Enterprise Zone are to provide between 50 150 hectares of development on either green or browneld land. The new proposal provides 82.1 hectares of development on solely browneld locaons.

The current proposal centres its case around a three pronged approach to economic development: Knowledge + Intelligence, Manufacturing + Development, and Industrial + Logiscal. These disciplines will be allocated to sites that suit the required space, access, and potenal expansion aributes.

This thesis will now proceed to develop one of these sites with the aim of producing an architectural intervenon to that will be a catalyst for the re_building of Stoke-on-Trent economy.

New Proposed Enterprise Zone_Linear formaon conneceted by the redeveloped Loop Line

Knowledge Based Enterprise, Intelligence Synergies and Skill

General Manufacturing and Industrial Development

General Industrial and Logis c Uses

Enterprise Zone

Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Stoke

Fenton

Longton

Tunstall 0.7 hectares

4.5 hectares

13.8 hectares

2.7 hectares

55 hectares

5.4 hectares

New proposed Enterprise Zone programme split betweeen the 6 towns

Hanley

Fenton

Burslem

Stoke

Longton

Infrastructural Urbanism Masterplan 87

TUNSTALL ENTERPRISE PALACE

Tunstall Enterprise Palace Descripon/SIte Selecon 90

Development sketches_Working with topography

Considered sites in Tunstall

Renzo Piano + Richard Rogers_Pompidou Centre. 1977

Archigram_Walking City. 1964

Site Selcon

Due to previous invesgaon and analysis of the area, Tunstall has been chosen as the location for a proposed intervention. As the masterplan previously illustrated, the Tunstall site will be one of two centres for Knowledge Based Enterprise and Intelligence Synergies + Skills, the other site in Burslem.

Four sites were inially considered for development in Tunstall. Site_01 is open park land between residenal selements and a small industrial estate. It is not close to the town centre and is relavely dicult to access. Site_02 is located on the periphery of grid square D3, idened as the most crime-ridden area in Tunstall. Similarly to the previous site, it is surrounded by industry and housings. It is also not directly adjacent to the loop line meaning connecons would have to be built addional. Site_03 is at the juncon of what were two rail lines in between residenal areas. Although it is directly next to/on top of the loop line, it lacks direct connecons to main arterial routes and the town centre. Site_04 was deemed the most appropriate locaon for development because of its central locaon within the town, access links to infrastructure, and the mixed-use programme that surrounds the site.

Descripon

Tunstall Enterprise Palace is the knowledge base and skill centre for Stoke-on-Trent. Ulising the Governments current Enterprise Zone iniave, that allows areas with real potenal to create the new business and jobs they need, The Tunstall Enterprise Palace incorporates a exible and expandable oce layout that can accommodate all types of start-up and current small-scale businesses, whilst providing a venue for local producons and performances.

The palace is designed as a system that can be picked up and played out anywhere. This is similar to the concept of Archigrams Walking City, where massive mobile roboc structures, with their own intelligence, could freely roam the world, responding to wherever their resources or manufacturing abilies were needed. The Palace is comprised of contextual and non-contextual/generic elements. In this case the contextual element is the auditorium, and the generic element is the oce space. The oce space would incorporate an adaptable layout much like the exible internal arrangement of the Pompidou Centre. The spaces can be arranged to suit the changing needs of its occupants.

Site_01

Site_02

Site_03

Site_04

PP

P

P

T

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T

T

Start-up Business Centre

Community Facilies

Auditorium

Start-up Units

Loop Line Staon

P

T

Shower

WC

Parking

Cycle Storage

Taxi Rank

Bus Stop

Escalator

Tram Plaorm

Li

Stairs

Kiosk

Informaon / Recepon

Sta Room

Control Room

Security

Storage

Wireless

Green Space

Prinng

Workshop

Retail

Lounge Area

Cafe / Resturant

Waing Room

Training / Meeng / Interview Room

Conference Centre

Gallery / Exhibion

Library

Oce Space



General Industrial and Logisc Uses

Enterprise Zone

Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Stoke

Fenton

Longton

Tunstall Enterprise Palace SIte Inial Programme 91

Physical Site Analysis

Key

Programme

0m 100 200

Town Centre

Contours

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Loop Line

Site

Buildings

Schemac diagram_Ground oor

Community facilies Auditorium Oce units Light Rapid Transport staon

Schemac diagram_First oor Relaonship diagram

Service Core

Loop Line Staon

Community Facilies

Start-Up Units

Auditorium

Loop Line

N

Organisaon

The surrounding neighbourhood programme is such that the building is a bridge between a residenal area and the large retail area of the town, as well as a staon for the Loop Line. By separang the building into 4 primary spaces, and all accessible to a service core, the building is able to have an area for start-up businesses separate from the public realm and the funcons of the LRT staon.

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Poly-Nuclaic Town Arrangment

Na onal Cycle Network

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Roads

High Speed Rail Proposal

Solar Winter Sols ce

Rail

Loop Line

Annual Wind Frequency

Canals

Sta ordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

BDACC_01Paul A Westwell 05087209Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Design + Climate ChangeSITE ANALYSIS

Longditude_53.1o La tude_-2.2o Eleva on_160m a.m.s.l.

Sta ordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]HistoryStoke-on-Trent, also known as The Po eries, is a unique city in England that is comprised of the following six district towns: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton. Situated in Sta ordshire in the West midlands, this polynuclaic forma on of towns is located along the River Trent and, according to 2007 es mates, has a popula on of around 239,700.Stoke-on-Trents wealth grew drama cally from the 17th Century onwards due to the success of many industrial-scale po ery manufacturing companies such as Royal Doulton, Dudson Ltd, Spode, and Wedgewood. The local abundance of coal and clay suitable for earthenware produc on led to the early (ini ally limited) development of the po ery industry.

Macro Site AnalysisStoke-on-Trent is posi oned in the centre on the UK. Its geographic loca on, and eleva on above sea level, results in a climate a ected by a south-westerly wind and sun angle varying from 14o in the winter, to 61o in the summer.The historical emergence of the po ery industry has resulted in a linear forma on to the 6 main towns and the rail and canal infrastructures echo this shape. With the increase in car usage, roads have formed their own connec ons and moved away from this pat-tern. Although the A50 follows the north south axis, the A500 provides a connec on to the M6.With High Speed Rail proposed for comple on around 2026, and the reintroduc on of the Po eries Loop Line (abandoned tram railway), the six towns are now directly connected by a Light Rapid Transport system that is e cient, sustainable and reliable.

M6

A500

A50

A50

Birmingham

ManchesterLiverpool

N

N

Physical Site Analysis

Stoke-on-Trent [Tunstall] Tunstall [Site]

View of site from south

Surrounding Materiality Study and Views

Land Use_Retail + Industrial

Land Use_Residen al, Vacant + Green Space

Surrounding Massing

Site Access_Pedestrain + Vehicle

01

02

03

04

0506

07

08

09

10

04 05030201

06 09 100807

Town Centre

Contours

Primary Roads

Secondary Roads

Loop Line

Site

Buildings

Industrial

Retail

Vacant Site

Green Space

Residen al

0m 100 200

Meso Site AnalysisAt the Meso scale context, Tunstall is the most northern town of Stoke-on-Trent. There is a steady slope to the town, from North West to South East, high to low.There is a high volume of retail in the town centre and an extensive retail park. Many of the industrial po ery factories remain, although most have been converted to a di erent use or le derelict. The residen al areas of the town are mainly located to the north. Beyond that, on all sides, is green space.

Micro Site AnalysisContext_The site is located 300m to the east of Tunstall town centre and is 7615 m2. It sits on brown eld land, previously Loop Line railway track, on the edge of terraced housing and the retail area of the town.

Access_There is a primary road to the north and exis ng car parking that could be used to the south. The site is the nal stop for the proposed Stoke-on-Trent LRT, with the line entering the site from the south. The pla orm is yet to be designed. There are exis ng walkways dividing the site, these routes will have to be considered as pedestrian access will be heavily promoted in the sustainable agenda.

Topography_Slightly sloping up from south to west, the main disturbance on the site is an ally tunnel that leads under the road to the north.

Wind + Solar + Noise_The site is only slightly exposed to the south by a car park. To the north and east is residen al, and to the west is newly constructed healthcare and o ce complex. The surrounding buildings are predominantly two stories and set back from the site ensuring there is minimal over shadowing. The main noise concern is the road to the north but this is shielded by a row of trees.

Material Study and Views_Views from the site include Tunstall Roman Catholic Church to the east and the health centre to the south west. The surrounding buildings are primarily composed of locally sourced brick and the retail units are portal steel sheds.

Macro + Meso Scale ProgrammeFollowing the banking crisis of 2008 the UK is in a situa on of economic struggle. There are large numbers of unemployed high-skilled people, deprived neighbourhoods, and companies are unwilling and unable invest. One of the ways the current Government is addressing these issues, and trying to secure economic growth, is to increase the collabora on between private businesses, the public sector and communi es. Enterprise Zones (EZ) run by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP) area the medium through which this economic change will occur. The Stoke-on-Trent EZ is spread over 6 sites within the county. Each site contains economic ac vi es that are speci cally suited to their surroundings and aimed at developing the local economy whilst increasing employment. These 6 sites are linked by the Loop Line Light Rapid Transport.

Micro Scale ProgrammeThe Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre is the northern most EZ site and is speci cally tailored to knowledge based enterprise, intelligence synergies and skills. The surrounding neighbourhood programme is such that the building is a bridge between a residen al area and the large retail area of the town, as well as a sta on for the Loop Line. The building therefore promotes both work and leisure elements. By separa ng the building into 4 primary spaces, and all accessible to a service core, the building is able to have an area for start-up businesses separate from the public realm and the func ons of the LRT sta on.



General Industrial and Logisc Uses

Enterprise Zone

Tunstall

Burslem

Hanley

Stoke

Fenton

Longton

Shower

WC

Parking

Cycle Storage

Taxi Rank

Bus Stop

Escalator

Tram Plaorm

Li

Stairs

Kiosk

Informaon / Recepon

Sta Room

Control Room

Security

Storage

Wireless

Green Space

Prinng

Workshop

Retail

Lounge Area

Cafe / Resturant

Waing Room

Training / Meeng / Interview Room

Conference Centre

Gallery / Exhibion

Library

Oce Space

Start-up Business Centre

Community Facilies

Auditorium

Start-up Units

Loop Line Staon

Auditorium

Start-Up Units

Community Facili es

Service Core

Loop Line Sta on

Loop Line

Site Boundery

BDACC_02aPaul A Westwell 05087209Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Design + Climate ChangePROGRAMME ANALYSIS

Key First Floor

Ground Floor

Rela onship Diagram

Community Facili esEnvironmental Considera on_Noise control required, Hea ng through winter, Maximising natural day light, Natural ven la on

Ergonomics_Large, open and able to facilitate are range of community ac vi es

AuditoriumEnvironmental Considera on_Occupants producing moisture, Hea ng control, Natural ven la on

Ergonomics_Speci c acous c requirements, Serviceable and accessible independently from rest of building

Start-Up UnitsEnvironmental Considera on_Independent thermal control, Computa onal equipment within produces heat, ligh ng requirements

Ergonomics_Flexible desk arrangement to suit occupants needs, Comfortable to work in

Loop Line Sta onEnvironmental Considera on_Internal / external space cold bridge

Ergonomics_Able to operate independently from rest of building, Able to accommodate large volumes of passengers boarding and embarking the LRT Trams

Stoke-on-Trent Enterprise Zone Plan Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre

Public

Public

PublicPublic

PrivateServed

Served

Served

ServedServed

Servant

Servant

Environmental 01_AMEThe main idea behind AME is to re-create a small world where di erent companies can develop themselves and get bigger, on the periphery of the city for the next 20 years.

The building enables many companies, each with their own singularity and size, to work outside all year long in a friendly environment. For a monthly subscrip on, AME allows its occupants to share services such as print-room, kitchen, mee ngs room and recep on.

The inside space is split into a common space and a forest. The common spaces carve the greenhouse in order to create signal from the outside. AME is all about wrapping plenty of en es into a bioclima c greenhouse.

Environmental 01_AME_Angers. France_Architect: WESHEnvironmental 02_ New Art Exchange_No ngham. UK_ Architect: Hawkins Brown

Technical/Structural 01_Akademie Mont Ceris_Herne. German Technical/Structural 02_ The Sharp Project_Manchester. UK

Environmental 01_New Art ExchangeThe New Art Exchange is a regional inner city arts centre devoted solely to the promo on of Black and Asian arts. The programme of the building includes; mixed-use art space; gallery; workshop; rehearsal facili es and cafe. This re ects the vibrant and culture driven atmosphere of the surrounding neighbourhoods. The building contains a naturally ven lated gallery. The buildings fabric u lises a well insulated external skin constructed of brickwork punctured u lising an array of randomly located operable windows, enabling ven la on of the interior spaces.The building is able to be closed o and secured so that only certain areas can be accessed at certain mes. This allows evening entertainment in the gallery space to not interfere with the cafe.

Technical/Structural 01_Akademie Mont CerisAkademie Mont-Cenis is a training academy within the Mont-Cenis energy park and the design seamlessly combines both innova ve architecture and modern solar technology.The 175x72m building has a glass roof, 12,000 square metres, that creates a micro-climate for the buildings interior. The roof also features integrated solar cells that produce about 700,000 kWh of energy per year. The buildings clever design means that the cells not only generate electricity but also act as a shading system.56 spruce trunks and other rectangular wooden sec ons (a total of 3,475 m of wood) form the framework for the micro-climate capsule. They are linked to one another by steel cables and nodes. Thanks to the protected climate in the hall, the wood did not have to be treated.

Technical/Structural 02_The Sharp ProjectThe Sharp Project is a media and studio development in, Manchester. It aims to o er a ordable o ce space for indie media companies, digital entrepreneurs and produc on companies.There are a number of places and o ce spaces to work within The Sharp Project which have all been created speci cally to make life easier for digital businesses to operate. They are design led and built to a high speci ca on but prac cal, func onal and ul mately a ordable.A total of 26 shipping containers, 12 double and 14 single, have been converted into a ordable glazed o ce units. Placed in two terrace rows they create a high street feel. Theyre perfect for start-ups and SMEs who require a short term lease.

BDACC_02bPaul A Westwell 05087209Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Design + Climate ChangePRECEDENT ANALYSIS

Summary Inside / outside Sustainable strategy Natural light Shared services Flexible / expandable units

Summary Mixed use programme Security Naturally ven lated Mul -purpose rooms

1. Entrance2. Cafe3. Kitchen

Ground Floor Plan

4. Lobby5. Recep on 6. Gallery

Summary Roof PVs Timber construc on Natural climate control Uniform grid Truss system

Summary Use of container as work space Module arrangement and connec on Communal facili es High quality digital technology

WCSeedem Roof Li Underground A enua on Tank Stair CoreRoute of Water Fire Escape Route

Environment & Energy

Ven la onThe building uses passive measures for cooling the spaces. Mechanical ven la on is used only where required for acous c or statutory reasons. All ven la on systems except for the commercial kitchen have heat recovery built in, to minimise winter ven la on heat loss.The Building Management System is an extension to the Universitys exis ng estate wide system. It operates based upon a systems led by demand philosophy, the environment in each zone of the building is measured, and me clocks prevent the systems being le on when not needed.

Hea ngThe large glazed surfaces use a pa erned frit to reduce solar gains. Fi ng uses a re ec ve material which is laminated to the glass, increasing the insulator performance of the glass, it also ensures louvers and other systems with a high embodied energy are not needed. The surfaces maintain low U-values, the following U-Values (W/m2K) are presented for each key element; Roof 0.20, Walls 0.25, Floors 0.20, Windows and Doors 1.6, Roof lights 1.8.An open loop ground source heat pump services the retail and o ce spaces by opposing intermi ent cooling loads, this system is less CO2 intensive than a conven onal air cooled chiller. The heat pump also gives free preheat or heat to the low-temperature hot-water hea ng system (LTHW) when required in other

Service & Integra on

Drainage & Waste ManagementThe hub shares the service yard area with an adjacent site and allows for improved manoeuvrability for large goods vehicles and focuses all the service related ac vi es into one area of the site. The University speci ed 5 key areas for waste streams for recycling, due to this recycling bins are provided across the site; paper, card, plas cs, bo les and cans.

The sedum roof enhances bio-diversity and a enuates the peak rainwater runo from the roof. Rainwater is collected to be used for WC ushing. Surface water runo is in line with Sustainable Urban Drainage System techniques, either in surface treatment or bydischarge a enua on.

All sanitary items use infrared presence detec on for ac va on, reducing potable water loss, along with dual ush WCs. Discharge drainage from the kitchen passes through a grease interceptor to prevent contamina on of the drainage system and allow managed disposal.

Legisla ve FrameworkThe following regula ons relate to the requirements for the design of disposal and waste management:Building Regula ons Approved Document G Hygiene the regula ons iden fy requirements for potable water used for drinking and cooking purposes, the provisions for recycled water are iden ed.

Building Regula ons Approved Document H Drainage and Waste Disposal the document iden es the design and layout of foul waste drainage systems within the building. Sec on H1 foul water drainage gives speci c guidance for large developments like the Coventry Hub and H3 Rainwater Drainage speci es the dimensions for gu ers and downpipes. The use of grey water is also speci ed as well as the restric ons for grey water use.

Fire StrategyThere are 7 sets of re stair cores to be used in the event of a re. Assembly areas are located away from the building in line with these exits.

Key1 Exis ng founda on to wall2 External Flooring / bedding and levels to landscape designers3 Shopfront Glazing 4 Floor trench to hea ng pipework and servicing

5 Glazed curtain walling system6 Floor trench to hea ng pipework and services engineer speci ca on7 Aluminium ashing8 Anodized aluminium cladding to internal face of parapet9 Aluminium ashing coping

parts of the building. Photovoltaic solar collectors are also used, with an emphasis on serving hot water loads for the building. The electrical contribu on from PV cells is combined with the na onal grid to ensure the spaces are serviced around the year. The LTHW & PV systems are used in combina on with gas red boilers and so the building uses a combina on of passive and mechanical systems as and where needed. Ligh ngThe ligh ng system is inherently linked to the acous c

system, perforated cylindrical steel shades surround low maintenance LED lamps to produce an even ligh ng system, and also reduce noise levels. The central atrium space uses hanging ba es to keep ambient noise levels bearable and light the key voids and stairs. Strip tube lights are used across the open oor plan, with mber hanging panels to channel the ligh ng and iden fy the work spaces. The ligh ng system is integrated with the building programme and oor nishes, the custom made work pods use a ush ligh ng system embedded within the shell structure.

Acous csThe key challenge for the acous cs system is the fare-faced concrete so t ceiling. The hard ooring surface and double glazed walling also challenge the acous c performance of the spaces. The ligh ng strategy aids the reduc on of noise level by the use of perforated shee ng around the lamps; the so furnishings also help reduce noise level. The hard ooring is broken-up by bold coloured carpets around working and relaxing spaces.

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BDACC_03Steve Drew, Nasar Ishfaq, Daniel Stock, Paul A WestwellManchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Design + Climate ChangeBUILDING CASE STUDY

Footprint Extrude Orienta on Eroding Voids Roofscape

Cores

Floor Plates

Internal Walls

Skin

Coventry UniversityStudent Enterprise BuildingHawkins Brown Architects

The Student Enterprise Building (SEB) is a new statement building designed to form the heart of the campus, and become fully integrated into the students daily rou ne experience. The SEB contains a variety of programme which consolidates the currently dispersed student support func ons, providing a one-stop-shop for students to visit for social and informal learning needs.

Construc on and Sustainability IssuesTo address the issues of technical sustainability, Hawkins Brown incorporated sustainable strategic elements which culminated in achieving a BREEAM excellent ra ng. The SEB u lises passive design measures to minimise the energy requirements using the inherent a ributes of the building, nega ng the requirement for mechanical cooling, hea ng and ven la on.

The SEB is largely naturally ven lated with automated and manual window openings, reducing the peak internal temperature in summer without compromising daylight or using widespread mechanical cooling. The core concrete construc on of the building is internally exposed throughout providing thermal mass. The design does not rely on passive solar gain to reduce hea ng loads. The pa ern of intensive occupa on during the day di ers from residen al pa erns where passive solar hea ng can be more useful.

Materials The facade is a key feature of the building with the principle cladding materiala uni zed ush glazed curtain walling systemwrapped around the building like a taut skin or hard shell. The design of the buildings faade plays a key role, not just aesthe cally, but in the environmental performance of the building. The fri ng to the insulated panels, on the faade treatment, controls the overhea ng of the building through solar heat gain. Future maintenance and replacement of key components was incorporated

into the design strategy of the faade, allowing for future exibility within the building, providing a more sustainable and long-term design.

Construc onInternal Walls_The internal facade consists of: insula on; cavity; insula on; acous c insula on on sheathing board; cavity; and metal stud & lining.External Walls_The building envelope consists of a uni zed, ush glazed curtain walling on an anodised aluminium frame mechanically xed to the concrete slab edge.Floor Plates_Internal oors consist of in situ concrete slabs.Primary Structure_Floor slabs are supported by in situ concrete columns.Founda ons_In-Situ concrete.

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Longitudinal Sec on_B-B

Tunstall Loop Line LRT Sta on Ground Floor Public Realm Socialising Outside Auditorium Streetscape of Start-Up Units

Transverse Sec on_A-A

3D View of Building in Context

Single Container_1/2 Occupants

Double Container_4/5 Occupants

Start-Up Business UnitsThe building u lises recycled 20 shipping contain-ers for the work spaces for the start-up businesses. There are two variables. One is the single container, ideal for individuals or a partnership. Then there is the double unit that consists of two containers weld-ed together a er having one side of each removed. This space can accommodate 4 people comfortably.

Independant Sta on Opera on

Ground Floor Plan

Independant Auditorium Opera on Green Space

First Floor Plan

Future Expansion

BDACC_04Paul A Westwell 05087209Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Building Design + Climate ChangeBUILDING DESCRIPTION

Building Descrip onThe building is primarily a start-up business centre that provides space for entrepreneurs to begin, or con nue, business ventures in an environment where discussion and the sharing of skills and ideas are promoted. The building also func ons as a community hub, where local residences can socialise, learn about the emerging businesses of the community and get involved from an early age in developing their own crea ve skills. From an infrastructural perspec ve, the building operates as an end-of-line sta on for the Loop Light LRT that connects the 6 mains towns of Stoke-on-Trent: Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke, Fenton and Longton.

As the units used to house the start-ups are funded by the Governments Regional Growth Fund, legacies, and rates from previously successful businesses born from the centre, there is a responsibility from entrepreneurs and businesses to feedback and showcase their ideas and successes to benefactors and the community. This takes place in the auditorium, which can also be operated independently from the rest of the building and be used as a performance venue.

FeaturesSecurity and Segrega onThe building can operate independently as a LRT sta on at all hours due to the posi oning of the programme. The entrance and lobby acts as a bu er between the sta on and the public realm. Similarly, the auditorium is able to operate as a venue for evening func ons while the rest of the building is closed. The service core is located centrally so as to serve all areas of the building. This keeps all service piping, duc ng and ven la on in one loca on. The workshops are also located here.

Building Line and Green SpaceThe building sits back from the surrounding building line to draw people in and to con nue the green corridor between Memorial Square and Tunstall Park. This corridor is also con nued into the building, echoing the greenery of the site before development.

Future ExpansionThe building is programmed so that over a period of me the structural bays containing the Start-Up units and the service core can expand to the south of the site. The buildings that currently occupy these sites will be moved into the business centre or relocated. Over a 15 20 period the building will eventually become and business factory for the whole of Stoke-on-Trent.

CommunityFacili es

A

B

B

A

Sta on

ServiceCore

Auditorium

Start-UpUnits

ServiceCore

InternalGreen Space

Proposed

5 Years

10 Years

15 Years

Founda ons

Primary Structure

Auditorium & Start-Up units

Floor Plates

Structural Grid The building is sat on a uniform15 x 15m grid. This pa ern is re ected in the facade of the building, with mul ples of 1500 used to space the glazing panels. The square grid gives the building rigidity and allows the ac vi es at ground level ow freely as well as pro-viding a light open space.

Roo ng Composi onThe roof panels double up as photovoltaic cells that produce energy whilst also le ng light in. They are also controlled by the building management system to respond to the hea ng and cooling requirements of the building.

Roo ng Structure

Loading15 x 15m Grid

Imposed Load on Founda on

Live Loads Dead Loads Imposed Roof Load

Sta ordshire [Stoke-on-Trent]

Structural Strategy

Founda onsThe founda ons of the building are a combina on of pad and strip. Pad founda ons are used to support the individual points load taken by the structural col-umns of the primary structure. They are a block and stepped to spread the load from the column. Strip founda ons are used to support the service core and auditorium as these act independently from the primary structure.

Primary StructureThe primary structural system in the building is spruce trunk truss framework that allows slender members to support the cast roof that is topped with PV panels. As well as suppor ng the roof, this structure also provides a hanging point for start-up container units.

Floor SlabsThe oor slabs proposed are reinforced factory oor standard for the ground oor. The rest of the oor slabs within the service core are precast planks.

EnvelopeThe building envelope is a glazed faced that has openings at top and bo om to aid natural ven la- on.

BDACC_05Building Design + Climate ChangeSTRUCTURAL & MATERIAL CHOICEPaul A Westwell 05087209Manchester School of Architecture_Year 6

Glazing Supports

Glazing Skin

PV Roof

92Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

93Tunstall Enterprise Palace BDACC

Building Design + Climate Change_BDACC

The following technology report outlines ideas at an inial stage of the design process.It includes the following:

Site analysis Programmac breakdown Precedent invesgaons Building case study Building Descripon Structural and material choice

Note: The building is described in this document as Tunstall Start-Up Business Centre. The name later changed and the building is nial known as Tunstall Enterprise Palace.

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