INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION MALAYSIA

TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS, JOHOR.

FOUNDATION PROGRAMME FOR BACHELOR OF TEACHING (PPISMP)

TEACHING OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE (TESL)

SEMESTER 2 YEAR 2015

LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY

TSL1044

GLOSSARY BOOK

COMPILED BY:

2 PPISMP TESL (SJKC/SK) JUNE 2014 INTAKE

© First published May 2015

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

1

INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION MALAYSIA

TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM CAMPUS, JOHOR.

FOUNDATION PROGRAMME FOR BACHELOR OF TEACHING (PPISMP)

TEACHING OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE (TESL)

SEMESTER 2 YEAR 2015

LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY

TSL1044

GLOSSARY BOOK

COMPILED BY:

2 PPISMP TESL (SJKC/SK) JUNE 2014 INTAKE

© First published May 2015

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

2

COMPILERS

ALEXANDRA OOI ZE XU

AMANDA EVA JOSEPH

CHUA PEI CHIA CINDY TAN

CHEN YI DARRYL EDWARD DE LOS SANTOS

ELSAZAR CICERO M. SATOR

FOO SU YI JONATHAN

GILBERT VILA LEE CHAI

MING

LUO SHU XIAN NG WEI LING NUR AIN

SYUHADA BT. MOHD. KAMEL

SOH SZE HUEY SOH YU XUAN TAN HUI YOONG TEO WOON CHUN VINISHA A/P RAJENDRAN

ADVISOR

MISS KAN KWONG SEE

Lecturer of Language, Culture and Society (TSL1044)

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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Topic Terms Definition Example Source

1.1

Introduction

to language

and culture

Key concepts and definitions:

Culture - way of thinking

- way of acting

- material objects that together form a

people’s way of life

- United States are multicultural (eg: language)

- Pawnee(united states)

-Han( northwestern Canada)

-Sardinian (European island of Sardinia)

-Malaysia are multicultural country

-Malay -Chinese -Indian

-Indigenous groups

-eg. http://www.voyage99.com/culture-and-religion.html -seeing sociology in

everyday life(pg 62)

Symbols -anything that carries a particular

meaning recognized people who

share a culture

-Instant Messaging symbol

( u=you, y=why, omg= oh my gosh)

-Koi Fish (strength and individualism)

-Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet(used to write the Serbian

language)

-hearing impact symbol

-eg. (http://cybersymbols.tumblr.com/) -seeing sociology in

everyday life(pg62,63)

Language Can be seen as a linguistic, a

political, cultural, social and historical

terms.

-eg: Macedonian language can be a language in its

own right or a dialect of Bulgarian.

Ausbau language = A variety which derives its

status as a language, rather than a dialect, not so

much from its linguistic characteristics (like an

Abstand language) but rather from its social, cultural

and political (with autonomy and standardization)

characteristics (pg. 9 & 11 Trudgill)

Ausbau language : Norwegian and Swedish –social,

cultural, political

Abstand language : Basque (northern Spain and

southwestern France) - linguistic

-eg and definition (trudgill)

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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Values - standards that people use to decide

what the is the desireable, good, and

beautiful and that serve as broad

guidelines for social living

( short form:

Standards of goodness)

Key value of United States:

-Equal opportunity

(-equality of condition but equality of opportunity .

-provide everyone with the chance to get job

according to individual talents and efforts)

-Science

(scientist solve problem and improve the quality of

life and they believe that they are rational, logically

people)

-Freedom

(people should be free to pursue their personal

goals)

Similar as in Malaysia

-Seeing sociology in

everyday life (pg 66)

Norms Conditions for social relations

between groups and individuals, for

the structure of society and the

difference between societies, and for

human behaviour in general.

Folkways - norms that protect common conventions

Mores - stronger norms with associated moral

values

Taboos - strongest types of mores

Laws - the mores that are formally enforced by

political authority and backed by the power of the

state

http://www.enotes.com/rese

arch-starters/culture-values-

norms-material-objects

Objects A thing that you can see or touch but

that is not usually a living animal,

plant, or person

Items with physical substance shaped or produced

by humans.

- Museums and folklore journals

- Tools and technology, clothing, eating utensils,

and means of transportation

-homes, neighbourhoods, cities, schools, churches,

synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories

and plants, tools, means of production, goods and

products, stores

http://dictionary.cambridge.o

rg/dictionary/british/object

https://new.edu/resources/th

e-elements-of-culture

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s

ciences/sociology/culture-

and-societies/material-and-

nonmaterial-culture

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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Evolution of culture and society:

Hunting and

gathering

society

(Evolution)

Any group of people that depends

primarily on wild foods for

subsistence.

100000 B.C – 8000 B.C

-Aborigines of Australia

-the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa

-the Pygmies of Central Africa

- the Amazonian rainforest region

http://global.britannica.com/

EBchecked/topic/277071/hu

nting-and-gathering-culture

https://globalsociology.pbwo

rks.com/w/page/14711259/S

ocieties

Horticulture

and

pastoralism

(Evolution)

Any group of people that rely on

cultivating fruits, vegetables, and

plants, at the same time, the

domestication and breeding of

animals for food.

10000 – 12000 years ago

- Masai people who live mosty in Kenya

- the desert lands of North Africa

fertile areas of the Middle East, Latin America, and

Asia.

http://www.sparknotes.com/

sociology/society-and-

culture/section2/page/2/

https://globalsociology.pbwo

rks.com/w/page/14711259/S

ocieties

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s

ciences/sociology/culture-

and-societies/types-of-

societies

http://www.sparknotes.com/

sociology/society-and-

culture/section2/page/2/

Agriculture

(Evolution)

The science, art, or occupation

concerned with cultivating land,

raising crops, and feeding, breeding,

and raising livestock; farming.

In relation to crop farming and

livestock farming, the term

“agriculture” may be defined as: the

art and science of growing plants and

other crops and the raising of animals

Pre-Independence period (1800-1957)

Before independence, agricultural sector was

characterized by dualism between the plantation

sector and the smallholder sector. Plantation sector

was dominated largely by Europeans and it

specialized in a few commercial crops such as

rubber and palm oil. The small holder sector were

owned mostly by Malay peasants who were involved

in traditional rice cultivation. Chinese and Indian

immigrants grew a variety of crops on small plots

http://www.slideshare.net/m

obile/surayaizad/developme

nt-of-agriculture-sector-in-

malaysia

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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for food, other human needs, or

economic gain.

Agriculture is the science or practice

of large-scale soil cultivation (The

New Webster’s Dictionary of the

English Language (international ed.).

2004. Lexicon Publications, Inc. p.

17).

Agriculture is the science or practice

of farming, including cultivation of the

soil for the growing of crops and the

rearing of animals to provide food,

wool, and other products. Origin: late

Middle English: from Latin

agricultura, from ager, agr- 'field' +

cultura 'growing, cultivation'.

(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/d

efinition/agriculture, September 2,

2010).

such as pepper, tapioca and vegetables. The

composition of agricultural crops during this era can

divided into 2 categories: 1. Major crops (rubber,

palm oil & rice) provide most of the export earning

for the country. 2. Minor crops (food crops, fruits &

spices) create employment & income for the small

holder. Before independence, there were distinct

differences in terms of economic organization and

technology between small holder subsistence and

plantation sector. As a result, the productivity and

income levels of the sectors differed greatly.

After Independence (1957)

The period after independence until 1970 saw

increased government intervention which to improve

productivity and income in the subsistence sector

and reduce high dependence on rubber for export

earnings. Malaysia inherited an economy largely

based on the export of tin and rubber. Continued

with large scale planting (with some diversification)

of export commodity cash crops such as oil palm.

Started cultivating oil palm because the major

foreign plantations seized upon the opportunity of

strong export demand for vegetable oils and shorter

immaturity period of oil palm compared to rubber

tree. Agriculture led by rubber and palm oil

continued to be the dominant contributor.

Industry (Pre

and Post)

(Evolution)

The aggregate of manufacturing or

technically productive enterprises in a

particular field, often named after its

principal product. The manufacturing

or technically productive enterprises

in a particular field, country, region, or

Refer to role of language in ICT http://dictionary.reference.co

m/browse/industry?s=t

http://www.businessdictionar

y.com/definition/industry.htm

l

http://www.yourdictionary.co

m/postindustrial#websters

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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economy viewed collectively, or one

of these individually. A single industry

is often named after its principal

product; for example, the auto

industry. For statistical purposes,

industries are categorized generally

according a uniform classification

code such as Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC).

The definition of preindustrial is a

time before there were machines and

tools to help perform tasks, or a place

that has not yet become

industrialized.

Post-industrial is designating or of a

society in which the economic base

has shifted from heavy industry to

service industries, technology, etc.

http://www.yourdictionary.co

m/preindustrial

Origin of words (etymology):

Etymology The derivation of a word.

A chronological account of the birth

and development of a particular

word or element of a word, often deli

neating its spread from onelanguage

to another and its evolving changes

in form and meaning.

1.2

Cultural

change

Cultural

change

Modification of a society through

innovation/invention (Invention is

the process whereby new cultural

elements are created, often, out of

As described by anthropologist

William Jankowiak, who studied the Mongols in the

capital city of Hohhot, the results were not what the

Chinese government intended. In many ways, to be

Davis and Harrell 1993;

Pasternak

2004b; Jankowiak 2004.

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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previously existing elements, such as

the radio, the computer or the

microchip. As a species, human

beings have always been particularly

and uniquely inventive, another

reason for the success of our

species), discovery (Discovery is the

process whereby we recognize or

gain a better understanding of

already existing elements present in

the environment, usually through

scientific research. Recent scientific

discovery involve the identification of

the human genome and of another

planet beyond Pluto), diffusion

(Cultural diffusion is the process

through which the cultural traits of

one culture are transmitted to another

one. This can take place through

trade and other forms of economic

exchanges, migration, or wars.

Cultural diffusion is more likely to take

place and is more intense at border

areas where populations of

neighbouring cultures are more likely

to interact. In the context of

globalization, cultural diffusion has

never been greater) or contact with

other societies.

sure, the urban Mongols had abandoned their

traditional culture and assimilated to the dominant

Han culture. But we see the force of ecology more

than the hand of tradition in the outcome. Many

Mongols in the city no longer speak the Mongol

language.

Parents find it difficult to get children to speak

Mongol when they live among Han. The scarcity of

housing makes it difficult for the Mongols to form an

ethnic enclave, or even live near kin as they did in

the past.

In contrast to life in the rural areas, which revolves

around kinship, city life requires interacting with

strangers as well as relatives. Indeed, nonkin are

often more important to you than kin.

As one person said to Jankowiak,

“We hide from our cousins but not our friends.”

Sources: Davis and Harrell 1993; Pasternak

2004b; Jankowiak 2004.

http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/cultu

ral%20change

https://globalsociology.pbwo

rks.com/w/page/14711169/

Cultural%20Change

Diffusion - words, pronounciation or

grammatical forms spread or diffuse

from one variety to another

New Zealand , a vowel change which is currently in

progress is the merging of the vowel in words pairs

Trudgil . An Introduction to

sociolinguistics. Pg 204

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

9

- need face to face interaction in

situation of dialect contact

-be used of the geographical spread

of a language, often at the expenses

of another language shift.

-is the result of language planning

like bear and beer, which used to be distinct which

in a lexical diffusion.

Assimilation occurs when two neighboring groups

of people or territories influence one

anothers’ way of speaking.

in the North East of America, there is a very

distinctive, almost nasal, accent. Within that large

group, there are smaller pockets of accents -- a

Boston accent would be different from a Brooklyn

accent, for instance -- however, both accents are

easily identifiable as the larger whole of a “North-

Eastern” accent. Linguistic assimilation also occurs

in popular slang. Often, neighboring communities

will have different slang words for the same things.

If you move from one place to another, over time,

you will quite often pick up on, and assimilate your

own language with, the new slang or dialect.

http://examples.yourdictiona

ry.com/examples-of-

assimilation.html

Acculturation -the process of changing one’s

linguistic habits over time.

when a large part of the southern United States was

ceded by Mexico after the U.S.- Mexico war in the

1840s, the Mexicans who resided in what is now

Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and

California were exposed to the European American

culture of the eastern united states.

The psychology of ethnic

groups in the united states.

Pg 102

Culture loss

and

maintenance

Cultural loss- the loss of cultural

traits. As cultures change and

acquire new traits, old no longer

useful or popular ones inevitably

disappear. An example of culture

loss is the disappearance over time of

certain words and phrases in a

language. In some cases, the words

Since the end of WWII, America has had the biggest

foreign influence on Japanese culture, just as China

had before that, and for most of Japan’s history. In

some ways Japan is being greatly influenced by

outsiders, but probably not in the way those

countries initially imagined. Consider the toilet.

That’s right – an example that we can all

understand. Japan has its older, traditional toilets

http://skeptikai.com/2011/05

/19/is-japan-losing-its-

culture-part-1/

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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continue to be used but acquire new,

very different meanings. Culture loss

is accelerated during periods of

acculturation and transculturation.

(which are still regularly used today), but they turned

the Western-style toilets into something different.

These toilets have interesting features like heating,

automatic flushing, waterfall audio, or even talking. I

don’t want to over-exaggerate them (i.e., not every

house or public place has them), but they regularly

shock tourists because of their complexity and

innovation (and they almost never have English).

On the other hand, wearing kimono (note: kimono is

plural and singular, since Japanese has no

distinction) is beautiful, and foreigners love it… but

it is considerably inconvenient. Women often have

to take classes to learn how to put them on, which is

especially difficult to do by yourself. Therefore,

Japanese people decided that it would be simpler to

wear them only on special occasions, such as

weddings, and the coming-of-age day.

According to a recent survey, more than 95 per cent

of youth here say they are proud to be Singaporean.

However, the truth behind this finding is greatly

compromised by the palpable reality that most

youths are not interested in Singapore’s affairs,

many cannot speak their native dialect proficiently

and majority of them are embarrassed to sing our

country’s national anthem above 40 decibels.

Cultural maintenance

Examples: actively strengthen our cultural

atmosphere and educate young Singaporeans of

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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the historical influences interwoven with the fabric of

who we are as a nation, a people and a home today

http://www.government.se/s

b/d/18552/a/236562

https://upandgone.wordpres

s.com/2011/03/02/culture-

loss-in-singapore/

1.3

Language

change

Language

change

(factors,

types)

The phenomenon by which

permanent alterations are made in

the features and the use of a

language over time.

Example – morphological change - a change directly

affecting the morphological system of a language

eg: the loss of the OE rich inflectional system

https://quizlet.com/1362

0154/language-change-

with-examples-flash-

cards/

http://grammar.about.co

m/od/il/g/Language-

Change.htm

Language

death and

language loss

Language shift will cause language

death. E.g. In situations of

multilingualism and language

contact, language shift may take

place, particularly on the part of

linguistic minority groups. If the entire

community shifts totally to a new

language, the original language will

eventually have no speakers left in

the community in question, and the

end point of the process of language

shift will be language death.

Language death, which is the total loss of a

language from the world, when all the speakers

of a language shift, as with the loss of Manx on

the Isle of Man.

Language loss, where total shift occurs in only

one of the communities speaking the language,

such as the loss of Dutch in immigrant

communities in Australia.

Language murder, when a language dies out as

a result of genocide, as in the case of

Tasmanian.

Language endangerment, a situation in which a

language is in danger of undergoing language

death.

Introducing Language and

Society (Trudgill pg.45)

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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1.4

Cultural

diversity

Cultural

diversity

The existence of a variety of cultural

or ethnic groups within a society:

cultural diversity has increased,

exposing kids to new tastes and

experiences.

Language in workplace (A common example of

cultural diversity in the workplace is a multilingual

workforce. Language diversity can introduce

communication complications, but can also provide

benefits for your business. Potential customers may

leave your business because the staff can't

understand their orders. Linguistic diversity helps

you project a clear image of inclusion to the public.

A multilingual staff can help ensure clarity of

message when addressing a culturally complex

world and when you want to target a diverse

marketplace.)

http://woman.thenest.com/ty

pical-examples-cultural-

diversity-work-force-

3337.html

Subculture

and

influence(s)

Subculture is a culture where some

unnatural culture had been practiced

in our society. Include “heavy metal”

music devotees, body‐piercing and

tattoo enthusiasts, motorcycle gang

members, and Nazi skinheads.

Members of subcultures typically

make use of distinctive language,

behaviours, and clothing, even

though they may still accept many of

the values of the dominant culture.

Influence – Subculture influenced by age, gender,

region and social class:

i) Age Subcultures Consumers undergo predictable

changes in values, lifestyles, and consumption

patterns as they move through their life cycle. Four

Major Age Trends:- Baby Youth Middle aged

Elderly Consumer Behaviour changes accordingly

with the change in the age trend.

ii) Regional subculture is the culture practiced in

different states of a country People have distinct

lifestyles resulting from variations in climate, culture,

and ethnic mix of people. Consequently, different

product preferences exist.

iii) Gender Subculture. The Subculture based on

Male-Female divide is known as Gender Subculture.

The needs and wants of men and women differ to a

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/s

ciences/sociology/culture-

and-societies/cultural-

diversity

http://www.authorstream.co

m/Presentation/aadityasudr

a-1945079-influence-

culture-subculture-

consumer-behavior/

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

13

great extent. Accordingly, their buying habits also

differ.

iv) Social Class Human Societies are socially

stratified The roles performed by various people are

valued differently Differentiation among roles and

their relative evaluation leads to stratification of

society. Social Classes are easily identifiable market

segments which can be reached with relative ease

since they have distinctively defined media habits.

Consumer Behaviour changes with the change in

the social class.

Counterculture

and

influence(s)

a way of life and a set of ideas that

are completely different from those

accepted by most of society, or the

group of people who live this way.

Modern American Marxist political groups are

examples of counter cultures -- they promote a

worldview and set of norms and values that are

contrary to the dominant American system

- Cambridge Dictonary

Online

-

https://www.boundless.com/

sociology/textbooks/boundle

ss-sociology-

textbook/culture-3/culture-

worlds-32/countercultures-

204-8929/

High culture

and

influence(s)

the culture of an upper class such as

an aristocracy or an intelligentsia, but

it can also be defined as a repository

of a broad cultural knowledge, a way

of transcending the class system.

Classic works of visual art, music and literature

In literature high culture prizes the great classics,

what many academics call the Western literary

canon. This includes works such as "War and

Peace," "Moby Dick" and "The Grapes of Wrath."

High culture music example are Beethoven,

Mozart and Brahms before Arlo Guthrie, Dr. Dre or

Bruce Springsteen.

http://www.ask.com/world-

view/examples-high-culture-

ac60c9cd9c54808e#full-

answer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H

igh_culture

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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In visual arts examples include the works of the

masters, old and modern. These include the great

Renaissance paintings and statues of da Vinci and

Michelangelo and the avant-garde images of

Impressionists such as Monet and Degas.

Popular

culture and

influence(s)

Popular culture (or pop culture) is the

entirety of ideas, perspectives,

attitudes, images, and other

phenomena that are within the

mainstream of a given culture,

especially Western culture of the

early to mid 20th century and the

emerging global mainstream of the

late 20th and early 21st century.

Examples of pop culture in 2014 include a

controversial performance by singer Miley Cyrus at

the 2013 MTV Music Awards and several arrests

and controversies involving pop star Justin Bieber.

In addition the music video "The Fox (What Does the

Fox Say?)" by Norwegian band Ylvis, which features

band members and dancers dressed in animal

costumes, has been viewed more than 430 million

times on YouTube as of July 2014. Other examples

of pop culture as of 2014 include TV chef Paula

Deen's use of a racial slur and subsequent loss of

her Food Network show, the relationship of reality

TV star Kim Kardashian and rap artist Kanye West,

and the YouTube dance craze known as "the

Harlem Shake."

http://www.ask.com/world-

view/examples-pop-culture-

4b92dc9d8a052e59#full-

answer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P

opular_culture

1.5

Agents of

socialisatio

n

Agents of

socialisation

Socialization is defined as the

process of learning one’s culture and

how to live within it. There are many

forms of socialization:

Primary socialization is the process

whereby people learn the attitudes,

values, and actions appropriate to

individuals as members of a

particular culture. The major

institution responsible for this type of

learning is the family.

E.g. entering a new profession and relocating to a

new environment or society.

https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour

ce=web&cd=16&cad=rja&ua

ct=8&ved=0CDkQFjAFOAo

&url=https%3A%2F%2Fclas

snet.wcdsb.ca%2Fsec%2FS

tD%2FGr11%2FHistory%2F

soc%2Cpsych%2Canthro%

2Csmukavich%2FShared%

2520Documents%2F3%252

0-%2520Sociology%2F2%2

520-%2520Socalization%2F

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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Secondary socialization refers to

process of learning - what is

appropriate behaviour as a member

of a smaller group within the larger

society. It is usually associated with

teenagers and adults, and involves

smaller changes than those occurring

in primary socialization.

Agents%2520of%2520Socia

lization.doc&ei=KxNLVZLU

AsmOuASk_oHgCw&usg=A

FQjCNEj6OkT_mYvqfclA78

agRrmBum8DQ&sig2=8WU

uCzqxtEpogr2qANyRCw&bv

m=bv.92765956,d.c2E

Family and

effects on

language

- Family is the first

agent of socialization.

- A family is a group of people

affiliated by consanguinity (by

recognized birth), affinity (by

marriage), or co-residence and/or

shared consumption.

- Family is a social institution found in

all societies that unite people into

cooperative groups to oversee the

bearing and raising of children.

- Quasi-experimental study examines the effects

of a parent involvement program on

kindergarten children’s English Language skills.

- The study was conducted at a rural Midwestern

elementary school with 14 kindergarten children

of families participating in the parent

involvement training program, and 15

kindergarten children from families not

participating.

- This study followed these children through the

end of first grade.

- Findings indicate that by the end of first grade,

children from families participating in the parent

involvement training program scored

significantly higher on language measures than

children in the control group.

This suggests that equipping migrant families with

new abilities to nurture their children’s language

skills leads to positive language outcomes for their

children.

http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ794

803

School and

effects on

language

- A school is an institution designed

for the teaching of students (or

"pupils") under the direction of

teachers.

- The study examines English learning in and after

school setting among students whose primary

language is not English.

http://www.afterschoolnetwo

rk.org/article/effect-after-

school-program-

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- Focusing on a large after school provider and

one school district in the San Francisco Bay

Area, we examine the determinants of program

participation among native and non-native

English speakers and the effect of participation

on English language development as measured

by the California English Language

Development Test (CELDT).

- Findings indicate that students attending the

program, particularly at higher level of

attendance, have greater rates of gain in the

listening and speaking portions of the CELDT,

but they are not predesignated as English

proficient in school sooner than other non-

attending students.

The results point to the need for increased

examination of the link between in-school and out-of

school activities in relation to English language

acquisition among youth.

participation-english-

language-acquisition

Mass media

and effects on

language

- The mass media are diversified

media technologies that are intended

to reach a large audience by mass

communication.

- The technology through which this

communication takes place varies.

- Broadcast media

such as radio, recorded music, film

and television transmit their

information electronically.

- The main effect of social media is that sentences

and phrase have become much shorter.

- As example, the alteration of the word

“facebook” to be both a noun and verb can

change a sentence from “I will send her a

message on facebook” to simply “I’ll facebook

her”.

- For example, this use of terms such as “tweet”

as a verb to shorten sentences is very much

reflective of the limit of 140 characters in a tweet,

forcing you to become more concise and get

your message across with a limited number of

letters.

http://blog.lspr-

education.com/socialmedia/t

he-effect-of-social-media-

on-language/

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- Print media use a physical object

such as a newspaper, book,

pamphlet or comics,[1] to distribute

their information.

“OMG” and “LOL” are widely used acronyms that

save time in writing a message.

Religious

institution and

effects on

language

- Religion is a social institution that

answers questions and explains the

seemingly inexplicable.

-Religion provides explanations for

why things happen and demystifies

the ideas of birth and death.

-Religions based on the belief in a

single deity are monotheistic.

- Those that encompass many deities

are polytheistic.

- Acquiring a religion involves to some extent

learning a new vocabulary and syntax: for example,

the old Quaker use of "thee".

- And because what is said may partially condition

what can be thought, the use of such speech

patterns will have subtle psychological effects on the

speakers, tending to limit what can be named and

hence what can be thought. Hence religion and

language are closely connected at the structural

level.

- And because what is said may partially condition

what can be thought, the use of such speech

patterns will have subtle psychological effects on the

speakers, tending to limit what can be named and

hence what can be thought. Hence religion and

language are closely connected at the structural

level.

- Languages, as Deacon emphasizes, are not static

but evolve over time; they behave in fact like living

organisms. The same is true of religions. Deacon

writes: "As a language passes from generation to

generation, the vocabulary and syntactical rules

tend to get modified by transmission errors, by the

active creativity of its users, and by influences from

other languages... Eventually words, phraseology

and syntax will diverge so radically that people will

find it impossible to mix elements of both without

confusion. By analogy to biological evolution,

TSL1044 LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IPG KTI (2 PPISMP TESL 2015)

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different lineages of a common ancestral language

will diverge so far from each other as to become

reproductively incompatible."

2.1

Introduction

to language

and society

Key concepts and definitions:

Language Not only a linguistic but also a

political, cultural, social and historical

term.

Ausbau-type language – a collection of linguistic

varieties which consists of an autonomous variety,

together with all the varieties that are heteronomous

(dependent) on it.

Malaysia- Melayu, Chinese, Tamil, Kadanzan

Mexican-American- Spanish, English

Trudgill (Introducing

Language and Society)

Society The community of people living in a

particular country or region and

having shared customs, laws, and

organizations

Switzerland (multilingualism), Kampala (the capital

of Uganda - multilingualism), Mexican-American

(bilingualism), Malaysia (Multilingualism), the ethnic

diversity of British society

Trudgill ( Sociolinguistics-

An Introduction To

Language and Society)

Dialects A variety of language which differs

grammatically, phonologically and

lexically from other varieties, and

which is associated with a particular

geographical area and/ or with a

particular social class or status group.

Mandarin (FooChow, Cantonese, Hakka, HooKien),

Malay (Dialect of Kelantan, Johor...)

Trudgill (Introducing

Language and Society)

Socialisation A continuing process whereby an

individual acquires a personal identity

and learns the norms, values,

behavior, and social skills appropriate

to his or her social position.

Example: Family, School, Media mass, Religion

Family- family is usually considered to be the most

important agent of socialization. As infants, we are

completely dependent on others to survive. Our

parents, or those who play the parent role, are

responsible for teaching us to function and care for

ourselves. They, along with the rest of our family,

also teach us about close relationships, group life,

and how to share resources. Additionally, they

provide us with our first system of values, norms,

and beliefs - a system that is usually a reflection of

http://study.com/academy/le

sson/agents-of-socialization-

family-schools-peers-and-

media.html

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19

their own social status, religion, ethnic group, and

more.

Overview of sociolinguistics:

Sociolinguistic

s

Sociolinguistics is the study of the

relationship between language and

society.

We speak differently in various social contexts, and

help uncover the social relationships in a

community. E.g. you probably wouldn't speak the

same to your boss at work as you would your

friends, or speak to strangers as you would to your

family.

-Holmes, J., (2001). An

Introduction to

Sociolinguistics.

Essex: Pearson Education

Limited.

-Trudgill, P., 1992

Speech

community

A speech community is a group of

speakers who share the same

language, norms for linguistic

behaviour.

Focused speech community - wide agreement

about the characteristics of the shared language

variety

Diffuse speech community - less-defined set of

characteristics of the shared language variety

-, (n.d.). Chapter 5, Speech

Communities. Retrieved

from

http://faculty.wwu.edu/sngyn

an/slx5.html

-Trudgill, P., 1992

High prestige

varieties

High prestige variety is a type of

diglossic language that is used for

formal purposes.

H-variety dominates certain domains: literacy,

religion, public speaking, ‘high’ usages

Represents even more power!

Many small groups now demanding English

medium, in order to get more power!

For example, in Singapore, there is Singapore

formal variety. Words use are proper English.

Harold F. Schiffman

University of Pennsylvania

Stockholm, September 2006

Low prestige

varieties

Low prestige variety is a type of

diglossic language that is used for

informal, mostly spoken purposes.

L-variety dominates in ‘lower’ domains: jokes,

intimacy, street use, is the first language learned.

Spoken only by children, lesser beings,

uneducated people.

For example, in Singapore, there is Singapore

informal variety. Like the word kiasu, it is mixed

hokkien. It means scare to lose.

Harold F. Schiffman

University of Pennsylvania

Stockholm, September 2006

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Social network An anthropological concept referring

to the multiple web of relationships an

individual contracts in a society with

other people who(s) he is bound to

(in) directly to by ties of friendship,

kinship, or other social relationships.

Facebook Introducing Language and

Society, Peter Trudgill , pg.

67

Internal

language

Linguistic knowledge that is in the

mind of the speaker.

Linguistics : I-Language and E-Language

External

language

Observable linguistic output.

2.2

Language

use in

multilingual

societies

Diglossia Describing a sociolinguistic

situations. In such a diglossic

community, the prestigious standard

or 'High' (H) variety, which is

linguistically related to but

significantly different from the

vernacular or 'Low' (L) varieties, has

no native speakers.

Nigeria, languages such as English are high

varieties while languages such as Yoruba as low

varieties.

Introducing Language and

Society, Peter Trudgill, pg.

27

Polyglossia Communities that regularly use more

than two languages

New Zealand, the Maori people are bilingual in

English and Maori

Holmes, J (2013). An

Introduction to

sociolinguistics (4th ed.).

Essex: Pearson Education.

(Chapter 2)

Code-

switching

Process whereby bilingual and

bidialectal speakers witch back and

forth between one language or dialect

and another within the same

conversation

E.g. Do you what does ‘kindness’ mean? Ia

bermaksud kebaikan hati seseorang.

Trudgill ‘Introducing

Language and Society’.

Code-mixing Process whereby speakers indulge in

code-switching between languages

E.g. The kiasu attitude shouldn’t exist in the

youngsters’ mind.

** kiasu means ‘scare to lose’

Trudgill ‘Introducing

Language and Society’.

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Accommodati

on theory

Process where participants in a

conversation adjust their accent,

dialect or other language according to

the other participant in the

conversation

Conversation between:

- Employer and employee

- Teacher and student

- Couples

Trudgill ‘Introducing

Language and Society’.

2.3

Linguistics

varieties

Vernacular

language

Vernacular describes everyday

language, including slang, that's used

by the people.

• Southern Vernacular: a larkin (to prank), all y'all

(everyone), buggy (shopping cart), lagniappe

(something extra)

• New England Vernacular: bubbler (drinking

fountain), packie (liquor store), wicked (really, as in

wicked cool), ilker (to put something off until the last

minute)

• Chicago Vernacular: char-dog (hot dog), front

room (living room), pop (soda), the Cubbies

(Chicago Cubs)

Standard

language

A controversial term for a form of the

English language that is written and

spoken by educated users.

Example: I have never done anything like that

Lingua franca A language which is used in

communication between speakers

who have no native language in

common

If English is used in communication between native

speakers of Swedish and Dutch, then it is

functioning as a lingua franca.

Trudgill Pg.48

Pidgin Languages which have been derived

from a source language through

pidginization

The name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives

from the English words talk pidgin.

Creoles

Language which undergoes

considerable pidginization but where

the reduction associated has been

repaired by process of expansion.

French-based creoles such as Haitian Creole and

Sranan of Surinam and Portuguese-based creoles

such as that of the Cape Verde Islands

Creole is a mix of French Language and African

dialect. It is a contact between groups that spoke

mutually unintelligible languages.

Trudgill

http://www.enotes.com/hom

ework-help/what-pidgin-and-

what-creols-96263

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Social dialects

A variety of language (a register)

associated with a social group such

as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic

group (precisely termed ethnolect),

an age group.

Speakers are simultaneously

affiliated with a number of different

groups that include region, age,

gender, and ethnicity,

Slang as a Social Dialect e.g ace (excellent)

Batty (Mad)

http://grammar.about.com/o

d/rs/g/socialdialectterm.htm

Regional

variation

This variation develops as a result of

limited communication between

different parts of a community due to

various geographical barriers, such

as mountain ranges and rivers.

I have a friend who is from a different region of the

country than I am. Unlike me, who says 'How are

you all doing?', she simply says, 'How are yins?' I

soon learned that 'yins' was just the way she grew

up saying the word 'you' in its plural form. To me, it

was a bit odd. However, to a sociolinguist, this stuff

is golden, as they seek to understand the

ethnography of her area.

http://www.grin.com/en/e-

book/106072/social-

variation

http://shntyyy.blogspot.com/

2012/02/social-and-regional-

variation.html

Social

variation

Varieties of language use defined

according to class, education,

occupation, age, sex.

In their book, Cultural Anthropology, the Embers cite

a study in which children from what are deemed

higher classes tend to enunciate their words,

specifically the ends of words, more than children

from what are deemed lower classes. For instance,

a child from an upper-class family will tend to say

'We are talking' instead of 'We are talkin'.'

http://www.bl.uk/learning/lan

glit/sounds/regional-

voices/social-variation/

http://study.com/academy/le

sson/understanding-

sociolinguists-social-and-

linguistic-variation.html

2.4

Language,

Age The amount of time during which a

person or animal has lived.

“She died at the ripe old age of 90.” http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/age

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age, gender

and

ethnicity

Gender and

sex

"Sex" refers to the biological and

physiological characteristics that

define men and women.

"Gender" refers to the socially

constructed roles, behaviours,

activities, and attributes that a given

society considers appropriate for men

and women.

Example of sex characteristics :

Men generally have more massive bones than

women.

Example of gender characteristics :

In Saudi Arabia men are allowed to drive cars while

women are not.

http://www.who.int/gender/w

hatisgender/en/

Gender

inequality

Gender inequality refers to unequal

treatment or perceptions of

individuals based on their gender.

Gender inequality can also can be

manifested in sexist language. In

general the bias is in favour of men

and against women.

In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive, or

even ride bikes, and men aren’t allowed to drive

women they’re not closely related to.

Avoid using the term 'man' to refer to all people or

as a verb or adjective. Example: 'According to

Heinemann, once man [sic] discovered the power of

the atom mankind [sic] would never again know a

moment's peace.'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Gender_inequality

http://listverse.com/2008/11/

20/10-extreme-examples-of-

gender-inequality/

https://mq.edu.au/on_campu

s/diversity_and_inclusion/inc

lusive_language_tips/gende

r_equality/#He and his

Stereotyping

and language

Stereotyping: To believe unfairly that

all people or things with a particular

characteristic are the same.

Language:

any one of the systems of human

language that are used and

understood by a particular group of

people

Stereotype:

It's not fair to stereotype a whole group of people

based on one person you don't like.

Language :

“French is her first language.”

http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/ster

eotype

http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/lang

uage

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Ethnicity and

language

Language : Not only a linguistic but

also a political, cultural, social and

historical term.

Ethnicity : Sociocultural group or

“race” of people who feel themselves

to be members of a social entity

which is distinct from other social

groups and with a culture that is

distinct from that of other groups.

Ethnicity : Black Americans, Scandi navian Sami,

Icelanders and Ukrainians.

Language : Ausbau-type, Abstand-type

Trudgill

2.5

Language

and nation

building

Nation

building

Nation-building is the intervention in

the affairs of a nation state for the

purpose of changing the state’s

method of government. Nation-

building also includes efforts to

promote institutions which will

provide for economic well being and

social equity.

The Spanish American War was a product of this

rise to global power and, it can be argued, led to

America’s first foreign nation-building effort.

http://fas.org/man/eprint/car

son.pdf

National and

official

language

(Issues and

challenges

and how they

overcome)

Official language : Language in

Canada which government decides it

will operate and as indicated by the

OLBI (official language and

bilingualism)

National language : Language

which are usually makes a

commitment to protect and promote it

so that citizens can use it more

readily.

Canada has two offiicial languages : French and

English

http://www.parl.gc.ca/Conte

nt/LOP/ResearchPublication

s/2014-81-e.pdf

https://officialenglishpolicy.w

ordpress.com/2011/07/27/of

ficial-languages-of-canada/

Language and

education

policies

Cabinet Committee was established in 1974 to review education policies with a view to improving its implementation so that the objective of create a community that is united and disciplined as well as meet

- Razak Report (1951)

- Fenn-wu Report (1951)

- Education Ordinance (1952)

http://kulanzsalleh.com/sej

arah-perkembangan-sistem-

pendidikan-di-malaysia/

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energy needs people trained to national development can be achieved .

2.6

Language

and

technology

Language • The symbolic system by which

people in a culture communicate

with one another.

• Language is not simply a means of

communicating information, it is

also a very important means of

establishing and maintaining

relationship with other people

(Trudgill, 1995).

Examples: Refer No. 3 Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary. (9th ed.) (2015).

London: Oxford University

Press.

Barseghyan, L. (2013). On

some aspects of internet

slang. 19-31.

Sun, H-m. (2010). A study of

the features of Internet

English from the linguistic

perspective. Studies in

Literature and Language.

1(7). 98-103.

Verheijen, L. (2013). The

effects of text messaging

and instant messaging on

literacy. English Studies.

94(5). 582-602.

Technology The application of scientific

knowledge for practical purposes,

especially in industry (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

2015).

• Social (social network, i.e. Facebook)

• Economic (e-banking etc.)

• Politics (Singapore party – PAP party lost due to

Internet)

• Education (SJKC Foon Yew 1 – smart board)

Roles of

languages in

ICT

(Technology)

Through language, we can communicate with friends on social network.

Through language, we are able to know more terms regarding banking and finance.

Students can use the technology (they must know the language so that they can operate

it) to enhance their learning.

Impacts on

language

(Internet

slang)

• Internet slang (Internet short-hand, Cyber-slang, SMS speak, netspeak or chatspeak)

refers to a variety of everyday languages used by different communities on the Internet

(Berseghyan, 2013).

• Internet demands a simple and convenient language for people to use in communication

(Sun, 2010).

Examples of Internet slang (with features):

Refer Appendix 1

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Appendix 1: