tsunamis negative - sdi 2014

8/9/2019 Tsunamis Negative - SDI 2014

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Updated Tsunami Warning Neg


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Cap Links


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Link Shock DoctrineTheir approach to STOPPING the disaster is rooted in shockdoctrine o! "#ing and re$ui%ding their attempt to erasedisaster &i%% !ai% and re'creteates the structures the( critici)e

*%ein +, (Naoimi, Klein contributes to The Nation, In These Times, The Globe and Mail, This Magazine,Harper's Magazine, and The Guardian. She once lectured as a Miliband ello! at the "ondon School o# $conomics asan a!ard%!inning &ournalist, !riter on the anti%globalisation moement She raned ))th in an internet poll o# thetop global intellectuals o# *++, a list o# the !orld's top )++ public intellectuals compiled b- the rospect magazinein con&unction !ith oreign olic- magazine She !as inoled in a protest condemning police action during the G*+summit in Toronto, /N. She spoe to a rall- seeing the release o# protesters in #ront o# police head0uarters on 1une*2, *+)+. In Ma- *+)), Klein receied an honorar- degree #rom Saint Thomas 3niersit-., 4The Shoc 5octrine6 The7ise o# 5isaster 8apitalism9, :oo %%http6;;in#oshop.org;amp;NaomiKlein%TheShoc5octrine.pd#ndre!s, a resident o# Ne! /rleans' heail- damaged "o!er Ninth ?ard, as she

cleared a!a- debris a#ter the storm. ) @ 4ut disaster capita% ists ha.e no interest in

repairing &hat &as . In Ira56 Sri Lanka and Ne& Or %eans6 the process

decepti.e%( ca%%ed 7 reconstruction 7$egan &ith "nishing the 8o$ o! the

origina% disaster $( erasing &hat &as %e!t o! the pu$%ic sphere and rooted

communities 6 then 5uick%( mo.ing to rep%ace them &ith a kind o!

corporate Ne& 9erusa%em Aa%% $e!ore the .ictims o! &ar or natura% disaster

&ere a$%e to regroup and stake their c%aims to &hat &as theirs. Mie :attles putsit best6 = :or us6 the !ear and disorder o;ered rea% prom ise27 * + The thirt-%#our%-ear%old eB%8I> operatie !as taling about ho! the chaos in postinasion Ira0 had helped his unno!n andineBperienced pri ate securit- Crm, 8uster :attles, to shae roughl- D)++ million in contracts out o# the #ederal

goernment. *) His !ords could sere &ust as !ell as the s%o gan !or contemporar(

capita%ism A!ear and disorder are the cata%(sts !or each ne& %eap !or&ard 2

When I $egan this research into the intersection $et&een superpro"ts andmegadisasters6 I thought I &as &itnessing a !undamenta% change in the&a( the dri.e to 7%i$erate7 markets &as ad.ancing around the &or%d. Haingbeen part o# the moement against ballooning corporate po!er that made its global debut in Seattle in )@@@, I !asaccustomed to seeing similar business #riendl- policies imposed through arm%t!isting at ?orld Trade /rganization

summits, or as the conditions attached to loans #rom the International Mon etar- und. The three trademardemandsApriatization, goernment deregulation and deep cuts to social spendingAtended to be eBtremel-unpopular !ith citizens, but !hen the agreements !ere signed there !as still at least the preteBt o# mutualconsent bet!een the goernments doing the negotiating, as !ell as a consensus among the supposed eBperts.

No& the same ideo%ogica% program &as $eing imposed .ia the most $a%d%(coerci.e means possi$%e6 under !oreign mi%itar( occupation a!ter an

in.asion, or im mediate%( !o%%o&ing a catac%(smic natura% disaster . September

)) appeared to hae proided Washington &ith the green %ight to stop askingcountries i! the( &anted the U2S2 .ersion o! 7!ree trade and democrac(7
http://infoshop.org/amp/NaomiKlein-TheShockDoctrine.pdfhttp://infoshop.org/amp/NaomiKlein-TheShockDoctrine.pdfhttp://infoshop.org/amp/NaomiKlein-TheShockDoctrine.pdf


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and to start im posing it &ith Shock and s I dug deeper into

the histor- o# ho! this maret model had s!ept the globe, ho!eer, I discoered that the idea o!e#p%oiting crisis and disaster has $een the modus operandi o# Milton riedman's

moement #rom the er- beginningA this !undamenta%ist !orm o! capita%ism has

a%&a(s needed disas ters to ad.ance . It !as certainl- the case that the #acilitating disasters

!ere getting bigger and more shocing, but &hat &as happening in Ira5 and Ne& Or%eans

&as not a ne& 6 post'Septem$er == in.ention. >ather 6 these $o%d e#

periments in crisis e#p%oitation &ere the cu%mination o! three decades o!

strict adherence to the shock doctrine2 Seen through the lens o# this doctrine, the past

thirt('".e (ears %ook .er( di;erent2Some o! the most in!amous humanrights .io%ations o! this era6 !hich hae tended to be ie!ed as sadistic acts carried out b-antidemo cratic regimes, &ere in !act either committed &ith the de%i$erate intento! terrori)ing the pu$%ic or acti.e%( harnessed to prepare the ground !or

the introduction o! radica% !ree'market 7re!orms2= In ussia in =??A 6 it &as 4oris

Be%tsin3s decision to send in tanks to set "re to the par%iament $ui%dingand %ock up the opposition %eaders that c%eared the &a( !or the "re'sa%e

pri.ati)ation that created the countr(3s noto rious o%igarchs2 The

:a%k%ands War in =?@ sered a similar purpose #or Margaret Thatcher in the 3.K.6 the disorder

and nationa%ist e#citement resu%ting !rom the &ar a% %o&ed her to usetremendous !orce to crush the striking coa% miners and to %aunch the "rstpri.ati)ation !ren)( in a Western democrac(. The N>T/ at tac on :elgrade in )@@@ createdthe conditions #or rapid priatizations in the #ormer FugoslaiaAa goal that predated the !ar. conomics

&as $( no means the so%e moti.ator !or these &ars 6 $ut in each case a

ma8or co%%ecti.e shock &as e#p%oited to prepare the ground !or economic

shock therap(2 The traumatic episodes that hae sered this =so#tening%up= purpose hae not al!a-sbeen oertl- iolent. In "atin >merica and >#rica in the eighties, it !as a debt crisis that #orced countries to be=priatized or die,= as one #or mer IM ocial put it. * * 8oming unraeled b- h-perination and too in debted to

sa- no to demands that came bundled !ith #oreign loans, goernments accepted =shoc treatment= on the promisethat it !ould sae them #rom deeper disaster. In >sia, it !as the Cnancial crisis o# )@@%@2A almost as deastatingas the Great 5epressionAthat humbled the so%called >sian Tigers, cracing open their marets to !hat The Ne!

For Times de scribed as =the !orld's biggest going%out%o#%business sale.= * J Man- o# these countries !eredemocracies, but the radical #ree%maret trans#ormations !ere not imposed democraticall-. uite the opposite6 as

riedman under stood, the atmosphere o! %arge'sca%e crisis pro.ided the

necessar( prete#t to o.erru%e the e#pressed &ishes o! .oters and to

hand the countr( o.er to eco nomic 7technocrats27 There ha.e, o# course,


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$een cases in &hich the adoption o! !ree'market po%icies has taken p%acedemocratica%%(Apoliticians hae run on hard%line plat#orms and !on elections, the 3.S. under 7onald7eagan being the best eBample, rance's election o# Nicolas Saroz- a more recent one. In these cases,

ho&e.er6 !ree'market crusaders came up against pu$%ic pressure and

&ere in.aria$%( !orced to temper and modi!( their radica% p%ans 6

accepting piecemea% changes rather than a tota% con.ersion2The bottom line isthat &hi%e :riedman3s economic mode% is capa$%e o! $eing partia%%( imposedun der democrac(, authoritarian conditions are re0uired #or the implementa tion o# its true ision.:oreconomic shock therap( to $e app%ied &ithout restraintAas it !as in 8hile in theseenties, 8hina in the late eighties, 7us sia in the nineties and the 3.S. a#ter September )), *++)Asome sorto! ad ditiona% ma8or co%%ecti.e trauma has a%&a(s $een re5uired6 one thateither temporari%( suspended democratic practices or $%ocked thementire%(2This ideological crusade !as born in the authoritarian regimes o# South >merica, and in its largestne!l- con0uered territories A7ussia and 8hina Ait coe# ists most com!orta$%(6 and most

pro"ta$%(6 &ith an iron'"sted %eadership to this da(2


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Link Capita% :irstCapita%ism is the on%( reason that natura% Euctuations o! theen.ironment $ecome DISOUS-orton = (Timoth- Morton, 3niersit- o# 8ali#ornia, 5ais, 47omanticism and 5isaster =7omantic 5isaster

$colog-6 :lae, Shelle-, ?ords!orth=,http6;;!!!.rc.umd.edu;praBis;disaster;HTM";praBis.*+)*.morton.htmlepresenting disaster as on%( eco%ogica% represents anHonto%ogica% "re&a%% as &e a%ienate ourse%.es !rom nature6 thisis the ps(cho%og( o! capita% accumu%ation

-orton = (Timoth- Morton, 3niersit- o# 8ali#ornia, 5ais, 47omanticism and 5isaster =7omantic 5isaster$colog-6 :lae, Shelle-, ?ords!orth=,http6;;!!!.rc.umd.edu;praBis;disaster;HTM";praBis.*+)*.morton.html. >nd all the !a-up6 rabbits act lie rabbits, and thus pass on their genome. This is called 4satisCcing,9 a #orm o# per#ormatiit-

(5a!ins )R


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the signs o! catastrophe and sa%.ation ,9 i.e., it continues to $e premised

4 on some terracotta mu%titude &aiting to march out o! the emperors

tom$ .9))ZWe ha.e to admit the grain o! truth in this simp%i"ed $%eak

.ision &hich seems to sap the .er( possi$i%it( o! a proper po%itica% .ent6

perhaps, &e shou%d e;ecti.e%( renounce the m(th o! a Great #ter describing multiple #orms o# resistance to the

$mpire, Hardt and NegriWs -u%titude ends &ith a messianic note pointing to&ardsthe great >upture6the moment o! Decision &hen the mo.ement o!

mu%titudes &i%% $e transu$stantiated the sudden $irth o! a ne& &or%d 6

4

moderate demand can trigger a g%o$a% trans!ormation Arecall GorbachoWs4moderate9 attempt to re#orm the Soiet 3nion !hich resulted in its disintegration. :ut is this all one should sa-(and do


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presentAaenir is &hat is to come;a enir;, not &ust !hat !ill be. Sa-, in toda-Ws apocal-ptic globalsituation, the u%timate hori)on o! the !uture is !hat 1ean%ierre 5upu- calls the d-stopian

4CBed point,9 the )ero'point o! the eco%ogica% $reakdo&n , o! g%o$a% economic

and socia% chaosJeen i# it is inde"nite%( postponed, this )ero'point is the

.irtua% attractor to&ards &hich our rea%it(, %e!t to itse%!6 tends. The &a(

to com$at the catastroph( is through acts &hich interrupt this dri!ting

to&ards the catastrophic "#ed point and take upon themse%.es the risk

o! gi.ing $irth to some radica% Otherness to come2 We can see here ho&

am$iguous the s%ogan4no !uture is6 at a deeper leel, it does not designate the closure, theimpossi$i%it( o! change6but &hat &e shou%d $e stri.ing !orAto brea the hold o# thecatastrophic 4#uture9 o.er up and there$( open up the space !or something Ne&to come2Z :ased on this distinction, !e can see !hat !as the problem !ith MarB (as !ell as !ith the [[thcentur- "e#tncient Gree societ-


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Un!unded -andates CP


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Top Le.e%


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=NCJUn!unded -andates CPTe#tJThe United States !edera% go.ernment shou%d mandate thatthe necessar( state and %oca% go.ernment shou%d coordinated

and dep%o( ad.anced Tsunami Detection and Warning S(steminc%uding Deep'ocean eporting o! Tsunamismonitor2 The United States !edera% go.ernment shou%d assist incoordinating and supporting state and %oca% go.ernment &ithnecessar( technica% assistance2

s(stems2That so%.esJempirica%%( pro.en-a( 4ur$( ?Q(eter Ma-, ro#essor o# political science at the 3niersit- o# ?ashington >N57a-mund :urb-, >ssistant ro#essor o# lanning and 7esearch >ssociate at the 3niersit- o# North 8arolina,48oercie ersus 8ooperatie olicies6 8omparing Intergoernmental Mandate er#ormance9, 1ournal o# olic-

>nal-sis and Management, ol. ), No. * (Spring, )@@R


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mandates , partl- $ecause man( mandates are $ased on initiati.es a%read( in

p%ace in numerous states and %oca%ities. Thus, mandates o!ten garner state

and %oca% support6 or at %east am$i.a%ence2 >s 5aniel1. $lazar notes, man- states

ha.e %itt%e pro$%em ad8usting to !edera% standards &hen the( ha.e

themse%.es o!ten adopted these standardsin similar #orm earlier.J The ne! !el#are man%dates, #or instance, !ere deeloped !ith the support o# 7epublican goer% nors !hose states !ere alread-implementing !or re0uirements and other !el#are limitations. -andates can $e use!u% !or theseo1cia%s in protecting themse%.es !rom opposing po%itica% constituencies&ithin the 8urisdiction. or instance, local public !ater ocials hae used #ederal drining !aterstandards as a ceiling on local responsibilit- !hen dealing !ith local groups seeing total remoal o# drining !atercontaminants.


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So%.enc(


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< does not stop un!unded mandates< does not app%( to an( pro.ision in a $i%%6 8oint reso%ution6amendment6 motion6 or con!erence report $e!ore Congress that)O ()< en#orcesconstitutional rights o# indiidualsQ (*< establishes or en#orces an- statutor- rights that prohibit discrimination on

the basis o# race, color, religion, seB, national origin, age, handicap, or disabilit-Q (J< re5uires comp%iance&ith accounting and auditing procedures &ith respect to grants or other

mone( or propert( pro.ided $( the :edera% Go.ernmentQ (O< proides #or emergenc-assistance or relie# at the re0uest o# an- State, local, or tribal goernment or an- ocial o# a State, local, or tribal

goernmentQ (F is necessar( !or the nationa% securit( or the rati"cation orimp%ementation o! internationa% treat( o$%igationsQ (R< the resident designates asemergenc- legislation and that the 8ongress so designates in statute ) Q or (< relates to the old%age, suriors,and disabilit- insurance program under Title II o# the Social Securit- >ct (including taBes imposed b- ^J)+)(a< and^J)))(a< o# the Internal 7eenue 8ode o# )@2R (relating to old%age, suriors, and disabilit- insurance


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o%%$ackNo ro%%$ack' Legis%ators &ant to do un!unded mandates-urph( =+(Meghan, &ournalist #or >lban- NF !ors at times herald%record,4Meghan Murph-6 '3n#unded mandates' are good #or >lban-, bad #or us,9 Times

Herald%7ecord, &ul- )O, http6;;!!!.recordonline.com;apps;pbcs.dll;articleP>I5_;*+)++)O;N$?S;)O+JO`cid_sitesearchuditor's /ce or /SI, /lson said. 7e#usal to compl- !ith somemandates might result in no conse0uences at all, he said.


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N57a-mund :urb-, >ssistant ro#essor o# lanning and 7esearch >ssociate at the 3niersit- o# North 8arolina,48oercie ersus 8ooperatie olicies6 8omparing Intergoernmental Mandate er#ormance9, 1ournal o# olic-

>nal-sis and Management, ol. ), No. * (Spring, )@@R


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lmost a%% states in the U2S. re0uire a balanced budget. :ut the- all carr( de$t 2 itherstates created independent agencies &ith the authorit( to $orro& or the(set up capita% $udgets to "nance %ong'term pro8ects. 4States and %oca%go.ernments ha.e $een 5uite adroit at cheating on their $a%anced'$udgetre5uirements,9 Tulloc said.

Loca% option transportation ta#es so%.es !undingWachs ++A (Martin, h.5. and M.S. in urban and regional planning,North!estern 3niersit-Q :.S. in ciil engineering, 8it- 3niersit- o# Ne! For, "ocal

/ption Transportation TaBes65eolution as 7eolution,http6;;!!!.uctc.net;access;**;>ccess*+***+%*++**+%*+"ocal*+/ption*+Transportation*+TaBes.pd# =:7I""I>NT S/3N5 :IT$=P9 ?inter )@@R $mor- "a! 1ournal, leBis closel-related argument is that the %ines o! po%itica% accounta$i%it( are $%urred &hen the!edera% go.ernment dictates cost%( po%ic(6 and state and %oca%go.ernments are sadd%ed &ith the $urdens o! comp%(ing &ith that po%ic(.

>ccording to this ie!, un!unded !edera% mandates a%%o& mem$ers o! Congress to

reap the po%itica% $ene"t o! passing popu%ar %egis%ation , &hi%e state and

%oca% o1cia%s are he%d accounta$%e !or raising ta#es %%or cutting spending in another area%%

to pa( !or imp%ementing or comp%(ing &ith the %egis%ation. Thus, a #ederal goernmentthat does not #und its mandates is not accountable, and leaes local politicians to tae the heat #or costl- regulations. nR* > thirdargument relating to #ederalism is based on the premise that, een !here a national polic- addresses a sub&ect that is deemedimportant b- the local goernment, locall- deised polic- is most o#ten superior to (i.e., better%suited than< a =one%size%Cts%all=

national solution. nRJ Proponents o! this .ie& assess the e#pansion o! the po&er o!the !edera% go.ernment ushered in $( the Ne& Dea% as antithetica% toprincip%es o! !edera%ism, een i# all #ederal programs !ere #ull- #unded b- the #ederal treasur-. nRO The- arethere#ore critical o# all #ederal regulator- strategies, including conditions on assistance and state%#ederal cooperatie programs. nRf*@2


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NCJCP *i%%s :edear%ismUn!unded mandates destro( !edera%ism9a$er ?Q (Maram, 15, $mor- 3niersit- School o# "a!, irst Honor Graduate, 43N3N5$5 $5$7>"M>N5>T$S6 >N ISS3$ / $5$7>"ISM /7 > =:7I""I>NT S/3N5 :IT$=P9 ?inter )@@R $mor- "a! 1ournal, leBis closel-related argument is that the %ines o! po%itica% accounta$i%it( are $%urred &hen the!edera% go.ernment dictates cost%( po%ic(6 and state and %oca%go.ernments are sadd%ed &ith the $urdens o! comp%(ing &ith that po%ic(.

>ccording to this ie!, un!unded !edera% mandates a%%o& mem$ers o! Congress to

reap the po%itica% $ene"t o! passing popu%ar %egis%ation , &hi%e state and

%oca% o1cia%s are he%d accounta$%e !or raising ta#es %%or cutting spending in another area%%

to pa( !or imp%ementing or comp%(ing &ith the %egis%ation. Thus, a #ederal goernmentthat does not #und its mandates is not accountable, and leaes local politicians to tae the heat #or costl- regulations. nR* > thirdargument relating to #ederalism is based on the premise that, een !here a national polic- addresses a sub&ect that is deemedimportant b- the local goernment, locall- deised polic- is most o#ten superior to (i.e., better%suited than< a =one%size%Cts%all=

national solution. nRJ Proponents o! this .ie& assess the e#pansion o! the po&er o!

the !edera% go.ernment ushered in $( the Ne& Dea% as antithetica% toprincip%es o! !edera%ism, een i# all #ederal programs !ere #ull- #unded b- the #ederal treasur-. nRO The- arethere#ore critical o# all #ederal regulator- strategies, including conditions on assistance and state%#ederal cooperatie programs. nRf*@2

4ush pro.esJki%%s !edera%ismPosner =+ (aul ". osner, director o# the public administration program at George Mason 3niersit- and a#ormer president o# the >merican Societ- #or ublic >dministration, G>/ director #ederal budget andintergoernmental relations 4Mandates6 iscal >ccountabilit-Issues9,http6;;!!!.oecd.org;dataoecd;*;O;O2)+J.pd# s the rise o# national goernment, transportation, and media hae eroded regionalidentities, traditions, and isolation, ho!eer, more conseraties than liberals hae #ound a re#uge in #ederalism.

:ut een though !edera%ismis more o#ten the re#uge o# reactionaries than o# isionaries, it has an e.endeeper Ea&/ setting the nation at cross'purposes &ith itse%!6 and ne.ermore so than during a recession2 fff There is a c%assic a%ge$ra pro$%em in&hich &ater pours into a $athtu$ !rom the tap at a speci"ed rate $ut a%so

e#its the tu$ at a di;erent rate $ecause someone has neg%ected to stopthe drain. I# -ou no! the rates, -ou should be able to Cgure !hen the !ater !ill rise to a certain leel. 5uringa recession, the 3nited States becomes a ersion o# that bathtub. The !edera% go.ernment is thetap2 The state and %oca% go.ernments are the drain2 That3s no &a( to "ghta recession2 When in.estment6 production6 and consumption are a%% indec%ine6 the on%( &a( to keep the econom( !rom shrinking is !or the!edera% go.ernment to de"cit spend and create a stimu%us2 4ut &hi%e the!edera% go.ernment pours mone( in6 the state and %oca% go.ernments6&hich cannot de"cit spend6 see their ta# re.enue shrinking6 so the( cutspending6 raise ta#es6 or $oth '' taking mone( out o! the econom(2


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programs and other education%related eBpenditures #or 8ali#ornia total D@. billion #rom *++2 to *+)+. The stategoernment's cuts to K%)* schools, communit- colleges, the 8ali#ornia State 3niersit-, and the 3niersit- o#8ali#ornia add up to D).O billion #or the same -ears. 8ali#ornia leads the Cscal%%disaster pac, but it is an-thing butalone. > September paper #rom the 8enter on :udget and olic- riorities reports that since the recession began, atleast O) states and the 5istrict o# 8olumbia hae slashed their budgets #or a !ide range o# serices %% * #or healthcare, * #or aid to the elderl- and disabled, *R #or K%)* education, JO #or higher education, and some states #or allo# these. ort-%t!o states hae reduced !ages to state !orers through la-oEs, #urloughs, and salar- cuts. >t leastJ+ states hae raised taBes during the same period. =>ll o# these steps remoe demand #rom the econom-,= thecenter concludes. The- =reduce the purchasing po!er o# !orers' #amilies, !hich in turn aEects local businesses.=?ithout the /bama stimulus, !hich appropriated roughl- D)O+ billion to the states to reduce their budgetar-short#alls during *++@ and *+)+, these numbers !ould be een !orse %% though eep in mind that D)O+ billion in#ederal #unds isn't engendering gro!thQ it's merel- oEsetting state cutbacs. The center estimates that the #ederalbailout enabled states to reduce their budget gaps b- O+ percent. :ut !ith state Cnancial short#alls in those t!o-ears coming to a !hopping DJ+ billion, that leaes D*)+ billion in unrecompensed state budget short#alls, !hichthe states hae to mae up b- cutbacs or taB hies or Cnancial gimmics. 5ean :aer and 7ia 5eutsch o# the8enter #or $conomic and olic- 7esearch estimate that the cutbacs and taB hies o# cities, counties, and schooldistricts in *++@ and *+)+ !ill come to an additional D) billion. So ho! much does the goernment's stimuluscome to !hen !e subtract the amount the states and localities are taing out o# the econom- #rom the amount the#eds are putting inP The t!o%-ear /bama stimulus amounted to D2 billion, o# !hich D+ billion !as reall- &ust theusual taBpa-ers' annual eBemption #rom the alternatie minimum taB, and D)OR billion !as actuall- appropriated#or the -ears *+)) to *+)@. That leaes D) billion that the #ederal goernment is pumping into the econom-during *++@ and *+)+. Subtract the amount that state and local goernments are !ithdra!ing #rom the econom-(the- hae a combined short#all o# around DJR billion, but let's sa- the- do enough Cscal Cnagling so that the total

o# their cutbacs and taB hies is &ust DJ* billiont D*OR billion %% the net o# the #ederal stimulus minus the state and local anti%stimulus %% it comes to &ust +.2percent o# G5, a leel lo!er than those o# man- o# the nations that the 3.S. chastised #or #ailing to stimulate their

economies sucientl-. :ut other ma8or nations don3t ha.e !edera% s(stems that turnthem into unstopped $athtu$s in times o! recession2 The( ha.e states andmunicipa%ities, to be sure, $ut either the responsi$i%it( !or !unding most!unctions o! go.ernment resides &ith the nationa% go.ernment6 or, as in 1apan,state and %oca% go.ernments are not re5uired to run annua% $a%anced$udgets. In 8hina, !hich probabl- has had the most robust recoer- o# an- ma&or nation, taBes and spending#or eer-thing are set in :ei&ing (including the lo!er taB rates #or proinces in !hich manu#acturing #or eBport is themain economic actiit-'s gro!ing sub!a- s-stem and its #ar%ung bus lines, struc a noel deal !ith an Italian railmanu#acturer. In return #or its purchase o# )++ light%rail cars #rom the compan-, the MT> got the compan- to agreeto locate a unionized #actor- in "os >ngeles. roblems !ith the manu#acturer caused the deal to collapse, though,and the MT> is no! searching #or another compan- that !ill build the trains in "os >ngeles. The agenc-'s attempt tobolster local industr- !ith a :u-%"> polic- has encountered opposition, ho!eer, #rom the "os >ngeles Times, !hichnoted in an editorial that #ederal #unds aailable #or bu-ing clean, green rail transport are denied to states andcities that insist on maing the product locall-. To be sure, the /bama administration has allotted billions o# dollarsto incubate an electric%car industr-. :ut it is not insisting on domestic content, nor has it cut a deal !ith a #oreign


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manu#acturer to locate a #actor- here, as Los 0uic !a- to graspthe contrasting leels o# political po!er !ielded b- the elderl- (considerable< and the poor (negligible


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=NC Po&er Grid:edera%ism co%%apses the po&er gridThe Ne& Borker +? (1ames Suro!ieci, The inancial age staE !riter #or The Ne! Forer, 1ul- *,*++@ i#t- ?a-s To Kill 7ecoer-,9 The Ne! Forer,http6;;!!!.ne!-orer.com;magazine;bios;&ames]suro!ieci;searchPcontributorName_&ames*+suro!ieci,


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c($erattacks on the e%ectric grid6 and man( kinds o! interruptions togenerating p%antsJha)ards e%ectricit(dependent h-drocarbon delier-, the national econom-,social stabilit-, and 5/5Ws mission continuit-. The U2S2 e%ectric grid &asnamed b- the National>cadem- o# $ngineering as the top engineering achieement o# the *+th centur-. It is er- capital%intensie,

compleB, technologicall- un#orgiing, usua%%( re%ia$%e6 $ut inherent%( $ritt%e2 It is

responsi$%e !or@2?? percent o! U2S2 po&er !ai%ures 6 and occasionall- $%acking

out %arge areas &ithin seconds J$ecause the grid re5uires e#act

s(nchron( across su$continenta% areas and re%ies on components taking

(ears to $ui%d in&ust a !e& !actoriesor one (o#ten abroad


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llgo, 4Goernment ?atchdog ?arns against ulnerabilit- o# $lectrical Grid9,http6;;!!!.allgo.com;ne!s;controersies;goernment%!atchdog%!arns%against%ulnerabilit-%o#%electrical%gridPne!s_2OO2+eed =+==1ohn, 7eports on the #rontiers o# c-ber !ar and the latest in militar- technolog- #or Killer >pps atoreign olic-, =3.S. energ- companies ictims o# potentiall- destructie c-ber intrusions=, *+)*,illerapps.#oreignpolic-.com;posts;*+)*;)+;));us]energ-]companies]ictims]o#]potentiall-]destructie]c-ber]attacs

:oreign actors are pro$ingthe net&orkso# e- >merican companies in an attempt to gaincontro% o! industria% !aci%ities and transportation s(stems , 5e#ense Secretar- "eon anetta reealed

tonight. =?e no! that #oreign c($er actors are pro$ing


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NC Grid k -i%itar(

Grid !ai%ure &recks US critica% mission operations

Stockton ==aul, assistant secretar- o# de#ense #or Homeland 5e#ense and

>mericasW Securit- >Eairs, 4Ten Fears >#ter @;))6 8hallenges #or the 5ecade to8ome9, http6;;!!!.hsa&.org;P#ullarticle_.*.))

The c-ber threat to the 5I: is onl- part o# a much larger challenge to 5o5. otential ad.ersaries are seeking as(mmetricmeans to cripp%e our !orce pro8ection6 &ar"ghting6 and sustainmentcapa$i%ities6 $( targeting the critica% ci.i%ian and de!ense supportingassets(!ithin the 3nited States and abroad< on !hich our #orces depend. This challenge is not limited to man%made threatsQ 5o5 must also eBecute its mission%essential#unctions in the #ace o# disruptions caused b- naturall- occurring hazards.*+ Threats and ha)ards to DoD missione#ecution inc%ude incidents such as earth5uakes 6 natura%%( occurringpandemics6 so%ar &eather e.ents6 and industria% accidents, as !ell as inetic or irtual attacs b-

state or non%state actors. Threats can a%so emanate !rom insiders &ith ties to !oreigncounterinte%%igence organi)ations6 homegro&n terrorists6 or indi.idua%s!ith amalicious agenda. rom a 5o5 perspectie, this global conergence o# unprecedented threats and hazards, and ulnerabilities and conse0uences, is a particularl- problematic realit- o#the post%8old ?ar !orld. Success#ull- deplo-ing and sustaining our militar- #orces are increasingl- a #unction o# interdependent suppl- chains and priatel- o!ned in#rastructure !ithinthe 3nited States and abroad, including transportation net!ors, c-ber s-stems, commercial corridors, communications path!a-s, and energ- grids. This in#rastructure largel- #alls

outside 5o5 direct control. >dersar- actions to destro(6 disrupt 6 or manipu%ate this high%(.u%nera$%e home%and' and !oreign'$ased in!rastructure ma( $e re%ati.e%(eas(to achiee and eBtremel- tough to counter. >ttacing such 4so!t 6 di;use in!rastructure s(stems cou%dsigni"cant%( a;ect our mi%itar( !orces g%o$a%%( potentia%%( $%inding them6neutering their c ommand and c ontro%6 degrading their mo$i%it(6 andiso%ating them !rom their principa% sources o! %ogistics support. The 5e#ense 8riticalIn#rastructure rogram (58I< under Mission >ssurance sees to improe eBecution o# 5o5 assigned missions to mae them more resilient. This is accomplished through the assessmento# the supporting commercial in#rastructure relied upon b- e- nodes during eBecution. :- building resilience into the s-stem and ensuring this support is !ell maintained, 5o5 aims toensure it can =tae a punch as !ell as delier one.=*) It also proides the department the means to prioritize inestments across all 5o5 components and assigned missions to the mostcritical issues #aced b- the department through the use o# ris decision pacages (75s the largest consumer o# energ- in the 3nited States, 5o5 is dependent on commercial electricit- sources outside its o!nership and control #or secure, uninterrupted po!er tosupport critical missions. In #act, approBimatel- @@ percent o# the electricit- consumed b- 5o5 #acilities originates oEsite, !hile approBimatel- 2 percent o# critical electricit-in#rastructure itsel# is commerciall- o!ned. This situation onl- underscores the importance o# our partnership !ith 5HS and its !or to protect the nationWs critical in#rastructure amission that seres not onl- the national de#ense but also the larger national purpose o# sustaining our economic health and competitieness. 5o5 has traditionall- assumed that thecommercial grid !ill be sub&ect onl- to in#re0uent, !eather%related, and short%term disruptions, and that aailable bacup po!er is sucient to meet critical mission needs. >s noted in

the ebruar- *++2 7eport o# the 5e#ense Science :oard Tas orce on 5o5 $nerg- Strateg-, 4In most cases6 neither the grid noron'$ase $ackup po&er pro.ides su1cient re%ia$i%it( to ensure continuit(

o! critica% nationa% priorit( !unctions and o.ersight o! strategic missionsin the !ace o! a %ong term (seeral months< outage.9*J Similarl-, a *++@ G>/ 7eport on >ctions Needed to Improe the IdentiCcation andManagement o# $lectrical o!er 7iss and ulnerabilities to 5o5 8ritical >ssets stated that 5o5 mission%critical assets rel- primaril- on commercial electric po!er and are ulnerable to

disruptions in electric po!er supplies.*O -oreo.er6 these .u%nera$i%ities ma( cascade into othercritica% in!rastructure that uses the grid communications6 &ater6transportation6 and pipe%ines that6 in turn6 is needed !or the norma%operation o! the grid6 as &e%% as its 5uick reco.er( in emergenc(situations2To remed- this situation, the 5e#ense Science :oard (5S:< Tas orce recommended that 5o5 tae a broad%based approach, including a #ocused anal-sis o#critical #unctions and supporting assets, a more realistic assessment o# electricit- outage cause and duration, and an integrated approach to ris management that includes greater
http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11


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ecienc-, rene!able resources, distributed generation, and increased reliabilit-. 5o5 Mission >ssurance is designed to carr- #or!ard the 5S: recommendations. Fet, #or a ariet- o#reasons technical, Cnancial, regulator-, and legal 5o5 has limited abilit- to manage electrical po!er demand and suppl- on its installations. >s noted aboe, 5HS is the lead agenc-#or critical in#rastructure protection b- la! and pursuant to Homeland Securit- residential 5irectie . The 5epartment o# $nerg- (5/$< is the lead agenc- on energ- matters. >nd !ithin5o5, energ- and energ- securit- roles and responsibilities are distributed and shared, !ith diEerent entities managing securit- against ph-sical, nuclear, and c-ber threatsQ cost andregulator- complianceQ and the response to natural disasters. >nd o# course, production and delier- o# electric po!er to most 5o5 installations are controlled b- commercial entitiesthat are regulated b- state and local utilit- commissions. The resulting paradoB6 5o5 is dependent on a commercial po!er s-stem oer !hich it does not and neer !ill eBercisecontrol.

Loss o! mission e;ecti.eness causes nuc%ear &ar in e.er( hotspot

*agan and Oan%on ,rederic, resident scholar at >$I and Michael, senior#ello! in #oreign polic- at :rooings, 4The 8ase #or "arger Ground orces9, >pril*++, http6;;!!!.aei.org;Cles;*++;+O;*O;*+++O*O]Kagan*+++O*O.pd#

?e lie at a time !hen &ars not on%( rage in near%( e.er( region $ut threaten toerupt in man( p%aces &here the current re%ati.e ca%m is tenuous . To ie! this asa strategic mi%itar( cha%%enge !or the United States is not to espouse a speci"ctheor( o! merican #oreign polic- maers since ?orld ?ar II that o.erseasthreats must $e countered $e!ore the( can direct%( threaten this countr(sshores, that the $asic sta$i%it( o! the internationa% s(stem is essentia% to


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*orea, the Tai&anStrait, and the Persian Gu%!but also associated !ith a ariet- o# Special orcesactiities and stabilization operations. or toda-Ws 3S militar-, !hich alread- eBcels at high technolog- and isincreasingl- #ocused on re%learning the lost art o# counterinsurgenc-, this is Crst and #oremost a 0uestion o# Cndingthe resources to Celd a large%enough standing >rm- and Marine 8orps to handle personnel intensie missions suchas the ones no! under !a- in Ira0 and >#ghanistan. "et us hope there !ill be no such large%scale missions #or a

!hile. :ut preparing !or the possi$i%it(6 &hi%e doing &hate.er &e can at this%ate hour to re%ie.e the pressure on our so%diers and -arines in ongoingoperations6 is prudent. >t !orst, the onl- potential do!nside to a ma&or program to strengthen the

militar- is the possibilit- o# spending a bit too much mone-. >ecent histor( sho&s no %ink

$et&een ha.ing a %arger mi%itar( and its o.eruse Q indeed, 7onald >eagans time

in o1ce &as characteri)ed $( higher de!ense $udgets and (et much %essuse o! the mi%itar(, an outcome #or !hich !e can hope in the coming -ears, but hardl- guarantee. ?hilethe authors disagree bet!een ourseles about proper increases in the size and cost o# the militar- (!ith /WHanlonpre#erring to hold de#ense to roughl- O percent o# G5 and seeing ground #orces increase b- a total o# perhaps)++,+++, and Kagan !illing to deote at least percent o# G5 to de#ense as in the 7eagan -ears and increase the>rm- b- at least *+,+++


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=NC Ira5 N4Nations mode% US !edera%ism decisions demonstrates .ia$i%it(o! dua% so.ereignt(4ogen HA

(5aid, ro#essor o# "a! and T. 8arroll :ro!n Scholar, 3niersit- o# Mar-land School o# "a!. Hastings "a! 1ournal, Hastings ".1. JJJ rule that satisCes the ma&orit- in each o# the C#t- states !ill be a much larger number than a rulethat satisCes the national ma&orit- but oerrides local state ma&orities. The !rinle is the !eight to be assigned thedesire o# persons in one state to hae their rule adopted in a neighboring state !here there is no signiCcantcommercial eEect on the Crst state #rom such an adoption. 8ongressional po!er should be sucient to enable anational ma&orit- to oercome local ma&orities !hen that desire is at a high leel, but the stumbling blocs that the8ourt has fJ@ raised to presere #ederalism ma- help presere local pre#erences !here the national interest islo!. The states hae al!a-s been #amed as the laboratories o# eBperimentation. JJ* ?ith respect to indiidualrights, the slo! eBpansion o# la!s prohibiting discrimination based on gender orientation suggests that states ma-be een more progressie than the national goernment, a goernment !hose la!s o#ten preempt local attempts tograpple !ith issues. It ma- !ell be that the huge amounts o# Cnancing necessar- to run #or national oce create apolarization that does not !ell reect a ma&orit-. 7aising mone- is easier #or the more ideological candidates oneach side, and this promotes more stri#e and less cooperation in the national legislature. JJJ "ocal campaigns arecheaper and need not be as ideologicall- diisie. That creates the possibilit- o# legislatures more amenable to

!oring together on problems and creating ne! solutions. inall-,


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In an article last Thursda-, 7an& >laaldin argued that Ira0's current problems can be traced bac to the

centralisation o# po!er in :aghdad, and suggested that the countr- must turn to!ards !edera%ismin order tooercome these issues. This is the &orst possi$%e so%ution !or Ira5 no&. To imp%ement!edera%ism in this high%( charged atmosphere sends the &rong message tothe peop%e o! Ira5 and to the &or%d. ederalism as a solution misdiagnoses the crisis. Therea% pro$%em is not centra%ised go.ernmentbut politicians !ho hae #ailed the people. Ira0must !ait until a rational debate on #ederalism can #ocus on good goernance as opposed to de#ending sectarianidentities. /ther!ise, i! ca%%s !or partition dro&n out those ca%%ing !or ca%m andpatience6 there &i%% $e another $%ood$ath reminiscent o! the ci.i% &ar in++Q'+@. It &ou%d $e impossi$%e to imp%ement &idesca%e !edera%ism no&&ithout engaging in .io%ent conEict. Theor- is one thing, but the realit- on the ground tells adiEerent stor-. Ira5 has ne.er in its histor( $een neat%( geographica%%( di.ideda%ong ethno'sectarian %ines2 I! the &hee%s o! di.ision &ere to come intomotion6 Sunni6 Shia and *urdish !orces &ou%d scram$%e to sei)e contro% o!mi#ed and disputed territories. Ira0is are not born saages !ho are incapable o# liing togetherpeace#ull-. :oreign'$acked terrorists ha.e %ong $een e#p%oiting domestic5uarre%s to incite sectarian .io%ence2 Ira5 must not !a%% into their trap.

ederalism ma- hae !ored !onders #or the *urds, but their success cannot $e taken as a$%ueprint !or the rest o! the countr(. The Kurds are an eBception because the( ha.e hadde !acto autonomous ru%e since =??=. That !as a conse0uence o# the brutalit- o# the :a'athregime. Toda-, Ira0i illages are not being gassed, mass graes are not being Clled !ith hundreds o# thousands o#

corpses, and entire to!ns and cities are not being cleansed b- the central goernment. The *urdishe#amp%e, ho!eer, a%so i%%ustrates that mereautonom( is not enough toreso%.e conEict. In the mid%@+s, the Kurds #ought each other oer resources in a blood- ciil !ar that le#tthousands dead as rial political #actions &oce-ed #or po!er. Toda-, the Kurdish region does #are bettereconomicall- and in terms o# securit-, but politicall- the Kurds are mired b- the same problems that aEect the rest

o# Ira06 corruption 6 nepotism6 %ack o! transparenc( and accounta$i%it(. These arethe real issues holding Ira0 bac and the- need to $e addressed more urgent%( than thede$ate o.er !edera%ism. It is e0uall- important to highlight the nature o# sectarianism in Ira0. ?e mustbe able to distinguish bet!een pent%up hatreds that date bac centuries and shre!d political manipulation.ro#essor $ric 5ais, a political scientist !hose research includes the relationship bet!een state po!er andhistorical memor- in modern Ira0, argues that the ethno%con#essional model used to #rame politics leads to aicious c-cle that shapes the realities on the ground and adds to the misunderstanding. He argues that the one%dimensional anal-sis Cts the thining o# man- polic-maers !ho need to digest in#ormation 0uicl-. > sel#%rein#orcing c-cle is created !hereb- anal-sts #eed the elite, !hose decisions onl- encourage #urther reductionist

and simplistic approaches. We are in a rea% danger o! ta%king Ira5 to death. erception isdangerous in a countr- !here e.en the most &e%%'intentioned ca%%s !or keeping acheck on 4aghdad can $e trans%ated as ripping apart the countr(. This isn'thealth- #or an-one eBcept ma-be those posed to gain immediatel- b- their ne!#ound po!er.

Ira5 ci.i% &ar goes g%o$a%:erguson HQ

(Harard ro#, @;)), 4The NeBt ?ar o# the ?orld,9http6;;!!!.realclearpolitics.com;articles;*++R;+@;the]neBt]!ar]o#]the]!orld.htmlnd -et Iran, !ith its Sunni and Kurdish minorities, is no more

homogeneous than Ira0.9ordan6 Saudi


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NC Ira5 O.er.ie&:edara%ism o& and comp%icates the case#ghanistan, than a Taliban N38"$>7 aistanXP=http6;;!!!.electricarticles.com;displa-.aspBPid_RJ@ights Watch +R4Ne! /rleans6 risoners >bandoned tolood!aters,9 http6;;!!!.hr!.org;ne!s;*++;+@;*);ne!%orleans%prisoners%

abandoned%ood!aters

ugust *@, there &ere no correctiona% o1cers in the$ui%ding, !hich held more than R++ inmates. These inmates, including some !ho &ere %ocked in

ground'Eoor ce%%s6 &ere not e.acuated unti% Thursda(, September ), !our da(s

a!ter Eood &aters in the 8ai% had reached chest'%e.e%2Z 4/# all the nightmares during

Hurricane Katrina, this must be one o# the !orst,9 said 8orinne 8are-, researcher #rom Human 7ights ?atch.4Prisoners &ere a$andoned in their ce%%s &ithout !ood or &ater !or da(s asEood&aters rose to&ard the cei%ing2ZHuman 7ights ?atch called on the 3.S. 5epartment o#

1ustice to conduct an inestigation into the conduct o# the /rleans SheriE's 5epartment, !hich runs the &ail, and toestablish the #ate o# the prisoners !ho had been loced in the &ail. The "ouisiana 5epartment o# ublic Sa#et- and8orrections, !hich oersa! the eacuation, and the /rleans SheriEWs 5epartment should account #or the )inmates !ho are missing #rom the list o# people eacuated #rom the &ail.Z8are- spent Ce da-s in "ouisiana,conducting dozens o# interie!s !ith inmates eacuated #rom /rleans arish rison, correctional ocers, stateocials, la!-ers and their inestigators !ho had interie!ed more than ),+++ inmates eacuated #rom the prison.Z

The sheri;o# /rleans arish, Marlin N. Gusman, did not ca%% !or he%p in e.acuating the

prison unti% midnight on -onda( , >ugust *@, a state 5epartment o# 8orrections and ublic Sa#et-spoes!oman told Human 7ights ?atch. /ther parish prisons, she said, had called #or help on the preiousSaturda- and Sunda-. The eacuation o# /rleans arish rison !as not completed until rida-, September *.Z

>ccording to ocers !ho !ored at t!o o# the &ail buildings, Templeman ) and *, the- began to eacuate prisoners#rom those buildings on Tuesda-, >ugust J+, !hen the ood!aters reached chest leel inside. These prisoners !eretaen b- boat to the :road Street oerpass bridge, and ultimatel- transported to correctional #acilities outside Ne!

/rleans.Z:ut at Templeman III, !hich housed about R++ inmates, there &as no prison sta; tohe%p the prisoners2Inmates interie!ed b- Human 7ights ?atch aried about !hen the- last rememberseeing guards at the #acilit-, but the( a%% insisted that there &ere no correctiona%o1cers in the !aci%it( on -onda(6>ugust *@. > spoes!oman #or the /rleans parish sheriEWsdepartment told Human 7ights ?atch she did not no! !hether the ocers at Templeman III had le#t the building

be#ore the eacuation.Z>ccording to inmates interie!ed b- Human 7ights ?atch, the( had no !ood or&ater !rom the inmates3 %ast mea% o.er the &eekend o!


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scared2 The one that I !as cool !ith, he !as sa-ing \I'm scared. I #eel lie I'm about to dro!n.' He !as cr-ing.9ZSome inmates #rom Templeman III hae said the- sa! bodies oating in the ood!aters as the- !ere eacuated#rom the prison. > number o# inmates told Human 7ights ?atch that the- !ere not able to get eer-one out #romtheir cells.ZInmates broe &ail !indo!s to let air in. The- also set Cre to blanets and shirts and hung them out o#the !indo!s to let people no! the- !ere still in the #acilit-. >pparentl- at least a dozen inmates &umped out o# the!indo!s.Z9?e started to see people in TJ hangin' shirts on Cre out the !indo!s,9 :rooe Moss, an /rleans arishrison ocer told Human 7ights ?atch. 4The- !ere !ain' em. Then !e sa! them &umping out o# the !indo!s . . .

"ater on, !e sa! a sign, I thin somebod- !rote jhelp' on it.9Z>s o# -esterda-, signs reading 4Help 3s,9 and 4/neMan 5o!n,9 could still be seen hanging #rom a !indo! in the third oor o# Templeman III.ZSeeral correctionsocers told Human 7ights ?atch there !as no eacuation plan #or the prison, een though the #acilit- had been

eacuated during oods in the )@@+s.Z4It &as comp%ete chaos,9 said a corrections ocer !ith morethan J+ -ears o# serice at /rleans arish rison. ?hen ased !hat he thought happened to the inmates in

Templeman III, he shoo his head and said6 4>in't no tellinW !hat happened to those people.9Z4ll /Eenders $acuated9ge o# 5isposabilit- and Neoliberal Terror,9http6;;truth%out.org;opinion;item;)J+*%hurricane%sand-%in%the%age%o#%disposabilit-[[[I

The &inners in the disposa$%e societ( circu%ate c%ose to the top o! the

po&er p(ramid.... Those &ho can3t a;ord to $e on the mo.e stand %itt%e

chance2222 -arket !reedom means !e& peop%e ha.e a ho%d on the present

and that e.er(one is e#penda$%e2Z %% -gmunt :aumanZIn the a!termath o!Hurricane*atrina, shocking images o! dead $odies Eoating in the Eood &aters o!Ne& Or%eans appeared on nationa% TKagainst a sound trac o# desperate cries #or help b-

thousands o# poor, blac, bro!n, elderl- and sic people. These distur$ing pictures re.ea%ed a

.u%nera$%e and destitute segment o! the nation3s citi)enr( that

conser.ati.es not on%( re!used to see as such6 $ut had spent the $etter

part o! three decades demoni)ing2:ut the haunting images o! the


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a$andoned6 desperate and .u%nera$%e &ou%d not go a&a( and !or amoment imposed themse%.es on the co%%ecti.e conscience o! merican dream and abandoned to their o!n limited resources in the midst o# a ma&or natural disaster. 4ut

that moment soon passed as the United States !aced another disaster/

The countr( p%unged into an economic turmoi% ushered in b- Cnance capital and theapostles o# ?all Street in *++2.) 8onse0uentl-, an additional instance o# !idespread hardship and suEering soonbore do!n on lo!er%middle and !oring%class people !ho !ould lose their &obs, homes, health care and their

dignit-.Zurricane Sand( not on%( !ai%ed to arouse a heightened sense o!

mora% outrage and ca%% !or 8ustice6 it has 5uick%(6 i! not seam%ess%(6 $een

&o.en into a narrati.e that denied those %arger economic and po%itica%

!orces6 mechanisms and techno%ogies $( &hich certain popu%ations &hen

e#posed to a natura% catastrophe are rendered human &aste . One reason

!or this case o! historica% amnesiaand ethical indiEerence ma- lie in the emerging icissitudes o#an era eager to accommodate rather than challenge global !arming, an era in !hich #reaish !eather eents haebecome such commonplace occurrences that the- encourage the denial o# planetar- destruction. These da-s

>mericans are 0uicl- #atigued b- natural catastrophe. Ma&or natural disasters and their conse0uences are no!relegated to the airborne ocabular- o# either #ate or the un-ielding circumstance o# personal traged-, conenientl-allo!ing an ethicall- cleansed >merican public to ignore the sordid iolence and suEering the- produce #or those

populations caught in the grip o# poert-, depriation and hardship. It gets !orse. Catastrophes ha.e

not on%( $een norma%i)ed 6 the( ha.e $een reduced to the spectac%e o!

titi%%ating TK. >ather than ana%()ed &ithin $roader socia% categories suchas po&er6 po%itics6 po.ert(6 race and c%ass6 the .io%ence produced $(natura% disasters is no& high%( indi.idua%i)ed6 %imited to human intereststories a$out %oss and indi.idua% su;ering2uestions concerning ho! the iolence o#Hurricane Sand- impacted diEerentl- those groups marginalized b- race, age, sicness and class, particularl-among poor minorities, !ere either do!npla-ed or ignored.ZTo read more articles b- Henr- GirouB and otherauthors in the ublic Intellectual ro&ect, clic here.Z"ost in both the immediac- o# the recoer- eEorts and the

public discourse in most o# the mainstream media !ere the abandoned #ates and needless suEering o# residents inpublic%housing apartments #rom 7ed Hoo to the "o!er $ast Side, to the poorest sections o# the 7oca!a- eninsulaand other neglected areas along the east coast o# Ne! 1erse-. These are populations raaged b- poert-,unemplo-ment and debt. $en though ine0ualit- has become one o# the most signiCcant #actors maing certaingroups ulnerable to storms and other t-pes o# disasters, matters o# po!er and ine0ualit- in income, !ealth andgeograph- rarel- in#ormed the mainstream media's anal-sis o# the massie destruction and suEering caused b-Sand-. * >nd -et, out o# )+ countries, the 3nited States has the #ourth highest !ealth disparit-.J >s 1oseph Stiglitzpoints out, =No!ada-s, these numbers sho! that the >merican dream is a m-th. There is less e0ualit- o#opportunit- in the 3nited States toda- than there is in $urope % or, indeed, in an- adanced industrial countr- #or!hich there are data.=O Ine0ualit- and social disparit- are not simpl- about the concentration o# !ealth and incomeinto #e!er hands, the- are also about the une0ual use o# po!er, the shaping o# policies and the priileging o# aconseratie !ealth- minorit- !ho hae accumulated ast amounts o# !ealth. >merica is pa-ing a high price #or itsshame#ul leels o# ine0ualit- and this became particularl- clear !hen certain populations in Manhattan receied aidmore 0uicl- than others in the post%Hurricane Sand- reconstruction eEorts. Not surprising, gien that Manhattan,one o# the epicenters o# the storm's saager-, has a leel o# ine0ualit- that not onl- stands out but rials parts o#

sub%Saharan >#rica. ?ithin this geograph- o# massie income and !ealth ine0ualit-, *+ percent o# Manhattanresidents made DJ@*,+** a -ear on aerage and the poorest made D@,R2).ZFet, een though lo!er Manhattan!as a lo! priorit- #or receiing goernment and priate relie# eEorts, neither its ulnerabilit- nor the ini0uitoustreatment it !as accorded !as #actored into post%Sand- media coerage.R Sand- la- bare !hat man- people didnot !ant to see6 a thro!a!a- societ- that not onl- endlessl- created material !aste, but one all too !illing toproduce and dispose o# !hat it interprets as human !aste. ?hat is clear in this case is that !hile some attention!as #ocused on the Crst responders !ho lost their homes in :reez- oint and the poor elderl- trapped #or da-s inhousing pro&ects, =#acing cold temperatures, #ood shortages,= electrical #ailures and lac o# proper medical care,these are populations !hose lies are #or the most part considered =unreal,= occup-ing a space o# inisibil it- !here

hardships are rarel- seen or heard.Z:ut more &as re.ea%ed in this disaster than the


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pain!u% registers o! e#c%usion6 mass su;ering and the ina$i%it( o!

go.ernment to pro.ide time%( he%p to those most .u%nera$%e and in need

o! aid . Hurricane Sand( a%so re.ea%ed the gaping and d(stopian !au%t %ines o!

those disasters e#acer$ated $( human actions in a societ( &racked $(

.ast di;erences in po&er6 income6 &ea%th6 resources and opportunities2Inthis instance a natura% catastrophe merged &ith !orms o! sustainedmora%socia% neg%ect and a discourse o! s(m$o%ic .io%ence to re.ea% a set o!under%(ing determinants6 a grammar o! human su;ering2


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No UP%an doesnt uni5ue%( cause a net %oss o! !edera%ismJa sing%e!edera% action cant change it that drastica%%(Not re.erse causa%

Un!unded mandate no& a2F ducation mandatesPetri%% =R=A (http://www.edexcellence.net/commentary/education-gadfly-daily/flypaper/2013/the-obama-administration-invents-a-right-to-wheelchair-basetball.html!

The modern Thomas :. ordham oundation (T:< !as established in )@@. T: traces its origin to )@@, !henthe late Thelma ordham ruett #ounded it in memor- o# her Crst husband, an /hio industrialist !ho passed a!a- in)@O. It !as irtuall- re%launched in )@@, #ollo!ing Mrs. ruettWs death. Her estate proided the oundation !ith anin#usion o# resources that led to the eBpansion o# its board and the deelopment o# a coherent mission andprogram6 the rene!al and re#orm o# primar-;secondar- education in the 3nited States and in 5a-ton, /hio,

particularl-.Z"et me acno!ledgeAsincerel-Athat I %o.e &hee%chair $asket$a%%. I !ould ote #orcandidates to public oce !ho !ould proide #unding #or 4inclusie athletics9 and !ould be proud i# m- sonsW

schools oEered such programs to their special%needs students.Bet it $ogg%es m( mind that theO$ama


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Links to Po%iticsTriggers $ack%ash destro(s the po%itica% I-P


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CP [\ >acism:ights o.er 8urisdiction ensures continued racism and theco%%apse o! the en.ironment2Co%%in Co%%in +R(7obert ?. 8ollin and 7obin Morris 8ollin *++, $nironmental 7eparations in TH$

3$ST /7 $NI7/NM$NT>" 13STI8$6 H3M>N 7IGHTS >N5 TH$ /"ITI8S / /""3TI/N, 7obert 5. :ullard, ed.,Sierra 8lub :oos, *++s !aste streams increase and accumulate, enironmental problems hae begun to aEect areas outside o# theimmediate locations !here !aste streams are created. This is particularl- true o# urban enironments. 3rbanenironments are compleB. The- became the sites o# industrialism -ears be#ore an- goernmental regulation, andthe main sites #or human habitat -ears be#ore no!ledge about the human health riss o# industrialism. The- arealso important aspects o# ecos-stems and bioregions. >s !astes, emissions, discharges, and pollution haeaccumulated in our cities, the- hae begun to aEect air sheds and !atersheds o# ecos-stems near and #ar #rom thesources o# the pollution. >s both !astes and human population increase, the- are brought closer together,

increasing conict oer enironmental decisions. This conict can tae man- diEerent #orms, such as land usedisputes, industrial permitting decisions, court cases, or conicts oer public mass transit pro&ects. In addition,urban d!ellers increasingl- are people o# color !ho deCne enironment and enironmental concern much moreholisticall- than the general population does. This broader approach to enironmentalism is at odds !ith theapproaches o# mainstream enironmental groups, !hich eoled out o# a !ilderness%conseration political agenda.) The 3.S. enironmental moement has operated to eBclude the concerns o# urban d!ellers and people o# color#rom the enironmental moement and to eBclude urban d!ellers and people o# color #rom the traditional posts!ithin goernment deoted to enironmental concerns.* The eBclusion o# people o# color is repeated oer and oeragain, as goernment and enironmentali.sts react to social concerns about the deteriorating enironment. 3rbanenironments in particular hae been ignored in the 3.S. enironmental moement and in goernmental policiesdeeloped to address the enironment.J Traditionall-, mainstream enironmental actiists, public polic- ocials,and researchers hae narro!l- conceptualized enironmental concerns. Their ision tends to be limited to themedia o# pollution%air, !ater, and land%and it ignores public health indicators. This ision shaped the #orm o# currentenironmental protection agencies, creating artiCcial barriers to protection !ith racist and antiurban conse0uences.>ccording to 7obert :ullard, =?hen !e restrict the boundar- conditions o# 'enironmental concern' to include onl-

enironmental impacts related to air, !ater, land, ... !e tend to ignore critical impacts to sociocultural and culturals-stems. =O urther, assigning pu$%ic hea%th and the .arious en.ironmenta%indicators to di;erent !edera%6 state 6 and %oca% agencies decreases oura$i%it( to %ook at the picture o! en.ironmenta% and communit( hea%thindicators together2 It introduces tur! $att%es $et&een agencies into the$asic acti.ities o! gathering data and making risk management decisionsregarding this !ragmented data2 This disconnection $et&een pu$%ic hea%thand en.ironmenta% indicators is repeated at a%% %e.e%s o! go.ernment2


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$nironmentalists themseles hae not seriousl- eBamined their o!n negatie attitudes to!ard cities generall- andto!ard >#rican >mericans speciCcall-. rom the er- beginning o# our histor- in the 3nited States, our politicalleaders thought o# cities as haing negatie eEects on people and as haing a corrupting #orce on democrac-.

Thomas 1eEerson thought o# cities as =pestilential to the morals, the health and the liberties o# man.= He !ent onto !rite, The mobs o# great cities add &ust so much to the support o# pure goernment, as sores do to the strengtho# the human bod-. It is the manner and spirit o# a people !hich presere a republic in igor. > degenerac- in thesecities is a caner !hich so eats to the heart o# its la!s and constitution.R In the earl- )@+os, people began to re#erto cities as =&ungles= and =!ilderness.= "ater, !hites !ere called =urban pioneers= !hen the- moed bac into thecities the- had abandoned #or suburbs. This potent metaphor o# the cit- as #rontier or &ungle reeals a certainattitude to!ard >#rican >mericans. It implies that cities can become ciilized onl- !hen !hites are the ma&orit-

population. This attitude per.ades the contemporar( en.ironmenta% mo.ementin count%ess une#amined &a(s2 ?aste sites called =bro!nCelds= are the domain o# bro!n and blaccit- d!ellers, !hile =greenCelds= remain predominantl- !hite, suburban, nonindustrialized spaces. ero populationactiists and anti%immigration enironmental policies continue to promote a ision o# land dominated b- !hite

culture as the standard and as !orth- o# haing enironmental protection2 In their discourses6 mostad.ocates o! sustaina$i%it( segregate communities o! co%or and ignorethem, maing eBceptions onl- #or toen re#erences to Natie >mericans as the onl- people o# color possessing anauthentic enironmental ethic2 Sustaina$%e po%icies must $e the "rst e#ception to thenormati.e ru%e o! e#c%usionar( en.ironmenta% decision making2


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+R A subcommittee o# the National Science and Technolog- 8ouncil (Subcommittee on 5isaster

7eduction, http6;;!!!.sdr.go;docs;)22*+]Tsunami]IN>".pd#,pg )ecogni)ing the comp%e#it( and scope o! the sustainede;orts needed to ensure tsunami risk reduction in the decades to come6ha)ard assessment6 accurate &arnings6 response p%anning6 and ne& orimpro.ed actions in pu$%ic a&areness6 mitigation6 and research are

needed2 rame!or #or >ction,ca%%s on the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation rogram, a :edera%'state partnership %ed $(NO


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No Impact :edera%ismCourts &i%% check an( sno&$a%%Nage% =(7obert ., "a! ro#essor, 3niersit- o# 8olorado, March, >NN>"S / TH$ >M$7I8>N >8>5$MF //"ITI8>" >N5 S/8I>" S8I$N8$, p. J.:., rincetonQ 1.5., Harard.AGeorgeto!n "a! 5epartment, 47ethining iscalederalism9, Harard "a! 7eie!, ol. ))2, No. 2 (1un., *++ppl-ing this principle, ho!eer, raises problems o# its o!n % speciCcall-, the de%ineation

o! the essentia% at' tri$utes o! state so.ereignt(. The a$sence o! a c%earconsensusidenti#-ing those attributes in.ites tendentious de"nitions and ad hocdeci' sionmakingo# the ind the 8ourt has repeatedl- attempted !ith little Success.)O Concernsa$out possi$%e !edera% e#tortionhae led some scholars to suggest that #ederal conditions should

be broadl- disallo!ed as presumpti.e%( intrusi.e on state so.ereignt( .)O2 This proposal

is in some !a-s een more m-opic than approaches rel-ing on states' consent, and it risks sa.aging thestates in the name o! sa.ing them. >lthough disallo!ance !ould shield states #rom unpleasantconditions, it liel- !ould deprie them o# considerable reenue.


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CP :ai%s >egu%ation>egs means the( sa( no-e%%ing ?R(Tom, "a! 8ler to the Honorable 1erome arris 4:ruce :abbitt's 3se o# Goernmental 5ispute7esolution6 > Mid%Term 7eport 8ard9, Ninth 8ircuit 8ourt o# >ppeals, "and and ?ater "a! 7eie!

tsunamis negative - sdi 2014

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