tues. 1/21 set up quarter 3 inbs today!!! qtr.3 materials will be checked tomorrow –new notebook...
TRANSCRIPT
Tues. 1/21
• Set up Quarter 3 INBs today!!!
• Qtr.3 Materials will be checked tomorrow– New Notebook (70 page spiral)– Highlighter– Glue Stick or Tape– Colored Pencils
Set up new Qtr.3 notebook today
• Pg.1= Student info page 3rd quarter• Pg.2-3 = Quarter 3 table of contents• # pages all the way to 100
Pg 1-Student info pageBiology
Quarter 3
Your Name
If found please return to Mrs.DellaMora, Durango H.S. Room 912
Personalize your title page with 3 pictures and 3 colors.
Science Interactive Notebook Setup
Table of Contents
579111315
Continue numbering by 2’s down the page then start at the top of the next page.
2 3
Page # Title Page # Title
Interactive Notebook (INB) Set-Up
• First, number every single page front and back, starting with the very first page as #1.
• Put numbers on top outside corner, away from the spiral.• Number to pg 100
Even # Odd #
Pg.5 (skip pg.4)
Title page for Chapter 9• Chapter # and title• 3 colors• 3 pictures• 3 keywords
Pg.10-11 (skip ahead to the correct pages)
Chp.9 3-Column Vocab
1. Trait2. Self-pollination3. Cross-pollination4. True-breeding5. Dominant6. Recessive
7. Allele8. Genotype9. Phenotype10.Homozygous11.Heterozygous
Wed 1/22
• Qtr.3 Materials Check Today• Meiosis Notes & Activity
In: pg.6
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cells.
1. What is the diploid # (2n) for humans?
2. What is the haploid # (1n) of this organism?
• Diploid (2n) = the number of chromosomes in a normal body cell.
• Haploid (1n) = half the diploid # = the number of chromosomes in a gamete (sex cell).
Cornell Notes: Meiosis
Pg.7
Human Chromosomes• 23 pairs (46 total)• Autosomes = 22 pairs (44
total)• Sex Chromosomes = 1 pair (2
total)
• Pair of autosomes called– Homologous chromosomes
• Same size and shape• Have same gene locations• One from mother, one from
father
Karyotype:Photomicrograph of chromosomes
Meiosis• Start: 1 diploid (2n)
parent cell
• End: 4 haploid (1n) daughter cells– Called gametes
(sex cells) -egg and sperm.
• How: Cells divide twice —meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis
• Occurs in reproductive organs.
• Allows for the creation of genetically unique cells.
Crossing-Over
Finish Cornell Notes
• 3 Questions• 3-sentence summary
Meiosis Activity (Flow Chart)
• http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis.html
• Get out half sheet of paper• Complete flow chart as you view the
animation, include diagrams at each step• Glue in as an extender on pg.7
Homework
• Finish Quarter 3 Student Info page & numbering
• Finish Chapter 9 title page
Out – pg.6
Complete the following summary:
_______ creates 4 genetically unique cells called ________, each has _____ the number of chromosomes as somatic or body cells.
Thur.1/23
• Objective: • Apply Mendel’s Laws of heredity in solving
genetic problems.• calculate the ratios of inheritance patterns by
constructing punnett squares involving single alleles, multiple alleles, monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
• Chp.9 Notes & Vocab
In: Pg.8
1. What are some traits that you inherited from your mom?
2. From your dad?
Title them:Chp.9-Fundamentals of Genetics
Pg.9
Set up Cornell Notes
What is the difference between heredity and genetics?
• Heredity– Is the passing of
characteristics from parents to offspring.
• Genetics– Genetics is the study
heredity!– Based on the work of
Gregor Mendel.
Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
• Austrian Monk
• Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants (Pisum sativum)
• Work was not recognized until the 20th century.
• Known as the “Father of Genetics”
• Noticed that pea plants had traits that they passed on to offspring.
• Wanted to study the PATTERN of this inheritance of these traits.
Mendel’s Experiment
• Cross pollinated pairs of plants that always produced purple flowers with ones that always produced white flowers.
Mendel’s Generations:
• Parental generation (P) – cross two different true-breeding plants
• F1 generation (First filial) – offspring from the P1 cross
• F2 generation (2nd filial generation) – offspring produced when F1 self fertilizes
Three Steps of Mendel’s Experiment
Cross of P generation
Cross- pollination of true breeding
tall and short plants
Offspring of P
All tall plants
Offspring of F1
3 Tall & 1 Short
Mendel’s Conclusions:
1.Recessive and Dominant traits:
• Dominant trait = – trait always shows up if present
• Recessive trait = –1 trait can be hidden by the dominant
factor
2. Law of Segregation = –each parent has 2 alleles for each trait. –They only give 1 of these alleles to each
offspring.
3. Law of Independent Assortment =–The inheritance of one trait doesn’t
affect the inheritance of a different trait.
Summary
• Gene = part of a chromosome that codes for one protein.
• Allele = different versions of a gene
• Dominant allele = shows up if present.
• Recessive allele = shows up only if dominant trait is not present.
• Genotype = the 2 alleles (genes) that are on the chromosomes.
– Homozygous = both alleles are the same• Homozygous
dominant (TT)• Homozygous
recessive (tt)
– Heterozygous = the alleles are different (Tt)
• Phenotype = the physical expression of the genotype.
Three Steps of Mendel’s Experiment
Cross of P generation
Cross- pollination of true breeding
tall and short plantsTTxtt
Offspring of P
All tall plants
TtxTt
Offspring of F1
3 Tall & 1 Short
TT,Tt,Tt,tt
T=tall t=short
Pg.10-11Chp.9 3-Column Vocab
1. Trait2. Self-pollination3. Cross-pollination4. True-breeding5. Dominant6. Recessive
7. Allele8. Genotype9. Phenotype10.Homozygous11.Heterozygous
Homework
• Get your INB setup (if necessary).• Finish 3 column vocab.
Out – pg.8
• Why is Gregor Mendel known as the Father of Genetics?
Fri.1/24
• Objective: Apply Mendel’s Laws of heredity in solving genetic problems.
In: Pg.12
Should This Dog Be Called Spot?
• Genotype = the 2 alleles that are on an individual’s chromosomes.– Homozygous = both
alleles are the same• Homozygous dominant
(TT,SS, AA)• Homozygous recessive
(tt,ss,aa)– Heterozygous = the
alleles are different• Phenotype = the
physical expression of the genotype.
Review
Analysis Questions:
1.On the chart, how did you differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles when writing out the genotypes?
2.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
3.For which phenotypes were you able to be sure you had the correct genotype? Why?
4.For which phenotypes were you NOT sure you had the correct genotype? Why?
5.Would knowing your parents phenotypes for these traits help you figure out your genotype for the traits in question 4? Why?
Pg.13 – Human Traits Activity
Trait Your phenotype
Your POSSIBLE genotype(s)
Widow’s peak
Finger weaving
Cleft chin
Dimples
Freckles
Hitchhikers thumb
Tongue roller
Pinky finger
Earlobes
Ptc taster
Polydactyly
Mid-digit hair
Taste the PTC paper.
Homework
• Finish human traits questions• Finish spot worksheet.
Out – pg.12
1. Which do you think are more common, dominant or recessive phenotypes?
2. Why?
Mon.1/27
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
In: pg.14 Class Data:
Question:
Are dominant traits more common for all characteristics?
Characteristic # of students with dominant trait
# of students with recessive trait
Can roll Tongue
Polydactyly
Dimples
Punnett Squares = Used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses.
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
RR x rr
homozygous Dominant x homozygous recessive
R
R
rr
Rr
RrRr
Rr
• Genotype: Rr
• Phenotype: Round
• GenotypicRatio: All alike
• PhenotypicRatio: All alike
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds RR x Rr
R
R
rR
RR
RrRR
Rr
• Genotype: 2 RR, 2 Rr
• Phenotype: Round
• GenotypicRatio: 2:2
• PhenotypicRatio: 4:0
homozygous Dominant x heterozygous
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
Rr x Rr
R
r
rR
RR
rrRr
Rr
• Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
• Phenotype: Round & wrinkled
• G.Ratio: 1:2:1
• P.Ratio: 3:1
Heterozygous x Heterozygous
Trait: Seed Shape
Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
Cross: Round (unknown) seeds x wrinkled seeds
Test Cross – Used to determine unknown genotype by crossing with a homozygous recessive individual
R
R
rr
Rr
RrRr
Rr R
r
rr
Rr
rrrr
Rr
(Rr) x rr(RR) x rr
Pg.15 - Practice using PS’s
• Glue in as a flip up• Complete
Homework
Finish Practice Using Punnett’s Squares.
Out – pg.14
• Create a flow map for the steps of how to set up a Punnett Square. Do an illustration for each step
Step 1:Setup your cross
Tt X Tt
Step 2:
Tues.1/28
• ***First Interactive Notebook Check will be this FRIDAY!!!!
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
Probability
• Probability is the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
• Determined by:
Probability = # of times an event is expected to happen(part)
# of times an event could happen(whole)
May be expressed as a fraction, a decimal or a percent.
Probability
• Chance of flipping heads is 1 out of 2 or 1/2
• If you flip 3 coins all at once, the chance of flipping heads is½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8
In: pg.16
• What is the probability that if you flip 2 coins at the same time that they will both come up heads?
Pg.17 - How Well Does a PS Predict the Actual Ratio?
• Glue in• Complete procedure Part 1&2• Complete analysis questions
Homework
• Finish the analysis questions for the activity
Out - pg.16
• If 2 people who are heterozygous for a trait have 100 children, how many of those children would also be heterozygous for the trait?
Wed. 1/29
• Interactive Notebook Quiz–Get out half sheet, #1-10
• ***First Interactive Notebook Check will be this FRIDAY!!!!
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
In: pg. 18
A heterozygous female is crossed with a heterozygous male (use the letter N for the allele).
1. Do a punnett square of this cross:
2. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
3. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Pg.19 – Sponge Bob Genetics Practice Problems
• Glue in as a flip
• Complete–Show all work–DUE TOMORROW
Homework
• Finish Practice Problems
Out – pg. 18
• In pea plants, the allele for tall plants is dominant to the allele for short plants.
• Gregor Mendel crossed 2 pea plants and the resulting offspring (600 plants) had the following phenotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio = 448 tall plants:152 short plants
• What are the genotypes of the parents?
Thur. 1/30
• ***First Interactive Notebook Check will be TOMORROW!!!!
• Go over out from yesterday pg.18
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
In: pg.20
1. In corn plants, what is the dominant trait for kernel color?
2. What is the recessive trait?
3. How do you know?
Pg.21: Corn Lab
• Question: What are the genotypes of the parent corn plants?
• Background info:
• Hypothesis:
• Data: Tape in lab sheet here.
After Corn Lab
• Prepare notebook for check tomorrow!!!– Pgs.1-21– Check title pages– Table of contents– Vocab– Highlighting– ETC, ETC, ETC
Homework
• Prepare notebook for notebook check tomorrow!!!!
Out
• Write a conclusion paragraph explaining why you were able to use the phenotypic ratio of the offspring corn to determine the genotypes of the parent corn.
• 3+ sentences.
Fri 1/31
1. INB Check #1
2. Dihybrid Crosses
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
In: pg.22
Do ONE punnett square to determine the outcome of the following cross:
DdTt x DDtt
HINT: How many different gametes can each parent make (in a monohybrid each parent can make 2)
Female Male
Dihybrid Cross
• A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits.
• Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment”– Each pair of alleles segregates independently
during gamete formation
Homozygous x Homozygous RRYY x rryy
ry ry ry ry
RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
Genotype:
All RrYy
16:0
Phenotype:
All Round Yellow seeds
16:0
Heterozygous x Heterozygous RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy Rryy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
Genotypic Ratio:
4:2:2:2:2:1:1:1:1
Phenotypic Ratio:
9:3:3:1
Seeds
R – round r – wrinkled Y – yellow y – green
Pg.23 - Dihybrid Cross Example
DdTt x DDtt
Thru 2
Pg.24 - Trihybrid for extra credit.
• Create a punnett square for the following cross:
AaBbCc x AaBbCc
Pg.25 - Guinea Pig Punnett Squares
Homework
• Finish Guinea Pig Punnett squares• Work on Trihybrid Cross for extra credit
Out – pg.22
• Why does a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross have 16 squares when a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross has 4 squares?
Mon 2/3
• New grades posted on window!
• Predict patterns of inheritance by employing Punnett squares, probability or pedigree analysis.
In: pg.26
Draw an picture to illustrate the main concepts of:
1.The Law of Independent Assortment
2.The Law of Segregration
Pg.27 – glue in Breeding Dragons Data Table
Thru 3Pg.28
Dragon Picture—Draw and color a picture of your dragon.
Pg.29
Dragon Punnett Squares Practice Problems
Homework
• Finish Dragon Picture and Dragon Punnett squares.
Out – pg.26
1. What step of “making” your dragon illustrates the Law of segregation?
2. What step of “making” your dragon illustrates the Law of independent assortment?
– These steps may have been done by me before you got your chromosomes!
Tues 2/4
• Investigate patterns of human inheritance.
In: pg.30
In humans, hair texture is controlled by a single gene with 2 alleles (H=straight, h=curly). However, there are 3 phenotypes for hair texture (straight, wavy and curly).
How do you think people get wavy hair (genetically speaking)?
Incomplete Dominance
Neither allele is dominant or recessive.
Occurs when two or more alleles influence the phenotype and results in a phenotype intermediate between the dominant trait and the recessive trait.
R1R1
R1R1
R1R1R1R1
RR1 RR1 RR1 RR1 RR1
RR1 RR1
Codominance
• Both alleles are dominant
• Both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous offspring. (they do not blend).1. type A = IAIA or IAi
2. type B = IBIB or IBi
3.type AB = IAIB
4. type O = ii
Pg.31-Tree map-Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance
Completedominance
Incompletedominance
Codominance
3 descriptors—must include definition, example, picture.
Pg.31- Oompah Loompah Practice Problems
• Glue as a flip & complete
Homework
• Finish Oompah Loompah Practice Problems
Out - Pg.30
1. Complete dominance is like________ because they both…
2. Codominance is like_______ because they both….
3. Incomplete dominance is like______ because they both…
Wed 2/5
• Chp.9 Test and INB Check are FRIDAY!!!!
• Investigate patterns of human inheritance.
REDWHITE
ROAN
In: pg.32
In Adulusian fowls, a black rooster and a white hen can have black, blue or white chicks.
1.Is the blue phenotype an example of complete, incomplete or codominace?
2.Why?
Blue chick
Pg.33 - Patterns of Inheritance coloring book
Pg.34 - Punnett’s Squares and Patterns of Inheritance
Homework
• Finish the Patterns of Inheritance coloring book and Punnett square practice
• Reminder: Chp.9 Test and INB Check are FRIDAY!!!!
Out – pg.32• A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces
a tabby pattern (black & tan fur together).
1) What pattern of inheritance does this illustrate?
2) What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby cat is crossed with a black cat
Thur 2/6
• INB Quiz #2 today–Get out half sheet, #1-10
• INB Check & Chp.9 Test are TOMORROW!!!!!
Chp.9 Study Guide
• First 15 minutes Work by yourself–NO TALKING!!!
• Last 15 minutes work in study groups
• AFTER make sure notebook is ready for check (pg.20-34)
Homework
• Study guide-Chp.9• Study for test.
Fri 2/7
• Chapter 9 Test• INB check #2• Chapter 12 Title page 35
– Title– 3 pictures, 3 colors, 3 key words