r ;

-FH' --i. •-300 (11-7a) ,.

· United Siates Department of the interior 1--!eritage Conservation and Recreation Service

~ aiional !4 V - t r

e~fs er of~ is .. oric · inati ·n orm

See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type al! entries-complet"e applicable sections

historic Oak Hill

and/or common · Oak Hill

.cation

street & number Route 863

city, towri Oak Ridge ~ vicinity of

-c, t.\ "Tt'2.. '€ 0 I J;2.. - c:28 - "t-1

JtsfotA ~'f_ fr? 11~~

aces

_. ___ not for publication

Fifth (W. C. Daniei) congressional district

state Virginia

code 5.1 county :?i ttsyl vania code 143

Catt!gory __ district X bl.iilding(s) __ structure __ site __ object

Ownership __ public

-~ priv~te. __ both Public Acq&Jisition __ in process __ bein~ considered

er of ·

Stolus __ occupied _x_ unoccupied __ work in progress Accessible _x__ yes: restricted __ yes: unrestricted __ no

Present Us~ __ agriculture _._ commercial __ educational __ entertainment _. _ government . __ industrial __ military

__ museum __ par!{ .

__x_ private residenc~ __ religious

-- scientrfic __ transportation __ other:

name (1) W~J.,er S . Hairston , . ( 2) Samucl,__H_air.ston c/o w0 11 er s a:ai-.,.st

street & number Henry, Hairston, & Price - Post Office Box 838

city, .town Easton. __ vicinity of state Ma.r.1lar1d 21601

5. egal. tion

courthouse, reQistry of-deeds, etc. Pittsylvania Countv Courthouse

street & number

city, tow!1 Chatham state Virginia ---------------------,.--------------------------------e~resen urve1,

;J (2) {See Continuation Sheet #1)

(1) Historic A..merican Buildings Survey title Inyento:ry has this property been determined elegible? _x___ yes __ no

date 1958 ~ federal __ state __ county __ local

depository for survey records Library of Congress

city, town Washington state D.C.

.·.7a

Condition -X--- excel1ent _ __ good __ fair

__ deteriorated __ ruins __ unexposed

Check one __ unaltered ~altere.d

Check one ~ original site __ moved date ---------------

Describe the p,esent and original (if known) physical appearance

- -

. Oa.J{. Hill, a Federal-style residence, is located on route 863, eleven miles west of the city of Danville in Pittsylvania County. · Erecte·d i .n 1823-25 ana. added to in 1899 the brick dwelling is a 2~-story, double-pile, central-ha1·1 _ plan house, covered by a gable ;oaf. The roof has been altered.; originally it probably had a cornice on the front and rear and raki.ng boards flush with the gable end. . The house has been unoccupied for about . fifteen years but -is . in surprisingly. good condition under the circtunstances. · · ·

· Set on a high 'basement, the front (north) elevation is laid in Flemish bon d . .The five-bay facade ~s dominated b y a one-story, · dwarf tetrastyle Roroan Doric portico featuring an applied acorn within a pedimented gable. A wooden sheaf-of-wheat rail is original to th·e porch. The fenestration consists of original 9/9 hung ·sash framed by simp],y executed architraves and surmounted on the first story by brick jack arches. The Flemish...:.bond brickwork inco:i::porates a number _of glazed headers on the facade and se_condary walls.

The garden (south) elevation, like the other secondary walls, is laid in Flemish bond. The elevation is dominated by a three-bay wooden porch supported by Tuscan columns and covered by a shed roof. The podium and steps have been ·rebuilt in the 20th century. The treatment of the door and windows is similar to that found on t;he north elevation. · · ·

The west end contains two semi-exterior end chimneys. The chimneys flank paired 6/6 original hung-sash windows at the att;i.c story. The windows are surmounted by brick jack arches · and retain their original louvred shutters. Originally similar to the end op~osite, the east end has peen altered by the addition of a l~-story service wing built in 1899. The wing is executed in five-course American bond and is covered by a_ .gable roof.

The interior of Oak Hill remains in a fine state of preservation. Recent acts of vandaliso.,. inflicted wn,en the house was vacant, .constitute the only major alterations. The central entrance hall. contains an open-well stair that ascends to the attic. The stair has parieled spandrels and sawn-scroll brackets. The newels, handrail ahd balusters were vandalized. Paralleling the stcfir is. a paneled wainscot with a finely molded chair rail. The west parlors are the most elaborate rooins in the house. The front (northwest) parlor features its original Federal-style mantelpiece with a guilloche-carved architrave flanked by two original recessed bookcases with glass pane ' doors. The room contains a wainscot with original graini~g ~nd an original marbleized baseboard. The mantelpiece also retains _its or_iginal painted decoratiqn. The rear (southwest) parlor contains an Ionic-columned mantelpiece flanked by s·emicircular arched niches. A wooden wainscot with a carved chair rail and baseboard runs the perimeter of the room. The woodwork has been repainted~

The east rooms are separated by a lateral stair hall, the stair ascending to the attic story. The simply ~xecuted stair has a turned riewei, a rounde?, handrail, ar{d square balusters and retains its original dark graining. The front (northeast) parlor contains· a Federal mantelpiece, flariked by .paneled cupboards. The rear (southeast) parlor has been partitioned into two rooms. The southeastern room retains its mahogany graining as well as its or.iginal

Federal mantelpiece flanked by built-in paneled cupboards.

The second-floor rooms contain Federal mantelpieces flanked by paneled cupboards and wardrobes. The western chambers retain their original painted grain~ng. The second-floor

hall boasts a paneled wainscot, also grained.

While the majority of outbuildings at Oak Hill have deteriorated, the slave quarters and

a shed remain relatively intact. The slave quarters is a five-bay, one-story brick building covered by a gable roof. The southern elevation contains four entries and a light. The

(See Continuati on ShPPr *,,

Period Areas of Significance-Check and justify below __ prehistoric _ 1400-1499 _ 1500-1599 _ 1600-1699 _1700-1799 L 1so0-1a99 _1900-

__ archeology-prehistoric __ community planning 2 landscape architecture __ religion __ archeology-historic __ conservation __ law -- scienc~ __ . agriculture ~ economics _. _ literature -· _ sculpture ~ architecture __ education __ military -- social/ __ art __ engineering __ music humanitarian __ commerce __ exploration/settlement __ philosophy -- theater __ communications __ industry' · __ politi.cs/government -- transportation

__ ~nvention __ . other (specify)

Specific datesl823-25;. 1899 Builder/Architect James Dejarnett (1823-5)

Statement of Significance (in one paragraph),

An old and familiar landmark, Oak Hill is probably the largest and finest of a group of 19th-,century plantatioi;iresidences erected along the Dan River in Pittsylvania County. The Federal-style house was built between. 1823-5 for Samuel Hairston, the wealthiest of the Dan River planters and one of the largest slave and landholders in . the Commonwealth. His residence stands . as the ~ost tho.roughly docu;mented work of James DeJarne.tt, a master builder of Southside Virginia.

Sqllluel Hairston first appears in records as a landowner in Henry C?unty in 1817. He was a son of Colonel George Hairston, who has amassed about"' 20,0d0 acres . of 19-nd, most 0£ which was divided among his heirs in 1827. In 1818 Hairston married Agnes Wilson, the only daughter of Peter Wilson of Berry Hill. Through this marriage ·Hairston had a life {nterest in eigh.t tracts of land cons is ting of about 2, 500 acres inherited by his wife from her ·father. In the surri:mer of 1824 Samuel Hairston purchased 10.8 acres of Pittsylvania land owned by his uncle Peter Hairston of Stokes County, North Carolina. It was on this property that he ~uilt Oak Hill. The property purchase dates after Hairston engaged the local builder, J~roes DeJarne-t:.t, however it. does coincide with the Articles. of Agreement made in 1823 between Samuel Hairston and beJarnett. The articles state that the house is:

To be build on some convenient place rieare whare sd Hairston now lives (as sd Hairston shall point out the house to be fully build of brick fifty fore feet wide, to contain three seller rooms, four rooms a passage and pass· way first floure, above the seller, & approprate . roomes on second flare, & Garret all of which work the sd Dejarnett doth bind himself t~ complete in a plain and substantial manner;, on or, before t.'li.e .2~th October 1825, as to make more fully understood the work are to be done in a stile and manner not infrior to Colo. NathL Wilsons New building dqne by sd DeJarnett. 22 December 1823. 1

Further contrai;::ts and bills were drawrt for the house, the last dated January 13, 1826, "in part for the plastering I have done & am to do for him". 2

At some point after the house was plast;ered, the rooms were painted, grained and marbleized. Executed in a graining style typical of the second quarter of the 19th century, the cupboard and wardrobe doors imitate oak, while the secondary stair appears as mahogany. The library retains. its original maroon wainscot and mantel. The graining is similar in execution to that found in Mountain View, a Pittsylvania County house that has been attributed to DeJar.nett. The original painti_ng survives in good condition and is an important example of a decorative art form.

After the house was completed, Agnes Hairston, the wife of Samuel Hairston, laid out the formal gardens. According to tradition, Mrs. Hairston had the help of sixteen slaves and an overseer to complete th~ grounds in three months. Edith Tunis Sale in the Historic Gardens of Virginia writes of the landscape· at Oak Hill, ."This olive grove, magnolia tree, and wind­ing walks and oval and square and rectangular flower beds are not all. The view from any of

its terraces of the low ground stretching away right to the banks of the Dan ... makes for L1-.!- _ _, _,.. .,:r __ -- --·•·•;t .......... -..1--.-.-.&-. ______ , .J...- .!.J-.- - -- -L---- 111 _.,. __ -- _,:-, _ _

Clement, Maud Carter_ The History of Pitts_1: .l.vania County ', Va. Lynchburg, --Va. : J. P . . Bell Co., Inc.

"Death cif Samuel Hairston." Ricluno,nd Dispat ch,. 19 March 1875, p. 3 "Oak Hill." The Danville Bee, 17 August 1954, p. 5. (Virginia State Library, Reel #156) .

. (See Co:r..tinuation Sheet #- '.,

ata Acreage of nominated property _ _ 2_0_ a_c_r--'.-'-e-=s ___ _ Quadrangle name Brosville, Va. -N. C. Quadrangle scale __ 1_=_2_4_o_o_o _ __ _ UMT References

A l.J.uJ I 6! 21 ~ St 61 d I 41 ol 41 ~J11 a1 o! 8 LwJ j 6! 21 sl71 21 ol 1410l41Sl81lt01' Zone Easting Northing Zone Easfing Northing

C LlL.11 I 61 21 zj s, 71 ol I 41 o! 41.s! 7121 oJ r .. I I . I D l.1J2J ! ii 21 s I ~ I 11 o I 14101416!01910·1

eL.u I 1·, 1 I Fl__u I I l J I I I I Gl_u I I w I I I I H l__iJ I I I I I I I l I Verbal boundary descr1ption and justification Beginning at a point on the SE side of State Route 863, at SE corner of interse.ction qf s aid route with State Route 862; thence ext.endi_ng about 600' l'i!E along said ::iide of route 863; thence extending about 1400' SE, partially fcllowi_i-1g private drive, to Southern Railway tracks ; thence extencing about 600' SW along said tracks; thence !.ist an states and co~mties for prope1'Ues overlapping state or coun·ly bounda~%e Continuation Sheet #3)

state code county corle

state cede county code

name/title Virginia Historic Landrr:arks Commission Staff

organization Virginia Historlc La:ric...111arks Ccmmissior. .date September 1979

strest & number 221 Governor Street telcephone (804) 786-3144

city or town . Richroond state Virginia 23219

. rac The ~valuated sign\ficance of this property within the state is:

__ · national ~state __ local

As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of _1966 (Public Law 8~ 665), I herebyy.e.minate thi¥~}pert for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according t~e'_crr.ia ~ · ures set forth by the Heritage Conservation_ and Recreation Service.

("/U}'~/~ . State Historic Preser"'.ation Officer signature .

•rucx.er h1 , txecu 1 ve LJire~ or title Virginia. Historic Lc.no.marJzs Cocmnission date

l ()

For HC~S use onl~· l herebycertify·that this property is included in the National Register

6 ~ ... • .•' • • .' '

F'-1R-'---8-300A C 11/78)

UNnED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE

NATIONAL EGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY --NOMINATION FORM

Oak Hill, Pittsylvania County, Virginia

CONTINUATION SHEE.T #l

4 • . · C:Mt:JER OF PROPERTY

(3) Mrs. Sallie H. Bullock 145 Copeland Road, N.E. #B8 Atlanta, Georgia 30342

6. REPRESENTATION IN EXI°STING SURVEYS

ITEM NUMBER 4 ,.6 , 7

·(2) Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Survey 1967, 19~8, 1978, 1979 State Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission 221. Governo~ Street Richr_nond, Virginia 23219

7. DESCRIP'rION

interior has been whitewashed. The shed is a one-story brick building with a simply executed entrance that retains its original hinged door.

The grounds surrounding the house are much overgrown but traces of the 19th-ce~tury landscaping remain. The WPA inventory of February 17, 1937, describes the grounds when they were still maintained and as they must have appeared decades earlier:

The handsome brick. house is situated on the edge of a hill,· in a body of trees in · which there are many large oaks. Approa,::::hing the front walk to the house are magnificent boxwoods on either side ... The most outstanding beauty to Oak Hill is . the magnificent flower garden, out­lined with many lovely boxwoods. To the right of the house, there are long pathways, which wind around in the garden. At the end of one walkway is a little room made of cedars. This was form~d by planting severa~ c~dar trees in.a circle. These cedars are now very tall, and showing signs of age.~.Directly at the back of the house . is a beautiful incline, which leads to the walkways coming in.from the side, and there is found a huge magnolia tree of unusual shape arid beauty. 1

The property presently boasts only the larger trees and shrubs planted on a multi­terraced lawn that leads down to railroad tracks. The first level closest to the house is planted with box, the second level with crape myrtle, and the third with magnolia. Some remnants of the flower garden survive. A large 19th-century, cast-iron garden urn also survives.

RCC

1 "0ak Hill," (Pittsylvania County, Virginia) WPA Inventory, February 17, 1937.

FHR-8-300A (li./78)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF IDSTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM

Oak Hill, Pittsylvania County, Virginia

CONl) ~UATION SHEET #2 ITEM NUMBER 8

8. SIGN_IFJ;CANCE

PAGE 1

18th-century garden. at Carter's Grove near Williamsburg. Typical of most Pittsylvania County gardens, the design follows a f~rroa;t 18th-century precedent rather than the contemporary plans of the noted American landscape writer A. J. ·Downing. Thq.t the gardens were well-thought-of may be surrni$ed from an article appearing in the Richmond Whig ~ Public Advertiser for February 7, 1851. The writer, calling himself "Cosmopoli te 11

observed:

1· have traveled over fifteen states of this uni<;m, and have never seen any thing coro.parable to his (Samuel Hairston's) yard and garden. Except s·ome of them in the Mississippi Delta, and none of them equ~l it. Mrs. Hai~ston has been beautifying it for years-and a good old minister, in preaching near the place, and describing paradise, said, 'It is as beautiful as Mr. Hairston's,' or as a fr~end who had visited Washington City for the first time, remarked that 'The public grounds were nearly as handsome as Samuel Hairston's.•4

The same writer also wrote of the wealth of Hairston. He observed:

When I was in his section a year or two ago, he was the owner of between 1600 and 1700 slaves, in his own right, having but a little ·while bE:fore taken a census. He also has a prospective : right to _ about 1000 slaves more, which are now owned by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Ruth Hairston, he having married her ·only child. He ·now has the management of them, which makes the number of his slaves reach near 3000 ... he has to purchase a large plantation every year to settle them on. A large number of his plantations are in Henry and Patrick Co., Virginia. He has large estates in .North Carolina. His landed property in ·stokes alone, is assessed at $600,000. His wealth is di-fferently estimated at frol!I 3-5 millions ... 5

Although Hai~ston had amassed considerable wealth after building Oak Hill, the house would appear not to have been altered to conform to fa~hionable trends in American architectural taste. Hairston was apparently satisfied with DeJa!nett's work an~ embellisl::ed th~ grounds rather than the house. Hairston died in March 1875, his ob;i.tuary in the Richmond· Dispatch noting, "Previous to the late war ... he was regarded, we believe, as the richest ci ti_zen of this state, owning a number of firie plantations . in Pittsylvania and Henry Counties and in North Carolina, all of which were stocked with slaves, beside large amounts of banking and state stocks ... "6 The house was inherited by his son, Samuel Hairston, and is presently owned by his descendants.

VDS/RCC

FHR:..8-300A (11/78)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE ' CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Il\TVENTO.R Y -- NOMINATION FORM

Oak Hill, Southampton County, Virginia

CONTINUATION SHEET #3 ITEM NUMBEB8 9 10 PAGE 2

8. SIGNIFICA..~CE

1Manuscript page, "Wilson and Hairston Papers," #4134, Southern Historical Collec~ion, University of North Caro:J_ina Library, Chapel Hill, June 1978.

3 · Sale., Historic Gardens of Virginia, p. 321.

4Richmond Whig£ Public Advertiser, Feb. 7, 1851, p. 1.

5rbid.

6Richmon~ Dispat ch, March 19, 1875, p. 3.

9. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFEREl'J.: ' ::s

Pittsylvania County Deed Books 25, 27, 19, 13, 17, 20, 22, 24, 48. La,nd Tax Books, 1804-50. Personal Property Tax Books~ 1804-50.

"The Richest Man in Virg_inia." Richmond tvhi sr and Public Adve rti ser, 7 February 1851, p. 1. $ale, Edi-th Tunis. Histpric Gardens of Vi 17qinia . Richmond= Wil·iiam Byrd Press, 1923. "Wilson and Hairston Papers," #4134 , Southe rn Historical Collection Unive~sity of North

Caro],.ina Library, Chapel Hill, June 1978.

10. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA - Verbal Boundary Description and Justification

extending about 1400" NW, partially following E· side of private drive, to SE side of route 863, point of origi~.

The twenty nominated acres include the main house and adjacent outbuildings. The property is bounded on the north by route 863, on the south by the Southern Railway tracks,

·on tl",e east by a dirt road which leads to the house, and on the west by a line that · parallels that Ori the east and follows an old d.ri ve that is adjace nt to the eastern gardens.

The nominated acreage is a very small fraction of the original holdings of Samuel Hairston. The boundaries are drawn to include the main house, old outbuild:i.ngs and formal gardens that run to the ~ailroad tracks. The acreage also includes the original hill garden site of the house, and the bounds are drawn to exclude recently constructed buildings on the Hairston property.

Site plan (Locate and identify outbuildings, dependencies and significant topographical features.)

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· UTM References:

A- 17/625560/4046180 B- 17/625720/4045810

D- 17/625410/4046090

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