tunnel lining design and construction · pdf filetunnel lining design and construction verya...
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![Page 1: Tunnel Lining Design and Construction · PDF fileTunnel Lining Design and Construction Verya Nasri, PhD, PE 10thAnnual Breakthroughs in Tunneling Short Course August 15, 2017](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012314/5a78713a7f8b9aa2448c0392/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tunnel Lining Design and Construction
Verya Nasri, PhD, PE
10th Annual Breakthroughs in Tunneling Short CourseAugust 15, 2017
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❖ Design Considerations
➢ Strength
➢ Serviceability
➢ Durability
❖ Plain concrete versus reinforced concrete
❖ Fiber versus rebar
❖ Spray on concrete versus CIP concrete
Cast-in-Place Final Lining
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Final Tunnel Linings
➢ Liner Geometry➢ Construction Method➢ Area of Application
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Road Tunnels
World Road Association (PIARC)
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Rail Tunnels
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Transit Tunnels
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Subway Stations
Mined Cut and Cover
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Geometry Optimization
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Ventilation
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Station Cross Section
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Caverns in Competent Rock
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Permanent SOE Wall
Munich
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Underground Parking
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Cut and Cover, Top-Down and Bottom-Up
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Cut and Cover Tunnels
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Immersed Tunnels
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Final Tunnel Linings
➢ Liner Loading➢ Structural Analysis➢ Design
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Structural Loading
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p = RL
p = 0
p = RL
p = 0
p = RL
p = 0
p = RL
p = 0
p = RL
p = 0
p = RL
p = 0
Uniform Rock Load
b=D/2
D D
b=D/2
45 º
Unbalanced Rock Load
Structural Loading
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Groundwater PressureDrained and Undrained Concepts
.10Wbase
.25Wcrown
EFFECTIVE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
CROWN OF ARCH
WATER TABLE(HWL)
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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Beam Spring Method
US Army Corps of Engineers
Kr=Eg/[R(1+v)]
Kt=0.5Kr/(1+v)
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2D Structural Analysis
Cut & Cover Box Mined Cavern
Beam-Spring Model
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3D Structural Analysis
Mined Cavern
Cut & Cover Box
Beam-Spring Model
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Road Deck
Central LRT Precast Unit
In-situ Deck
PavementConstruction in Parallel with Excavation & Lining
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Double Deck Road
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Stacked Subway
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Design Pressure Envelopes for Braced Cuts (Peck, 1969)
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Excavation Sequence, Support Installation and Flow Analysis
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➢ Empirical Method (e.g. Q-System)➢ Analytical Method (e.g. Key-Block)➢ Numerical Method (Continuum and Discontinuum Modeling)
Initial Ground Support Design
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Continuum Analysis• 2D modeling• Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion• 50 % Relaxation, • Shotcrete Strength Varied With Excavation Sequence
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Rock Mass Parameters
• Input- Intact Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)- Intact Rock Modulus (Ei)- Disturbance Factor (D)- Geological Strength Index (GSI)- Intact Rock Parameter (mi)
• Output- Hoek-Brown Strength Parameters- Rockmass Deformation Modulus
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Continuum Analysis Results
• No Yielding of Initial Support• Small Ground Surface Deformations
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FOLIATION
SUBVERTICAL STRUCTUREFAULT / SHEAR ZONE
CONJUGATE JOINTS
CLUSTER
Types of Discontinuities
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Discontinuum Analysis
Rock constitutive model: Mohr-Coulomb elastic/plastic failure
Joint constitutive model: Barton-Bandis joint model
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Discontinuum Analysis Results
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3D Continuum Analysis
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3D Continuum Analysis Results
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3D Continuum Analysis Results
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3D Discontinuum Analysis
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3D Discontinuum Analysis Results
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Seismic Design of Tunnel Final Lining
Design & Analysis Approach
❖ Force Method for surface structures
❖ Deformation Method for underground structures
❖ Two-level seismic hazard (ODE and MDE)
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Seismic Design of Tunnel Final Lining
Deformation modes of tunnels due to seismic waves
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Fire Design of Tunnel Final Lining
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Reduction of Strength and Stiffness of Concrete
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❖ Corrosion has been identified as No. 1 cause of deterioration in concrete sewers.
❖ Quantitative approach to assess the corrosion of the concrete final lining
❖ Measures to protect the concrete final lining
Final Lining Protection in Concrete Sewers
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The life expectancy of the concrete final lining:
L = z / C
L = service life, yr
z = thickness of allowable loss (thickness covering the reinforcing steel), in.
c = corrosion rate, in./yr
Life Expectancy of Concrete Final Lining
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Example: Ameron T-Lock, a PVC sheeting that locks mechanically into the interior wall of concrete sewer pipes and tunnels
Liners and Coatings
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❖ For a 100-year service life costly corrosion protection measures such as impermeable liners, coatings or polymer concrete are not warranted.
❖ Use calcareous aggregate and sacrificial concrete cover
Sewers Subject to Low Corrosion Risk
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Recommendation: A combination of corrosion protection schemes including
❖ concrete with calcareous aggregates
❖ sacrificial concrete thickness
❖ protective lining
Initial Liner
CIP Liner
Protective Liner
Sewers Subject to High Corrosion Risk
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Waterproofing, Drained and Undrained Concepts
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Waterproofing Details
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Initial Liner Smoothness Criteria
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Materials: Geotextile, Membrane, and Attachment Disk
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Membrane Installation and Testing
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Sectioning, Water Barrier, and Remedial Grout Pipes
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Sprayed on membrane➢ Elongation at rupture %100
➢ Bond strength 1 MPa
➢ Tensile strength 2-4 MPa
Sprayed on Waterproofing Membrane
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New York City’s Second Avenue Subway
72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project
Final Concrete Lining(Waterproofing and Concrete Stages)
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station Cavern – Walls
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station Walls – Forms & Rebar
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station Cavern – Finished Walls
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station – Arch Forming System
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station – Arch Forming System
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Station – Arch Forming System
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Tunnels – Invert Concrete
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72nd Street Station and Tunnels Project Tunnels – Arch Concrete
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Final Tunnel Linings
Architectural AspectsMagenta Station, Paris
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Different Types of Structural and Architectural Concrete
➢ Light gray with satin finish for the entire structure➢ Light gray with shiny finish for stair tunnels ➢ Light gray with rough finish for sidewalls of central
cavern and side tunnels➢ White only for columns and struts.
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More than 10 mix designs were Used to answer the structural and architectural requirements
Large scale samples for testing the formwork surface and its accessories
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Completed Station
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Metal (copper, aluminum …), exotic wood, concrete with multiple finishes (white, satin, shiny …), marble
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Entrance
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Entrance
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Thank You