trypanosomiasis ziad elnasser, md, ph.d. parasitology trypanosoma brucei with 3 subspecies:...
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TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis
Ziad Elnasser, MD, Ph.DZiad Elnasser, MD, Ph.D
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ParasitologyParasitology
Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei with 3 subspecies:with 3 subspecies:gambiense, rhodesiense and brucei gambiense, rhodesiense and brucei identified identified
by their biology, zymodemes and DNA types.by their biology, zymodemes and DNA types.Life cycle: Glossina fly (tse tse), Life cycle: Glossina fly (tse tse),
epimastigote form, trypomastigote form, epimastigote form, trypomastigote form, saliva, VSG development, blood, division, saliva, VSG development, blood, division, morphology change, antigenic variation, morphology change, antigenic variation, glossina fly.glossina fly.
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African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)sickness)
Lethal meningoencephalitis.Lethal meningoencephalitis.West african or east african types, Nagana West african or east african types, Nagana
in cattle.in cattle.Epidemiology: Africa 10,000 – 20,000/y.Epidemiology: Africa 10,000 – 20,000/y.Humans are reservoirs in gambian while Humans are reservoirs in gambian while
the antelop in Rhodesian.the antelop in Rhodesian.
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pathogenesispathogenesis
Skin chancre.Skin chancre.Blood and LNs, IgM and C, antigenic Blood and LNs, IgM and C, antigenic
variation.variation.CNS, and heart small vessles involvement CNS, and heart small vessles involvement
Hg, demyelinating panencephalitis.Hg, demyelinating panencephalitis.Poly clonal B cell activation→IgM, Poly clonal B cell activation→IgM,
heterophile Abs, anti DNA, and RF, cell heterophile Abs, anti DNA, and RF, cell destruction, immune complexes, anemia destruction, immune complexes, anemia and vasculitis.and vasculitis.
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Clinical AspectsClinical Aspects
Chancre.Chancre.Fever, tender LNs, rash, headache, and Fever, tender LNs, rash, headache, and
impaired mentation.impaired mentation.Heart failure, convulsions, coma and death Heart failure, convulsions, coma and death
may follow.may follow.Attention waves, tremors, sphinctor control Attention waves, tremors, sphinctor control
is lost, seizures, transient bouts of is lost, seizures, transient bouts of paralysis, and final coma.paralysis, and final coma.
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
Lymph nodes aspirate, Blood, CSF→ look Lymph nodes aspirate, Blood, CSF→ look for trypomastigotes, if not centrifuge and for trypomastigotes, if not centrifuge and examine buffy coat.examine buffy coat.
Animal inoculation.Animal inoculation.Ab detection IgM type, simple card Ab detection IgM type, simple card
agglutination.agglutination.DNA probes.DNA probes.
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TreatmentTreatment
LP must be done first to use agents LP must be done first to use agents crosses the blood – brain barrier.crosses the blood – brain barrier.
Melarsoprol B is the best.Melarsoprol B is the best.Eflornithin (ornithine dexarboxylase Eflornithin (ornithine dexarboxylase
inhibitor) alone or with Suramine.inhibitor) alone or with Suramine.Less toxic than Mel B, varialbly effective Less toxic than Mel B, varialbly effective
for T. rhodesiense.for T. rhodesiense.Suramine, Pentamidine, or eflornithine can Suramine, Pentamidine, or eflornithine can
be used if the CNS is not involoved.be used if the CNS is not involoved.
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PreventionPrevention
Tse tse fly control measures.Tse tse fly control measures. Insecticides.Insecticides.Deforstation.Deforstation.Sterile males.Sterile males.
Eradication of reservoirs.Eradication of reservoirs.Vaccine difficulties.Vaccine difficulties.Personal protection from flies.Personal protection from flies.
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American TrypanosomiasisAmerican Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi and reduvid bug.Trypanosoma cruzi and reduvid bug.No extracellular multiplication (amastigote)No extracellular multiplication (amastigote)Trypomastigote → amastigote → Trypomastigote → amastigote →
trypomastigote → epimastigote in bug.trypomastigote → epimastigote in bug.Many serotypes.Many serotypes.C or U shape, large kinetoplast, narrow C or U shape, large kinetoplast, narrow
undulating membrane.undulating membrane.
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Chagas diseaseChagas disease
Leading cause of heart disease in s. Leading cause of heart disease in s. America.America.
Reduvid bug bites at night.Reduvid bug bites at night.Kissing bug or assassin bug.Kissing bug or assassin bug.Rats, cats, dogs, opossums, and Rats, cats, dogs, opossums, and
armadillos act as reservoirs.armadillos act as reservoirs.Blood transfusion and transplantation.Blood transfusion and transplantation.
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PathogenesisPathogenesis
Local chancre or Chagoma.Local chancre or Chagoma. Febrile illness one to 3 months.Febrile illness one to 3 months. Any nucleated cell in the body can be infected, Any nucleated cell in the body can be infected,
heart, CNS, skeletal muscles.heart, CNS, skeletal muscles. Penetrin on trypomastigote binds to fibronectin Penetrin on trypomastigote binds to fibronectin
transforms to amastigote, pseudocyst transforms to amastigote, pseudocyst development.development.
Humoral and CMI destroys the organism.Humoral and CMI destroys the organism. Parasite antigen binds to other tissues resulting Parasite antigen binds to other tissues resulting
more injury, heart damage.more injury, heart damage.
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Clinical AspectsClinical Aspects
Nodular erythematous chagoma.Nodular erythematous chagoma.Romana’s sign if entry is through the eye.Romana’s sign if entry is through the eye.Fever, LNs ↑, hepatospleenomegally.Fever, LNs ↑, hepatospleenomegally.Meningeal irritation, tachycardia, ECG Meningeal irritation, tachycardia, ECG
changes.changes.Myocardium and the induction system.Myocardium and the induction system.Mega colon and megaeosophagus.Mega colon and megaeosophagus.
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
Trypomastigote in the peripheral blood.Trypomastigote in the peripheral blood.Xenodiagnosis.Xenodiagnosis.Culture or animal inoculation.Culture or animal inoculation.Chronic disease difficult to diagnose.Chronic disease difficult to diagnose. Immunodiagnosis.Immunodiagnosis.PCR .PCR .
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Treatment and preventionTreatment and prevention
Nitrofuramox.Nitrofuramox.Benznidazole.Benznidazole.Allopurinol.Allopurinol. Insecticides, fumagatives.Insecticides, fumagatives.Testing blood donors.Testing blood donors.No vaccines.No vaccines.
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Filarial WormsFilarial Worms
Wuchereria bancroftiWuchereria bancroftiBrugia malayi.Brugia malayi.Loa loaLoa loaOnchocerca volvolus.Onchocerca volvolus.
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