tuesday: february 3, 2009 reading quiz moved to tomorrow! reading quiz moved to tomorrow! ap...

Tuesday: February 3, 2009Tuesday: February 3, 2009

Reading Quiz moved to tomorrow!Reading Quiz moved to tomorrow! AP booklet: Do you have one?AP booklet: Do you have one? Powerpoint lecture on Freud’s Powerpoint lecture on Freud’s

Psychoanalytic Theory of PersonalityPsychoanalytic Theory of Personality Study guide on Freud’s TheoryStudy guide on Freud’s Theory Learning Objective: Understanding the Learning Objective: Understanding the

main concepts of Freud’s main concepts of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of PersonalityPsychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Sigmund Freud’s Sigmund Freud’s Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory

Freud’s psychodynamic theory Freud’s psychodynamic theory developed in the early 1900s grew developed in the early 1900s grew out of his work with patients. out of his work with patients.

Freud used the term dynamic to refer Freud used the term dynamic to refer to mental energy force.to mental energy force.

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory of Personalityof Personality

It emphasizes the importance of It emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, early childhood experiences, unconscious or repressed thoughts unconscious or repressed thoughts that we can’t voluntarily access, and that we can’t voluntarily access, and the conflicts between conscious and the conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces that influence our unconscious forces that influence our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.


Conscious thoughtsConscious thoughts: are wishes, desires, or : are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of or can recall at thoughts that we are aware of or can recall at any given moment.any given moment.

Unconscious forcesUnconscious forces: represent wishes : represent wishes desires, or thoughts that because of their desires, or thoughts that because of their disturbing/threatening content, we disturbing/threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access. access.

Freud believed that a large part of our Freud believed that a large part of our behavior was guided or motivated by behavior was guided or motivated by unconscious forces.unconscious forces.


Unconscious motivationUnconscious motivation: is a : is a Freudian concept that refers to the Freudian concept that refers to the influence of repressed thoughts, influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts and behaviors.thoughts and behaviors.

Techniques to Discover the Techniques to Discover the UnconsciousUnconscious

Freud developed three methods to Freud developed three methods to uncover unconscious processes: uncover unconscious processes: free free association, dream interpretationassociation, dream interpretation, and , and slips of the tongueslips of the tongue (Freudian slips). (Freudian slips).

Free associationFree association: Freud encouraged : Freud encouraged clients to talk about any thoughts or clients to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their head; the images that enter their head; the assumption is that this kind of free-flowing assumption is that this kind of free-flowing uncensored talking will provide clues to uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material. unconscious material.


Dream InterpretationDream Interpretation: a Freudian : a Freudian technique of analyzing dreams, is based on technique of analyzing dreams, is based on the assumption that dreams contain the assumption that dreams contain underlying, hidden meanings and symbols underlying, hidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires.and desires.

Freud distinguished between the dreams Freud distinguished between the dreams obvious story or plot, called obvious story or plot, called manifest manifest contentcontent, and the dream’s hidden or , and the dream’s hidden or disguised meanings or symbols, called disguised meanings or symbols, called latent contentlatent content..


Freudian SlipsFreudian Slips: are mistakes or : are mistakes or slips of the tongue that we make in slips of the tongue that we make in everyday speech; such mistakes everyday speech; such mistakes which are often embarrassing, are which are often embarrassing, are thought to reflect unconscious thought to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes. thoughts or wishes.


Freud assumed that the 3 techniques Freud assumed that the 3 techniques are all mental processes that are the are all mental processes that are the least controlled by our conscious, least controlled by our conscious, rational, and logical minds. rational, and logical minds.

As a result, he believed that these 3 As a result, he believed that these 3 techniques allowed uncensored clues techniques allowed uncensored clues to slip out and reveal our deeper to slip out and reveal our deeper unconscious wishes and desires. unconscious wishes and desires.


According to Freud’s theory, there is According to Freud’s theory, there is a continuing battle going on in our a continuing battle going on in our minds between conscious thoughts minds between conscious thoughts and unconscious forces.and unconscious forces.

How our minds fight these battles is How our minds fight these battles is perhaps one of Freud’s best-known perhaps one of Freud’s best-known theories, and you’ll easily recognize theories, and you’ll easily recognize many of the terms including id, ego, many of the terms including id, ego, and superego. and superego.

Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory To understand how the To understand how the

id, ego, and superego id, ego, and superego interact, imagine an interact, imagine an iceberg floating in the iceberg floating in the sea.sea.

The part of the iceberg The part of the iceberg that is that is aboveabove water water represents represents conscious conscious forcesforces of which we are of which we are aware, while parts aware, while parts belowbelow the water the water indicate indicate unconscious unconscious forcesforces of which we are of which we are not aware. not aware.


The first division is the The first division is the idid, which , which contains 2 biological drives-sex and contains 2 biological drives-sex and aggression-that are the source of all aggression-that are the source of all mental energy.mental energy.

The The idid follows the pleasure principle, follows the pleasure principle, which is to satisfy the drives and which is to satisfy the drives and avoid pain, without concern for moral avoid pain, without concern for moral restrictions or society’s regulations. restrictions or society’s regulations.


The second division is the The second division is the egoego , whose , whose goal is to find socially acceptable ways of goal is to find socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id’s desires within the range satisfying the id’s desires within the range of the superego’s prohibitions.of the superego’s prohibitions.

The The egoego follows the reality principle, which follows the reality principle, which is to satisfy a wish or desire only if there is is to satisfy a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available.a socially acceptable outlet available.

The The egoego develops from the id during develops from the id during infancy. infancy.


The third division is the The third division is the superegosuperego, , whose goal is to apply the moral whose goal is to apply the moral values and standards of one’s values and standards of one’s parents or caregivers and society in parents or caregivers and society in satisfying one’s wishes. satisfying one’s wishes.

The The superegosuperego develops from the develops from the ego during early childhood. ego during early childhood.


Disagreements?Disagreements? Freud believed that often times there is Freud believed that often times there is

little to no disagreement between the little to no disagreement between the goals of the goals of the idid and and superego.superego.

However, when disagreement occurs However, when disagreement occurs Freud theorized that the Freud theorized that the egoego works to find works to find compromise between the goals of the compromise between the goals of the idid an an superegosuperego. This compromise is found . This compromise is found by the by the egoego using what Freud described as using what Freud described as mental processes or defense mechanisms. mental processes or defense mechanisms.

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are Freudian Defense mechanisms are Freudian processes that operate at processes that operate at unconscious levels and that use self-unconscious levels and that use self-deception or untrue explanations to deception or untrue explanations to protect the protect the egoego from being from being overwhelmed by anxiety.overwhelmed by anxiety.

AnxietyAnxiety: an uncomfortable feeling : an uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts that results from inner conflicts between the primitive desires of the between the primitive desires of the idid and moral goals of the and moral goals of the superegosuperego. .


RationalizationRationalization: involves covering up the : involves covering up the true reasons for actions, thoughts, or true reasons for actions, thoughts, or feelings by making up excuses and feelings by making up excuses and incorrect explanations.incorrect explanations.

DenialDenial: is refusing to recognize some : is refusing to recognize some anxiety provoking event or piece of anxiety provoking event or piece of information that is clear to others.information that is clear to others.

RepressionRepression: involves blocking and pushing : involves blocking and pushing unacceptable or threatening feelings, unacceptable or threatening feelings, wishes, or experiences in the unconscious.wishes, or experiences in the unconscious.


ProjectionProjection: falsely and unconsciously : falsely and unconsciously attributes your own unacceptable feelings, attributes your own unacceptable feelings, traits, or thoughts to individuals or objects.traits, or thoughts to individuals or objects.

Reaction FormationReaction Formation: involves : involves substituting behaviors, thoughts, or substituting behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.unacceptable ones.

DisplacementDisplacement: involves transferring : involves transferring feelings about, or response to, an object feelings about, or response to, an object that causes anxiety to another person or that causes anxiety to another person or object that is less threatening. object that is less threatening.


Note that all these defense mechanisms Note that all these defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously. function indirectly and unconsciously.

They reduce anxiety by disguising our They reduce anxiety by disguising our threatening impulses.threatening impulses.

Just as the body unconsciously defends Just as the body unconsciously defends itself against disease, so also, believed itself against disease, so also, believed Freud does the Freud does the egoego unconsciously unconsciously defend itself against anxiety. defend itself against anxiety.

5 Psychosexual Stages5 Psychosexual Stages

Analysis of his patients’ histories Analysis of his patients’ histories convinced Freud that personality forms convinced Freud that personality forms during life’s first few years.during life’s first few years.

Again and again his patients symptoms Again and again his patients symptoms seemed rooted in unresolved conflicts seemed rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood.from early childhood.

He concluded that children pass through a He concluded that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages, during series of psychosexual stages, during which the which the id’sid’s pleasure seeking energies pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensative areas focus on distinct pleasure-sensative areas of the body called of the body called erogenous zoneserogenous zones. .

5 Psychosexual Stages5 Psychosexual Stages

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Stage Focus

Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for

control

Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings

Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)

Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)

Freud’s Followers and Freud’s Followers and CriticsCritics

Carl JungCarl Jung: Jung originally a : Jung originally a close friend and follower of close friend and follower of Freud disagreed with Freud disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the Freud's emphasis on the sex drive. Jung believed sex drive. Jung believed the collective unconscious-the collective unconscious-and not sex-to be the basic and not sex-to be the basic force in the development force in the development of personality. of personality.

The The collective collective unconsciousunconscious, according to , according to Jung, consists of ancient Jung, consists of ancient memory traces and memory traces and symbols that are passed on symbols that are passed on by birth and are shared by by birth and are shared by all peoples in all cultures. all peoples in all cultures.


Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler: like Jung was originally a friend and : like Jung was originally a friend and follower of Freud’s but he disagreed with his follower of Freud’s but he disagreed with his theory that humans are governed by biological theory that humans are governed by biological and sexual urges.and sexual urges.

AdlerAdler believed that the main factors influencing a believed that the main factors influencing a child’s development were child’s development were sibling influencessibling influences and and child-rearing practices.child-rearing practices.

AdlerAdler proposed that humans are motivated by proposed that humans are motivated by social urgessocial urges and that each person is a social and that each person is a social being with a unique personality. being with a unique personality.

In contrast to Freud’s emphasis on unconscious In contrast to Freud’s emphasis on unconscious forces that influence our behaviors, Adler forces that influence our behaviors, Adler suggested that we are aware of our motives and suggested that we are aware of our motives and goals and have the capacity to guide and plan our goals and have the capacity to guide and plan our futures. futures.

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler


Karen HorneyKaren Horney: never a follower of Freud : never a follower of Freud strongly objected to his view that women strongly objected to his view that women were dependent, vain, and submissive were dependent, vain, and submissive because of biological forces and childhood because of biological forces and childhood sexual experiences.sexual experiences.

She especially took issue with Freud’s idea She especially took issue with Freud’s idea that penis envy affected girls’ that penis envy affected girls’ development. development.

Horney insisted that he major influence on Horney insisted that he major influence on personality development can be found in personality development can be found in child-parent child-parent social interactionsocial interaction. .

Karen HorneyKaren Horney

tuesday: february 3, 2009 reading quiz moved to tomorrow! reading quiz moved to tomorrow! ap...

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