truth
DESCRIPTION
TRUTH. ETHICAL TRUTH & LOGICAL TRUTH. (truth from the sense of subjective component of knowledge). (truth from the sense of objective component of knowledge). ETHICAL TRUTH. LOGICAL TRUTH. The matter of ethical rule Ethical truth is attributed to the speaker Function: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TRUTH
ETHICAL TRUTH
• The matter of ethical rule
• Ethical truth is attributed to the speaker
Function:
• Does not pay attention to the reality
• But we pay attention to the correspondence between the speaker’s statement and his mind.
• The matter of logical rule
• Logical truth is the attribute of proposition
Function
• We pay attention to reality
• The focus is the correspondence between the statement and the reality
LOGICAL TRUTH
(truth from the sense of subjective component of knowledge) (truth from the sense of objective component of knowledge)
BLUE PENBLUE PEN
That is a black pen
Blind color eyes
Ethically he right, he does
not lie
Logically he wrong, his
proposition does not correspond to
the reality
ETHICAL TRUTH & LOGICAL TRUTH
Ptolemy(85-126):
Geocentric universe
TRUTH
For example : in the middle age, Earth is the center of universe
Was believed
Was justified
But it is not knowledge, since it is not the truth
Two things concerning truth that always be mixed or confused to each another
• The Essence of Truth
• The method/ way coming to the truth
• The Essence of Truth • The method/ way coming to the truth
Deals with the questions, such as:• What is the nature of truth?• What is the reality of the truth?• What is the meaning of truth?• What is truth?
Deals with the questions, such as:• How can we come to the conclusion
that a proposition is true?• How can we know something is true?• What is the criteria that a proposition is
true?
For example
If true is the correspondence to reality
How we know that a proposition corresponds to reality?
Many philosophers
confuse
• Historically, the most popular theory of truth was the Correspondence Theory.
• for any proposition p, p is true if and only if p corresponds to a fact.
• First proposed in a vague form by Plato and by Aristotle in his Metaphysics,
• No other theories than the correspondence theory until the last of 19 C
The Essence of Truth“What is truth?”
• It is begun under the influence of Hegel and Kant at first, another theories were built
• After 19 C, at least there are 3 theories of truth remain
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
For any proposition p, p is true if and only if p corresponds to a fact / reality.
In knowledge we have :
• Proposition • Reality We have knowledge of reality through proposition
So, the truth here means
• Proposition • Reality
There is correspondence between :
So, knowledge in this theory knowledge by mediation i.e. through proposition
The Correspondence Theory of Truth
There are 3 axioms in this theory :
• There is reality outside mind
• We are able to know that external reality
• Our knowledge to the external reality is knowledge reality as it is
Or not a phenomenological knowledge / knowledge as what phenomenon occurs is in one’s perception There is no objection
concerning this until Hegel and Kant
Hegel
Kant
Believed in identity between mind and reality
We just able to know phenomena, not noumena (reality as it is)
Phenomena = noumena + influence of mind
Under the influence of both philosophers, objections arise
Theory of truth is not Correspondence theory
Objections
Truth : corresponding between • Proposition
• And Reality
• Hence, it means we know just proposition, and not reality
• When we know reality, it is indirectly, by mediation, that is proposition
• Hence we know reality through proposition
Hence, we cannot see 2 things: Proposition and Reality, then see whether or not there is corresponding between them
Since we just know proposition
But this objection is not correct, since it is mixing between ESSENCE of truth and CRITERIA of TRUTH
Since we just know proposition
For example:
Ahmad : “gold is a metal of which atomic number is 90
Dahlan : “It is not true that gold is a metal of which chemical number is 90”
Why ?
“Since we cannot recognize which metal atomic number is 90”
Ahmad spoke about the essence of Gold
Dahlan objection is due to the criteria of knowing the atomic number of gold
Dahlan’s objection is not correct since he make confusedness between essence of a thing and criteria of coming to the knowledge of that thing
Objections
Truth =
Proposition Reality
What is the bridge that corresponds the
proposition to the reality?
By another proposition?
By another proposition?
Lead to an Infinite Regress
Corresponds to
But this objection is not correct, since it is mixing between ESSENCE of truth and CRITERIA of TRUTH
Objections
Liar Paradox
Epimenides (600 BC)The Epimenides paradox is a problem in logic. It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC).
Epimenides was a Cretan who made one immortal statement:
"ALL CRETANS ARE LIARS."
Another example:
"ALL WHAT I SAY ARE LIE."
ObjectionsObjection:
“The concept of Correspondence is not clarified”
If truth :Proposition Reality
Corresponds to
• Hence we know reality through proposition• It means, it assumes between proposition and reality there must be the
same identity• But, it is impossible, since proposition is a thing and reality it refers another
different thing. Proposition and reality is not identical at all.• So, in this sense proposition cannot correspond to reality, since they are not
identical to each another.
Both are Identical ? Similar?
How can it be?
If truth :Proposition Reality
Corresponds to
Both are Identical ? Similar?
How can it be?
Another option : there is similarity between both proposition and reality
Similarity between 2 things, means both things have:
• Aspect of similarities• Aspect of differences
it is the same just to same extent, to some grades
• GRADUATEDBut truth is not graduated
• A proposition that : “A is B”Can be true or false
It cannot be between true and false