tsunami present

8/8/2019 Tsunami Present

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TSUNAMIADILAH BT JAMALUDIN

(2008278772)

DISCUSSANTS:

SITI NORHAZIRAH BT ABDUL RAHIM

(2008278792)

AISYAH BT ZANUDIN

(2008278794)PRESENT FOR:

PROF. DR. HJ.SHUKRI BIN HJ. OMAR



DEFINITION

A tsunami pronounced sue-nahm-ee is a

series of water waves called a tsunami wave

train that is caused when a large volume of a

body of water, such as an ocean, is rapidly

displaced.

The Japanese term is literally translated into

"harbor wave."



CAUSES

Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts are the main causes of tsunamis.

The most common cause is an underseaearthquake.

Sometimes, a chain of events resulting from an earthquake-triggered landslide can also lead to

devastating tsunamis. At plate boundaries, vertical movements of the

plates can cause massive water displacementleading to a tsunami.



CHARACTERISTIC

Shallow water waves

A tsunami is what we call a shallow water wave.

A wave is a shallow water wave if the wavelength of the wave

is much longer than the depth of the water the wave is

traveling through.

This is typically the case for tsunamis which have wavelengths

exceeding 100 km while traveling through 5-7 km deep water.

Because the rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely

related to its wave length, tsunamis not only propagate athigh speeds, they can also travel great, transoceanic distances

with limited energy loss (the rate at which a wave loses its

energy is inversely related to its wave length).



Difference between tsunami in the deep oceanand a tsunami approaching the coast

A tsunami behaves fundamentally different in the

open ocean and close to the coast in shallowwaters.

A tsunami in the deep ocean has very long wavelengths and very low amplitude.

Approaching the shore the tsunami will slowdown in speed and amplitudes will increase dramatically.

This is due to the f act that the tsunamis energy f lux, which is dependent on both its wave speed

and wave height, remains nearly constant.

CHARACTERISTIC



A wind-generated wave

(storm wave) f igure

Wind generates disturbance

at the surf ace of the water

column

whereas tsunamis disturb

the whole water column

from surf ace

to sea bottom.

Wavelengths for wind

generated waves are muchshorter and amplitudes, in

the open ocean, much higher

than for tsunami waves.



This pattern of high and low water levels is also

clearly illustrated in satellite images.

In the lef t f igure the original coastline can be seen with a small strip of beach.

In the middle f igure the tsunami has hit the coastand is penetrating inland.

On the lef t a retreat of

the sea is visible nowshowing a large piece of beach, with the sea tensof meters away from the original coastline



TRAGEDY ON 26 DECEMBER 2004

The biggest tragedy of Tsunami happened

Affected in Indian ocean

The countries affected by Tsunami, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar,

Somalia and Sri Lanka.

Deaths in Aceh Indonesia almost 130000 deaths

Banda Aceh is the hardest hit area of Tsunami.



OVERVIEW OF TRAGEDY IN ACEH

The Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26, 2004, dubbed

"Boxing Day" Tsunami, resulted in death of 130,000 Acehnese

and displacement of 400,000 others.

Neither the media, nor the authorities warned citizens of

upcoming earthquake and tsunami.

Tsunami warning system simply did not exist in South Asia to

alert people living in these areas.

Although the tsunami did not fundamentally change social

dynamics of the conf lict, since neither the Indonesian military,

nor the rebels incurred any signif icant people losses in the

immediate af termath of the disaster, people's mentalities

changed irrevocably.



HUMAN SURVIVAL

Mostly women and children perished in the dark waters of Indian Ocean.

The population of Banda Aceh, the hardest hit

area, consisted chief ly of young people, with50 percent younger than 15 years old.

At the same time, according to the study conducted by Flower Aceh, a local NGO, fewer

women survived the catastrophe then men.

The ratios are staggering, in one case 40women survived in comparison with 750 men.



HUMAN SURVIVAL

Because of the long traditional clothing women could not run as freely or swim.

As a result, a great number of men were lef t with

motherless children, and being unf amiliar withperforming such household tasks as cooking or washing clothes, had to adjust quickly.

The post-tsunami situation in Aceh required an immediate response from the government to provide help in searching for survivors, burring bodies, providing water, food, and shelter for the survivors.



SURVIVORS

Those who survived were experienced

physical and psychological problems.

Lack of sanitation, post-traumatic shock, losses of loved ones, and a sight of dead

bodies exacerbated psychological trauma

experienced by the tsunami victims.

When earthquakes happen, as they do so

of ten here, people frequently feel paralysis or

numbing of the legs.



ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM :

HABITAT LOSS

SURVIVOR

According to the World Bank report, the number of hospitals and doctors in Aceh presents 2% of Indonesian total.

The medical personnel is concentrated in cities and isunwilling to go to rural areas due to security concerns.

Af ter the disaster a threat of epidemic became an overriding concern to authorities and international healthorganizations.

Due to the f act that the ma jority of roads in Aceh run near the coastal areas and they were destroyed by the waves, making it very diff icult to reach places that were hit the most.



ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM :

HABITAT LOSSFISHERIES

Fisheries incurred the heaviest losses: boatswere damaged; many f ishermen were engulfed

by the ocean; coastal villages destroyed. One of the psychological issues for the local

f ishermen to overcome was a fear of water.

On the other hand, demand for f ishplummeted, because many believed that it waspoisoned af ter devouring human remains in the ocean.



TSUNAMI CONSEQUENCES

DISEASE

The wet environment in the af termath of a tropical tsunami,

combined with the destruction of sanitation f acilities and a

warm tropical climate, is the perfect breeding ground for epidemics of disease which claim lives long af ter the storm

passes.

One of the most common post-tsunami injuries is stepping on

a nail in storm debris, leading to a risk of tetanus or other

infections.

This amplif ied with the understanding that f looding and the

sudden increase in water attracts a signif icant amount of

aquatic creatures like crocodiles and several snakes, creates a

very troublesome resultant.




POWER OUTAGES

Tsunamis can of ten destroy power centers which in turn cuts the ability of thousands of people to accesselectricity, running water, telephones and other

essential devices. Because the water deposition of a tsunami occurs

suddenly, individuals of ten will have no other service providers to turn to, as all will be ruined within moments of each other.

This drastically slows rescue efforts and impedescommunication between those stranded and needing help.




TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

Tsunamis of ten destroy vital bridges and roadways that are key cogs in the food and

supply delivery efforts in the days following.

In such instances, help is delayed at a time when it is needed most crucially.

Additionally, because most of the area isf looded, small boats and other small cargo vessels are needed, complicating the matter of bringing substantial aid.




(HEALTH)

Immediate health concerns

Loss of shelter leaves people vulnerable to insect exposure, heat,

and other environmental hazards.

The ma jority of deaths associated with tsunamis are related to

drowning, but traumatic injuries are also a primary concern. Injuries such as broken limbs and head injuries are caused by the

physical impact of people being washed into debris such as houses,

trees, and other stationary items.

As the water recedes, the strong suction of debris being pulled into large populated areas can further cause injuries and undermine

buildings and services.

Medical care is critical in areas where little medical care exists.




(HEALTH)

Secondary effects

Natural disasters do not necessarily cause an increase in infectious disease outbreaks.

However, contaminated water and food suppliesas well as the lack of shelter and medical care may have a secondary effect of worsening illnesses that already exist in the affected region.

o

Decaying bodies create very little risk of ma jor disease outbreaks.

o The people most at risk are those who handle the bodies or prepare them for burial.




(HEALTH)

Long-lasting effects

The effects of a disaster last a long time. The greater need for

f inancial and material assistance is in the months af ter a

disaster, including

Surveying and monitoring for infectious and water- or

insect-transmitted diseases;

Diverting medical supplies from non affected areas to meet

the needs of the affected regions;

Restoring normal primary health services, water systems,

housing, and employment; and

Assisting the community to recover mentally and socially

when the crisis has subsided.




(HEALTH)

o Proper identif ication of human remains will contribute to the resolution of the grieving process

o Burial method of human remains should be based on religious and cultural norms

o All efforts should be taken to search for the reported missing persons

o Establish support systems (friend, relatives, relief workers) to f acilitate psychosocial recovery process of

survivors Observing good sanitary practices and preventing overcrowding in emergency shelters should be observed to avoid outbreak of communicable diseases



PROTECT COAST



PROTECT COAST

The tsunami had less impact in areas where ecosystems were protected and local communitieswere aware of coastal hazards than those places where development went right up to the coastline

Some researcher argues that maintaining resilience isthe key. New scientif ic insights from ecologists showthat natural ecosystems such as coral reef s and coastalmangrove forests can adapt to change and recover from storms and f loods and still provide services of

protecting the coast and absorbing pollution. But once these ecosystems are put under pressure by

coastal development, they may lose their resilience.

if communities are more resilient they are going to be able to learn from past experience and to deal with

disasters better and to recover quickly.



HUMANITARIAN ISSUE

The f irst tasks of the governmentsand humanitarian aid agencies were to ensure access to food and clean water, and medical care for the injured.

The World Health Organization warned that the number of deathsfrom preventable diseases such ascholera, diphtheria, dysentery and typhoid could rival the death toll

from the disaster itself . These diseases are largely spread by

loss of normal sanitary f acilities, the shared use of inadequate f acilities in makeshif t refuges, and the lack of clean water.



HUMANITARIAN ISSUE

Many usual sources of water were spoiled by saltwater, broken by the force of the tsunami, or

contaminated with bodies of dead people or

livestock, requiring water purif ication equipmentor trucking portable water into the affected

region.

Other high priorities were delivery of medical

supplies and personnel to overwhelmed hospitalsand clinics, tent shelters and clothing to people who have lost their houses and belongings, and

food, especially baby food.



THANK YOU

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