try these sites to fill in these cells: you will need the
TRANSCRIPT
Explorer Country(ies) Sailed For
Discovery Dates Territory Discovered
Spain Spain . Spain . Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain
England England England England
France France France France
Portugal Prince Henry 1415: Henry's conquests in Africa
landed him spices and maps. Henry founded a school of Navigation in 1419 to prefect mapmaking, shipbuilding, and instrument making. Historians honor his efforts with the name Henry the Navigator. While never leading a voyage, he did however, funded 14 voyages along the coast of Africa.
Bartholemew Dias 1488: Dias sailed to the tip of Africa. A three day storm carried his fleet to the southeastern side of Africa. Dias considered going to India, but a bad storm an exhausted crew, and low supplies forced him to return home. Dias calls the tip of Africa the Cape of Storms after his trip. King John of Portugal realized that he had discovered the way to India and renames the cape to the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama 1498: Vasco da Gama sails past the Cape of Good Hope and around Africa to India. Making this bold move, Vasco da Gama helped Portugal compete with the overland spice trade routes.
Pedro Cabral 1500: A storm blows Cabral off course and the result was the discovery of Brazil. Later this territory will become important when Pope Alexander VI divides the non-Christian world. Brazil, later becomes the largest Portuguese colony in South America.
Amerigo Vespucci 1499: Amerigo sailed for both Spain and Portugal, but he liked the speedy Portuguese ships over the slow Spanish ships. As he sailed the eastern coast of South America he realized that it was not Asia, it was a new world. In 1507, a German mapmaker honored Amerigo by naming the new continent after Amerigo Vespucci.
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: As a result of Columbus's discovery, tensions between Portugal and Spain increased. Pope Alexander VI stepped in and drew an imaginary dividing line known as the Line of Demarcation. Lands to the east belonged to Portugal. Lands to the west belonged to Spain.
Spain Columbus 1492: Columbus started his
voyage August 3, 1492 and landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. The encounter with the natives was friendly and he mistakenly called them indios. Columbus named his discovery San Salvador or Holy Savior. On his next voyages he carried soldiers and planned to turn the Caribbean area into a colony and the Native American into slaves.
Vasco Balboa 1510 - 1513: Balboa marched across the Isthmus of Panama to discover the Pacific Ocean. Although Balboa did not name the Pacific Ocean he was the first European to see it. This discovery made Panama part of the Spanish sovereign.
Ponce de Leon 1512 - 1513: Ponce de Leon discovers Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. This discovery will give the Spanish a foothold in southern America.
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: As a result of Columbus's discovery, tensions between Portugal and Spain increased. Pope Alexander VI stepped in and drew an imaginary dividing line known as the Line of Demarcation. Lands to the east belonged to Portugal - lands to the west belonged to Spain
Hernando Cortés 1519: This Spanish conquistador had heard rumors about a land full of silver and gold. Montezuma, the Aztec leader thinking Cortés was a god offered to share the throne and gold with him. Two things helped Cortés: 1. Spanish superior weapons 2. A translator by the name of Malinche, got other natives to fight with Cortés against the Aztecs.
Ferdinand Magellan 1519 - 1522: Magellan set sail on the most daring of all the voyages by circumnavigating the world. He discovered a sail through at the bottom of South America, known today as the Straits of Magellan. Magellan made it to the Philippines and was killed there in a local war. His crew of 18 finished the voyage back to Spain, with only 1 ship.
Francisco Pizarro 1530 - 1533: Pizarro, another conquistador, marched into South America with a small force of about 200. Atahualpa, the Incan ruler, was kidnapped by Pizarro's forces. Atahualpa offered to fill a room with gold and silver however, after receiving the ransom he was killed. When Pizarro's men lost one of their shoes, there was no iron to replace it, so the horse was shod in silver. By 1533, Pizarro controlled the Inca Empire.
Francisco Coronado 1540 - 1541: Francisco Coronado led an expedition through the present day states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Coronado found little gold and from that point on the Spanish sent only priests to explore and colonize America.
England John Cabot 1497: John Cabot, An Italian
navigator was one of the first Europeans to land in North America. Cabot followed on the success of Columbus and offered the same deal to Henry VII of England. He charted the coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland. He established the British claim to Canada.
Francis Drake 1580: One of England's best sea dogs. Drake was encouraged by Queen Elizabeth to raid Spanish shipping as he completed a trip around the world in 1580.
Martin Frobisher 1576: One of the first English navigators to search for a Northwest Passage to India. Frobisher was one of the greatest seamen in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He fought against the Spanish Armada.
Henry Hudson 1610: Discovered the Hudson Bay as an Englishman in the service of the Dutch. Hudson was also searching for the Northwest Passage as he discovered the Hudson Bay.
France Giovanni da Verrazzano 1524: This Italian sailed in the
service of France. Verrazzano was also looking for the Northwest Passage or a passage to the Pacific Ocean. He discovered what is known as New York harbor.
Jacques Cartier 1534: Jacques Cartier discovers the gulf known today as the Saint Lawrence. Cartier followed the gulf into a river and located a city by a large island and a huge mountain. Mount Royal later became known as Montreal.
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
1673: French priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet penetrated the North American continent and explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River basin.
Sieur de La Salle 1683: Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi and claimed the land for French king Louis the XIV. Louisiana is named in honor of the French king Louis XIV.
Others Zheng He 1405: Zheng He was probably the
greatest maritime explorer in Chinese history. Zheng He made seven long voyages and opened tributary and trade relations with states such as Arabia and eastern Africa. Zheng He's treasure ships measured over 400 feet long.
Henry Hudson 1609: Hudson discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Strait. The Dutch claimed these regions along the waterway and called them New Netherlands. Later the Dutch set up the Dutch West India Company.
Table for Correct Answers This sailing vessel was about 65 feet long and equipped with triangular sails. The triangular sails gave the ship the maneuverability to zigzag against the wind. At times, square sails were used for power. The caravel had an excellent cargo area for long voyages. Another factor was that the ship could sail close to land. Much of the ship’s technology was adopted from the Arabs.
In order to find latitude, a captain in the early days may have used a quadrant. The quadrant divides the sky into four sections and is used to measure the angle between the horizon and the star or sun. The quadrant later evolved into the sextant and octant.
Columbus was carrying a copy of a chart from Toscanelli’s calculations. Globes helped put the world in perspective and each new discovery end in giving more information to the explorers. Toscanelli was using perspective geometry to develop a map with grids. The result was used by sailors to travel to south of the Equator and return north by the same method.
Explorers were aided by this Chinese invention. The magnetic compass helped track direction more accurately.
A cross-staff is an improvement over the quadrant. A horizontal stick would be lined up with the horizon and a perpendicular slider would be adjusted along the length of this until the sight of the sun was in line with the top of the slider and the end of the stick. The proportion of the slider's height to the length of the stick between the eye and the slider could be converted into an angle which indicated the sun’s height.
Muslims helped prefect this navigational tool. The astrolabe was a brass circle with adjusted rings marking off degrees. The rings helped in using a star to determine how far north or south of the Equator the ship was located.
Notations and logs helped sailors in their use of charts. As time went by, charts contained more information on items such as water depth and speed of tidal streams. Any hazard to navigation would be noted.
This tool for sailors told them the time at night in the northern hemisphere. The viewer would look through the hole and line up the pole star. Next the sailor would identify two stars to the south and move the arm of the nocturnal to match the three star’s locations. The sailor would then look at the marking on the time scale disk of the nocturnal to determine the time. Time was accurate within ten minutes.
This sailing vessel was an improvement over the caravel. The sails were squarer with the back sail still lateen (triangular.) The square sails gave the ship more stability in the Atlantic Ocean. This heavier vessel made travel ideal for ocean voyages. As time goes by this ship develops into the galleon.
Notes for Tools for Discovery
These flims have interesting clips that would aid in learning about explorers.
“Wind” – PG13 – Matthew Modine and Jennifer Grey – I used one of the first races between the Australians and the Americans for the World Cup. Look at the 8th chapter “The seventh race.” The movie shows how a ship of today would replicate a caravel of yesteryear. The movie shows how a ship could sail into the wind and demonstrates how tacking is done in present day. It also illustrates some of the hazards today that also would have been around in the days of the European sailors. Please be aware that “sailor language” is present!
“1421 – the year China discovered America?” Take a look at the chapter – The New Theories. Gavin Menzies presents his theory that the Chinese discovered the eastern coast of the United States. Menzies cites charts and other examples. Experts give their theories to counter Menzies’ theory. Admiral Zheng He may have shown the Europeans the way. Students will enjoy these last chapters of the DVD. Maps and charts are the foundation of many of Menzies’ theories.
“Lost at Sea – The search for Longitude” – Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude - YouTube 54:23 54:23 www.youtube.com/watch?v=NENPdT4LASw
This Nova productions looks at many of the tools of technology the sailors used during this time period. Climb aboard a tall sailing ship and see how John Harrison, a carpenter, with no formal education used his imagination and reasoning skills to solve the problem of longitude. Harrison’s genius at solving the problem of longitude was only one part of the solution. It took him 58 years to collect the £20,000 prize offered by Parliament. Solving this dilemma without the aid of scientist earns Harrison the title “Father of Longitude.” His trial and error method shows how one man can triumph over problems. It’s also nice to see how clocks and watches solved the problem and now sea captains can know where they are. Now all this is done with GPS (global positioning systems.)
“Master and Commander” Russell Crowe – I like to show this one when we study Napoleon, but it would equally do well here. It’s rated PG-13. I cut out the bad language in chapter 19 “Survivors.” Other than that the movie does a good job showing the hazards at sea. I don’t show the movie all at once. I stretched it out over a week (20 to 30 minutes a day.)
Software Stowaway: In this game students, go through an 1800’s British warship looking for a stowaway hiding in each of the ten sections of the ship. As they look for the stowaway they find out all kinds of information about sailing. I usually let the students play two class periods after a short lesson. The software is dated and will not run on Vista. There’s also a sound patch you need to load on the computers you plan to play. The software and patch are located at www.LearnAtGlobal.com . It’s worth whatever it takes to play this game. You’ll find the title under the history section and its about $10 dollars per disk. You have to have a disk in each computer you play on. If you only have one copy you can demo the funny animations on the ship for the students.
Students use the explorer chart as a graphic organizer. Students have both programs running at the same time. (Explorer Chart in Word and Flash European Explorers) To copy text in the Flash program students hold down the left button and drag it to the text area and let go. If you did it right an I bar will appear in the text area. Students can select any text they want to put in their chart by dragging over what they need – See selected text below. Don’t forget ( Control C to copy and Control V to paste.) To go between programs quickly they hold down the Alt key on the keyboard and hit the Tab key until they select the program they need. We found it best to go landscape for this project. Flash European Explorers Microsoft Word Explorer Chart
Movies
“Lost at Sea – The search for Longitude” – Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude - YouTube 54:23 54:23 www.youtube.com/watch?v=NENPdT4LASw
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Discovery Dates Territory Discovered
Spain Spain . Spain . Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain
England England England England
France France France France
Portugal Prince Henry 1415: Henry's conquests in Africa
landed him spices and maps. Henry founded a school of Navigation in 1419 to prefect mapmaking, shipbuilding, and instrument making. Historians honor his efforts with the name Henry the Navigator. While never leading a voyage, he did however, funded 14 voyages along the coast of Africa.
Bartholemew Dias 1488: Dias sailed to the tip of Africa. A three day storm carried his fleet to the southeastern side of Africa. Dias considered going to India, but a bad storm an exhausted crew, and low supplies forced him to return home. Dias calls the tip of Africa the Cape of Storms after his trip. King John of Portugal realized that he had discovered the way to India and renames the cape to the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama 1498: Vasco da Gama sails past the Cape of Good Hope and around Africa to India. Making this bold move, Vasco da Gama helped Portugal compete with the overland spice trade routes.
Pedro Cabral 1500: A storm blows Cabral off course and the result was the discovery of Brazil. Later this territory will become important when Pope Alexander VI divides the non-Christian world. Brazil, later becomes the largest Portuguese colony in South America.
Amerigo Vespucci 1499: Amerigo sailed for both Spain and Portugal, but he liked the speedy Portuguese ships over the slow Spanish ships. As he sailed the eastern coast of South America he realized that it was not Asia, it was a new world. In 1507, a German mapmaker honored Amerigo by naming the new continent after Amerigo Vespucci.
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: As a result of Columbus's discovery, tensions between Portugal and Spain increased. Pope Alexander VI stepped in and drew an imaginary dividing line known as the Line of Demarcation. Lands to the east belonged to Portugal. Lands to the west belonged to Spain.
Spain Columbus 1492: Columbus started his
voyage August 3, 1492 and landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. The encounter with the natives was friendly and he mistakenly called them indios. Columbus named his discovery San Salvador or Holy Savior. On his next voyages he carried soldiers and planned to turn the Caribbean area into a colony and the Native American into slaves.
Vasco Balboa 1510 - 1513: Balboa marched across the Isthmus of Panama to discover the Pacific Ocean. Although Balboa did not name the Pacific Ocean he was the first European to see it. This discovery made Panama part of the Spanish sovereign.
Ponce de Leon 1512 - 1513: Ponce de Leon discovers Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. This discovery will give the Spanish a foothold in southern America.
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: As a result of Columbus's discovery, tensions between Portugal and Spain increased. Pope Alexander VI stepped in and drew an imaginary dividing line known as the Line of Demarcation. Lands to the east belonged to Portugal - lands to the west belonged to Spain
Hernando Cortés 1519: This Spanish conquistador had heard rumors about a land full of silver and gold. Montezuma, the Aztec leader thinking Cortés was a god offered to share the throne and gold with him. Two things helped Cortés: 1. Spanish superior weapons 2. A translator by the name of Malinche, got other natives to fight with Cortés against the Aztecs.
Ferdinand Magellan 1519 - 1522: Magellan set sail on the most daring of all the voyages by circumnavigating the world. He discovered a sail through at the bottom of South America, known today as the Straits of Magellan. Magellan made it to the Philippines and was killed there in a local war. His crew of 18 finished the voyage back to Spain, with only 1 ship.
Francisco Pizarro 1530 - 1533: Pizarro, another conquistador, marched into South America with a small force of about 200. Atahualpa, the Incan ruler, was kidnapped by Pizarro's forces. Atahualpa offered to fill a room with gold and silver however, after receiving the ransom he was killed. When Pizarro's men lost one of their shoes, there was no iron to replace it, so the horse was shod in silver. By 1533, Pizarro controlled the Inca Empire.
Francisco Coronado 1540 - 1541: Francisco Coronado led an expedition through the present day states of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Coronado found little gold and from that point on the Spanish sent only priests to explore and colonize America.
England John Cabot 1497: John Cabot, An Italian
navigator was one of the first Europeans to land in North America. Cabot followed on the success of Columbus and offered the same deal to Henry VII of England. He charted the coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland. He established the British claim to Canada.
Francis Drake 1580: One of England's best sea dogs. Drake was encouraged by Queen Elizabeth to raid Spanish shipping as he completed a trip around the world in 1580.
Martin Frobisher 1576: One of the first English navigators to search for a Northwest Passage to India. Frobisher was one of the greatest seamen in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He fought against the Spanish Armada.
Henry Hudson 1610: Discovered the Hudson Bay as an Englishman in the service of the Dutch. Hudson was also searching for the Northwest Passage as he discovered the Hudson Bay.
France Giovanni da Verrazzano 1524: This Italian sailed in the
service of France. Verrazzano was also looking for the Northwest Passage or a passage to the Pacific Ocean. He discovered what is known as New York harbor.
Jacques Cartier 1534: Jacques Cartier discovers the gulf known today as the Saint Lawrence. Cartier followed the gulf into a river and located a city by a large island and a huge mountain. Mount Royal later became known as Montreal.
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
1673: French priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet penetrated the North American continent and explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River basin.
Sieur de La Salle 1683: Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi and claimed the land for French king Louis the XIV. Louisiana is named in honor of the French king Louis XIV.
Others Zheng He 1405: Zheng He was probably the
greatest maritime explorer in Chinese history. Zheng He made seven long voyages and opened tributary and trade relations with states such as Arabia and eastern Africa. Zheng He's treasure ships measured over 400 feet long.
Henry Hudson 1609: Hudson discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Strait. The Dutch claimed these regions along the waterway and called them New Netherlands. Later the Dutch set up the Dutch West India Company.
Table for Correct Answers This sailing vessel was about 65 feet long and equipped with triangular sails. The triangular sails gave the ship the maneuverability to zigzag against the wind. At times, square sails were used for power. The caravel had an excellent cargo area for long voyages. Another factor was that the ship could sail close to land. Much of the ship’s technology was adopted from the Arabs.
In order to find latitude, a captain in the early days may have used a quadrant. The quadrant divides the sky into four sections and is used to measure the angle between the horizon and the star or sun. The quadrant later evolved into the sextant and octant.
Columbus was carrying a copy of a chart from Toscanelli’s calculations. Globes helped put the world in perspective and each new discovery end in giving more information to the explorers. Toscanelli was using perspective geometry to develop a map with grids. The result was used by sailors to travel to south of the Equator and return north by the same method.
Explorers were aided by this Chinese invention. The magnetic compass helped track direction more accurately.
A cross-staff is an improvement over the quadrant. A horizontal stick would be lined up with the horizon and a perpendicular slider would be adjusted along the length of this until the sight of the sun was in line with the top of the slider and the end of the stick. The proportion of the slider's height to the length of the stick between the eye and the slider could be converted into an angle which indicated the sun’s height.
Muslims helped prefect this navigational tool. The astrolabe was a brass circle with adjusted rings marking off degrees. The rings helped in using a star to determine how far north or south of the Equator the ship was located.
Notations and logs helped sailors in their use of charts. As time went by, charts contained more information on items such as water depth and speed of tidal streams. Any hazard to navigation would be noted.
This tool for sailors told them the time at night in the northern hemisphere. The viewer would look through the hole and line up the pole star. Next the sailor would identify two stars to the south and move the arm of the nocturnal to match the three star’s locations. The sailor would then look at the marking on the time scale disk of the nocturnal to determine the time. Time was accurate within ten minutes.
This sailing vessel was an improvement over the caravel. The sails were squarer with the back sail still lateen (triangular.) The square sails gave the ship more stability in the Atlantic Ocean. This heavier vessel made travel ideal for ocean voyages. As time goes by this ship develops into the galleon.
Notes for Tools for Discovery
These flims have interesting clips that would aid in learning about explorers.
“Wind” – PG13 – Matthew Modine and Jennifer Grey – I used one of the first races between the Australians and the Americans for the World Cup. Look at the 8th chapter “The seventh race.” The movie shows how a ship of today would replicate a caravel of yesteryear. The movie shows how a ship could sail into the wind and demonstrates how tacking is done in present day. It also illustrates some of the hazards today that also would have been around in the days of the European sailors. Please be aware that “sailor language” is present!
“1421 – the year China discovered America?” Take a look at the chapter – The New Theories. Gavin Menzies presents his theory that the Chinese discovered the eastern coast of the United States. Menzies cites charts and other examples. Experts give their theories to counter Menzies’ theory. Admiral Zheng He may have shown the Europeans the way. Students will enjoy these last chapters of the DVD. Maps and charts are the foundation of many of Menzies’ theories.
“Lost at Sea – The search for Longitude” – Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude - YouTube 54:23 54:23 www.youtube.com/watch?v=NENPdT4LASw
This Nova productions looks at many of the tools of technology the sailors used during this time period. Climb aboard a tall sailing ship and see how John Harrison, a carpenter, with no formal education used his imagination and reasoning skills to solve the problem of longitude. Harrison’s genius at solving the problem of longitude was only one part of the solution. It took him 58 years to collect the £20,000 prize offered by Parliament. Solving this dilemma without the aid of scientist earns Harrison the title “Father of Longitude.” His trial and error method shows how one man can triumph over problems. It’s also nice to see how clocks and watches solved the problem and now sea captains can know where they are. Now all this is done with GPS (global positioning systems.)
“Master and Commander” Russell Crowe – I like to show this one when we study Napoleon, but it would equally do well here. It’s rated PG-13. I cut out the bad language in chapter 19 “Survivors.” Other than that the movie does a good job showing the hazards at sea. I don’t show the movie all at once. I stretched it out over a week (20 to 30 minutes a day.)
Software Stowaway: In this game students, go through an 1800’s British warship looking for a stowaway hiding in each of the ten sections of the ship. As they look for the stowaway they find out all kinds of information about sailing. I usually let the students play two class periods after a short lesson. The software is dated and will not run on Vista. There’s also a sound patch you need to load on the computers you plan to play. The software and patch are located at www.LearnAtGlobal.com . It’s worth whatever it takes to play this game. You’ll find the title under the history section and its about $10 dollars per disk. You have to have a disk in each computer you play on. If you only have one copy you can demo the funny animations on the ship for the students.
Students use the explorer chart as a graphic organizer. Students have both programs running at the same time. (Explorer Chart in Word and Flash European Explorers) To copy text in the Flash program students hold down the left button and drag it to the text area and let go. If you did it right an I bar will appear in the text area. Students can select any text they want to put in their chart by dragging over what they need – See selected text below. Don’t forget ( Control C to copy and Control V to paste.) To go between programs quickly they hold down the Alt key on the keyboard and hit the Tab key until they select the program they need. We found it best to go landscape for this project. Flash European Explorers Microsoft Word Explorer Chart
Movies
“Lost at Sea – The search for Longitude” – Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude - YouTube 54:23 54:23 www.youtube.com/watch?v=NENPdT4LASw
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