Characterization of Balanced Devices and ChannelsDr. Chris ScholzProduct Manager, Vector Network AnalyzersChristopher.scholz@rsa.rohde-schwarz.com(817) 422 2512

True Differential Measurements

PORT 3

Reflectometer 3

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

PORT 2

Reflectometer 2Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Reflectometer 4

Reflectometer 1

PORT 1

PORT 4

Errorcorrected

Mag Phasedetection

and controlby software

BalancedDUT

LogicalPORT 1

LogicalPORT 2

Outline

ı Introduction to Signal Integrity Timing Signal Qualityı Balanced Architectures

The need for balanced architectures Ideal vs. non-ideal devicesı Measurement Techniques for Balanced Architectures

Single mode vs. Differential Mode Mixed mode S-Parameters TureDifferential vs. Virtual Differential TruDifferential Vector Network Analyzerı Experimental Examples

PORT 3

Reflectometer 3Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

PORT 2

Reflectometer 2Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Reflectometer 4

Reflectometer 1

PORT 1

PORT 4

Errorcorrected

Mag Phasedetection

and controlby software

BalancedDUT

LogicalPORT 1

LogicalPORT 2

-24.0

-23.5

-23.0

-22.5

-22.0

-21.5

-21.0

-20.5

-20.0

-23.0

2 of 16 (Max)

FreqFreq

1 GHz1 GHz

Ch1Ch2

StartStart

-25 dBm-28 dBm

——

StopStop

0 dBm-3 dBm

Trc18Trc21

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

0.5 dB /0.5 dB /

Ref -23 dBRef -23 dB

Ch1Ch2

Cal intCal int

Sdd21

3/8/2007, 1:10 PM1/29/2013 2

Introduction – Signal Integrity

ı What is Signal Integrity? Signal integrity or SI is a set of measures of the quality of an electrical signal. If the PCB or package already exists, the designer can also measure the

impairment presented by the connection using high speed instrumentationsuch as a vector network analyzer. For example, IEEE P802.3ap Task Forceuses measured S-parameters as test cases[9] for proposed solutions to theproblem of 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over backplanes. (Source: Wikipedia, last accessed 01/29/2013)

ı Two Key Aspects of SI:

Timing Signal Quality

1/29/2013 3

Introduction – Signal Integrity

ı Timing

Jitter RJ, DJ, SJ, PJ, DDJ, DCD, ISI, etc.

interconnect flight time vs bit period chip-to-chip vs on-chip packaging

1/29/2013 4

Introduction - Signal Integrity

ı Signal Quality Ringing Cross talk Distortion Ground Bounce Ground Noise Signal Loss Power Supply Noise

Noise = (S+N)-S

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

time

ampl

itude

1/29/2013 5

Introduction – Signal Integrity

ı Reflection Noise Caused by impedance mismatch, vias, interconnect discontinuities

ı Crosstalk Noise Caused by electromagnetic coupling between traces and vias

ı Power and Ground Noise Caused switching noise of the power and ground delivery systems

ı EMC/EMI Susceptibility

1/29/2013 6

Balanced Architectures

1/29/2013 7

Differential Signaling

Unbalanced Device/Channel Balanced (differential) Device/Channel

ı Signals with equal amplitude but 180° phaseshift

• Also supports a common-mode (in-phase)signal

• Virtual ground

1 21 2

a

b

c

d

• Signals referring to ground

ı Advantages:ı High noise immunity

Minimizes Power andground plane noise

Minimizes EMIsusceptibility

Minimizes Cross talkı Low radiated noiseı High integration densityı Lower power

consumption

Balanced devices - Why balanced design?

Components withbalanced design:

• Amplifiers• Mixers• Filters (e.g. SAW filters)• PCB layout in mobile phones• LAN adapters, converters, filters• PC components (HDD control, etc)• Almost all signals high-speed serial data signals

Ideally, balanced devices transmit differential and reject common-mode signals

Ideal Balanced Device Characteristics

Differential-mode signal

Common-mode signal(EMI or ground noise)

Gain = 1

Fully balanced

Differential-mode signal

Common-mode signal(EMI or ground noise)

Gain = 1

Balanced tosingle ended

1/29/2013 10

Non-Ideal Balanced Device Characteristics

ı Non-ideal balanced devices convert modes

+

Differential to common-mode conversion

Common-mode todifferential conversion

Generates EMI

Susceptible to EMI

1/29/2013 11

Non-Ideal Balanced Device Characteristics

ı Non-ideal balanced devices convert input modes

Differential to common-mode conversion

Common-mode todifferential conversion

1/29/2013 12

1/29/2013 13

Measurement Techniques for BalancedDevices

Parameters to Test for a Balanced Device

ı Performance in pure differential modeı Performance in pure common modeı Conversion from differential mode to common mode (in both directions)ı Conversion from common mode to differential mode (in both directions)

1/29/2013 14

Balanced Devices Characteristics

ı Real Devices Propagation of both common mode and differential mode signals Mode conversion due to non-symmetric design Susceptability of noise (mainly common mode)

Detailed insight of differential/common mode response required

ı Description of balanced devices via special type of S-Parameters: Mixed-Mode S-Parameters

1/29/2013 15

Challenge when measuring balanced devices

ı Network analyzers are unbalancedı Classic Network Analyzers are 2-port instrumentsı No balanced calibration standardsı No standard reference impedance (Z0) for balanced deviceı Characterization of common and differential transmission model

1/29/2013 16

Balun

DUT

Unbalancednetwork analyzer

Measurement with Physical BalUns

Measurement with differential modesignals at a balanced device

1/29/2013 17

DUT

Unbalancednetwork analyzer

Measurement with commonmode signals at a balanceddevice

Measurement with Physical Transformers

1/29/2013 18

Balanced Device CharacteristicsBalun setup for Mixed-Mode-Characterization

Each 2-port combination between balanced and unbalanced ports isnecessary for complete mixed mode characterization.

DUTbal bal

unbal unbal

Balanced Device CharacteristicsPhysical BalUns: Disadvantagesı Calibration plane different from desired measurement planeı Degradation of measurement accuracy due to poor RF performanceı Different configurations for different modes necessary (e.g. differential to

common-mode conversion)ı Limited in frequency range

ı Solution: Us ideal (virtual) transformer to characterize mixed mode S-parameters of the

DUT using virtual, ideal transformers

Modal Decomposition MethodUse True Differential Method

1/29/2013 20

Basic Architecture: Definition of DifferentialMeasuremets

ı VirDi = Virtual differential Mode Characterization of balanced DUT as single ended DUT with mathematical

calculation of mixed-mode S-Parameters form single ended S-Parametersı TruDi = True differential Mode Stimulation of DUT with true differential and common mode signals with

calculation of mixed-mode S-Parameters from error corrected mixed modewave quantities

Measurement Principle

1/29/2013 21

Virtual Differential Measurement

ı Subsequent single ended measurements with post processing using linearsuperpositionı Applicable for all passive devices and active devices operating in their linear

regionı Large deviations compared to TruDi in large signal operation, especially in

terms of compression curve characteristics Nonlinear behavior of the DUT forbids linear superposition

1/29/2013 22

ı The DUT is stimulated using a real differential mode or real common modesignalı Better accuracy in small signal operationı Accurately measure compression under large signal operation

True Differential Measurement

1/29/2013 23

ZVA – True Differential Mode

ı Coherent sources Generation of true differential and common mode stimulus signals At least one signal output can be adjusted in amplitude and phase with

respect to the otherı Simultaneous measurement of two reference signals (a waves) and two

measurement signals (b waves)ı Four-port calibration in the reference plane Vector-corrected measurement of a single ended waves or voltages (a and b

waves)ı Calculation of true differential S-Parameters from vector corrected wave

quantities

1/29/2013 24

A True Differential Network Analyzer

PORT 3

Reflectometer 3

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

PORT 2

Reflectometer 2

Meas. Receiver

Ref. Receiver

Reflectometer 4

Reflectometer 1

PORT 1

PORT 4

Errorcorrected

Mag Phasedetection

and controlby software

BalancedDUT

LogicalPORT 1

LogicalPORT 2

1/29/2013 25

True Differential Measurements with R&S NetworkAnalyzers ZVA and ZVT

1/29/2013 26

differential mode 180° common mode 0°

Coherent signals of arbitrary phase and amplitude imbalance are possible

Sweep modes (R&S®ZVA-K6)

Sweep Modes: Frequency Phase (Phase of the stimulating signal can be swept from 0° to 180° ) Magnitude (Variation of the relative magnitude of the differential signals) “Classical” calibration techniques sufficient (full two port) Investigation of the DUT under real conditions

1/29/2013 27

Typical measurements quality parameters

ı Differential and common mode insertion lossı Differential and common mode return lossı NEXT-Measurements (Near End Crosstalk)ı FEXT-Measurements (Far End Crosstalk)ı Amplitude-Imbalanceı Phase-Imbalanceı Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

1/29/2013 28

1/29/2013 29

True Differential vs. Virtual DifferentialTruDi vs. VerDi

Modal Decomposition Method Principle

ı Calculation of the mixed mode S-parameters using unbalaced S-Parametersand virtual transformers

4-port device with16 measuredunbalanced S-parameter

Description of virtualideal transformers

Calculated mixed modeS-parameters

1/29/2013 30

Modal Decomposition Method

ı Measure the balanced 2-port device as unbalanced 4-port device withunbalanced VNA

11 12 13 141 4

21 22 23 242 3

31 32 33 343 2

41 42 43 444 1

S S S Sa bS S S Sa bS S S Sa bS S S Sa b

test fixture

Port 1

Port 2

Port 3

Port 4

DUTa

ba

bDUT

1/29/2013 31

[Z]

[P], [Q]

[Zm]

Solution: Modal Decomposition Method

ı Calculate the mixed mode Zm-parameters of the combination of DUT withtransformers.

1/29/2013 32

Port Configurations Mixed Mode DUT

ı Physical single ending ports logical balanced ports

ı Different impedances for common-mode and differential-mode differential-mode (ideally matched) 100 Ω ( =2*Z0 ) common-mode (ideally matched) 25 Ω ( = 1/2*Z0 )

Port 3 Port 1 Port 4 Port 2 physical ports

logical portsPort 1 Port 2

DUT

1/29/2013 33

Naming Convention: S mode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.

Port 1 Port 1Port 2 Port 2

Differential-Modestimulus

Common-Modestimulus

Differential-modeResponse

Port 1

Port 2

Port 1

Port 2

Common-modeResponse

DUT

Logical Port 1 Logical Port 2

dd11 dd12 dc11 dc12

dd 21 dd 22 dc 21 dc 22

cd11 cd12 cc11 cc12

cd 21 cd 22 cc 21 cc 22

S S S SS S S SS S S SS S S S

Modal Decomposition MethodMixed Mode S-Parameter Matrix

1/29/2013 34

Mixed Mode S-Matrix: DD Quadrant

ı Describes fundamental performance in pure differential-mode operation

22212221

12111211

22212221

12111211

cccccdcd

cccccdcd

dcdcdddd

dcdcdddd

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

input reflection

output reflectionforward transmission

reverse transmission

1/29/2013 35

input reflection

output reflectionforward transmission

reverse transmission

22212221

12111211

22212221

12111211

cccccdcd

cccccdcd

dcdcdddd

dcdcdddd

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

Mixed Mode S-Matrix: CC Quadrant

ı Describes fundamental performance in pure common-mode operation

1/29/2013 36

Mixed Mode S-Matrix: DC Quadrant

ı Describes conversion of a common-mode stimulus to a differential-moderesponseı Terms are ideally equal to zero with perfect symmetryı Related to the generation to EMI

22212221

12111211

22212221

12111211

cccccdcd

cccccdcd

dcdcdddd

dcdcdddd

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

input reflection

output reflectionforward transmission

reverse transmission

1/29/2013 37

Mixed Mode S-Matrix: CD Quadrant

ı Describes conversion of a differential-mode stimulus to a common-moderesponseı Terms are ideally equal to zero with perfect symmetryı Related to the susceptibility of EMI

input reflection

output reflectionforward transmission

reverse transmission

22212221

12111211

22212221

12111211

cccccdcd

cccccdcd

dcdcdddd

dcdcdddd

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

1/29/2013 38

3-Port devicesingle ended common / differential-mode

Diff.-modeStim.

SingleEndedStim.

Com.-modeStim.

Port 2Port 1 Port 2

Port 1Differential -Mode Responsecommon-modeResponse

Single-endedResponse

Port 2

Port 2

Port 1(unbalanced)

Port 2(balanced)

differential-modecommon-mode

Single-ended

DUT

ss11 sd12 sc12

ds21 dd22 dc22

cs21 cd22 cc22

S S SS S SS S S

1/29/2013 39

1/29/2013 40

Measurement Examples: TrueDi vs.VirDi

Instrument Control of TruDi

1. Apply full n-port calibration,e.g. with CalUnit

2. Configure balancedMeasurement

3. Switch to True differentialMode

1/29/2013 41

Special Features of TruDi

ı Simultaneous display of VirDiand TruDi S-Parametersı Same “calibration” for VirDi and

TruDiı Measurement of error corrected

S-Parameters and wavequantities

(measure diff/comm powerwith diff/comm stimulation)ı Phase imbalance sweep P, f : fixed (max) = -180° to +180°ı Magnitude imbalance sweep f : fixed P(max) = -10 dB to + 10 dBm

(max)

ZVA Coherent Sources

ı Coherence Mode allows to set an arbitrary phase

and amplitude between theR&S®ZVA’s signals sources

ı R&S®ZVA-K6 True DifferentialOption

ı Applications: Modulators Antenna beam formingı Realtime measurementı In R&S®ZVA67 four individual

phase shifts

Example 1: Tunable Active Filter

-24.0

-23.5

-23.0

-22.5

-22.0

-21.5

-21.0

-20.5

-20.0

-23.0

2 of 16 (Max)

FreqFreq

1 GHz1 GHz

Ch1Ch2

StartStart

-25 dBm-28 dBm

——

StopStop

0 dBm-3 dBm

Trc18Trc21

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

0.5 dB /0.5 dB /

Ref -23 dBRef -23 dB

Ch1Ch2

Cal intCal int

Sdd21

3/8/2007, 1:10 PM

Gain compressiontrue differential

virtual differential

True differential power axis has been shifted by -3 dB to equalize voltage amplitudes

1/29/2013 44

Tunable Active Filter

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

-10

2 of 16 (Max)

PwrPwr

-20 dBm-23 dBm

Ch1Ch2

StartStart

10 MHz10 MHz

——

StopStop

2 GHz2 GHz

Trc18Trc21

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

2 dB /2 dB /

Ref -10 dBRef -10 dB

Ch1Ch2

CalCal int

Sdd21

3/8/2007, 1:20 PM-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

-10

2 of 16 (Max)

PwrPwr

-10 dBm-13 dBm

Ch1Ch2

StartStart

10 MHz10 MHz

——

StopStop

2 GHz2 GHz

Trc18Trc21

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

2 dB /2 dB /

Ref -10 dBRef -10 dB

Ch1Ch2

CalCal int

Sdd21

3/8/2007, 1:19 PM

• No difference between modes at low power (left),• Higher gain for true mode at high power (right)

1/29/2013 45

S-Parameters vs. Input Power

-20

-10

0

10

20

0

1

Freq 1 GHzCh3 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc18 Sdd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref 0 dB Ca?Mkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-4.89316.145

dBdB

Sdd21

Mkr 1

Mkr 2

-20

-10

0

10

20

0

2

Freq 1 GHzCh4 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc19 Sdd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref 0 dB Cal intMkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-0.57116.577

dBdB

Sdd21

Mkr 1

Mkr 2

-25

-15

-5

5

15

-5

3

Freq 1 GHzCh3 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc20 Scd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref -5 dB Ca?•Mkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-16.7356.742

dBdB

Scd21

Mkr 1

Mkr 2

-25

-15

-5

5

15

-5

4

Freq 1 GHzCh4 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc21 Scd21 dB Mag 5 dB / Ref -5 dB Cal intMkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-12.1837.575

dBdB

Scd21

Mkr 1

Mkr 2

-13

-11

-9

-7

-5

-9

5

Freq 1 GHzCh3 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc22 Scc21 dB Mag 1 dB / Ref -9 dB Ca?Mkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-6.733-9.186

dBdB

Scc21 Mkr 1

Mkr 2

-13

-11

-9

-7

-5

-9

6

Freq 1 GHzCh4 Start -30 dBm Stop 11 dBm

Trc23 Scc21 dB Mag 1 dB / Ref -9 dB Cal intMkr 1Mkr 2

6.96-29.76

dBmdBm

-8.351-8.244

dBdB

Scc21

Mkr 1Mkr 2

virtual differential mode true differential mode

1/29/2013 46

Phase Imbalance Sweep

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

0

5 of 3 (Max)

Freq 1 GHz Pwr 0 dBmCh7 Phas Imb Start -180° Stop 180°

Trc11Trc12Trc13

Sdd21ac1ad1

dB MagdB MagdB Mag

1 dB /10 dB /10 dB /

Ref -5 dBRef 0 dBmRef 0 dBm

Cal intCal intCal int

Mkr 1Mkr 1

0.0000000.000000

°°

-2.339-57.751

dBdBm

ad1

Mkr 1

Mkr 1

1/29/2013 47

Phase & Magnitude Imbalance Sweep

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

10

1 of 1 (Max)

Freq 1 GHzFreq 1 GHz

Pwr -10 dBmPwr -10 dBm

Ch1Ch2

Ampl Imb StartPhas Imb Start

-10 dB-180°

——

— StopStop

10 dB180°

Trc1Trc2Trc3

Sdd21Sdd21bd2

dB MagdB MagdB Mag

1 dB /1 dB /0.5 dB /

Ref 10 dBRef 10 dBRef 3 dBm

Ch1Ch2Ch1

Cal intCal intCal int

Sdd21

1/23/2007, 4:54 PM

1/29/2013 48

Theoretical Verification

ı Approach: A model based analysis Analytical calculations using

MATLAB Experimental Verification Measurements

ı DUT The most simple bipolar

differential amplifier

ı The two inputs / outputs can be regarded as common / differential inputs andoutputs

ı a1 & afb determine the CMRR ratio between differential mode and common mode voltage gain

Gain of the individual amplifier

Compression and 3rd

order intermodulation

21

21

dd

cc

SCMRRS

Modeling the DUT

1/29/2013 50

Modeling the DUT

ı Feedback factor afb

1/29/2013 51

ı Does not include a shared feed back (CMRR →0)ı A system of two independent, ideally identical single-ended amplifiersı VirDi leads to underestimation!

Input referred 1-dB compression point

Modeling the DUT

1/29/2013 52

TruDi ↔ VirDiideal differential pair

I current sourced differential pair (CMRR →∞)I VirDi leads to overestimation!

1/29/2013 53

RE = 0 CMRR 0dBRE = 27W CMRR 16dB

Experimental Verification: Amplifier Test Circuit

1/29/2013 54

Experimental Verification

1/29/2013 55

2,4dB

16dB

Experimental Verification: Measurement Results

1/29/2013 56

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0

1 of 1 (Max)

PwrPwr

-25 dBm-25 dBm

Ch1Ch2

TrDTrD

StartStart

10 MHz10 MHz

——

StopStop

2 GHz2 GHz

Trc1Trc2

Sdd21Scc21

dB MagdB Mag

10 dB /10 dB /

Ref 0 dBRef 0 dB

Ch1Ch2

CalCal

• M 1M 1

600.00000600.00000

MHzMHz

9.19833.8022

dBdB

Sdd21

M 1M 1

Experimental Verification: Low CMRR

1/29/2013 57

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0

1 of 1 (Max)

PwrPwr

-25 dBm-25 dBm

Ch1Ch2

TrDTrD

StartStart

10 MHz10 MHz

——

StopStop

2 GHz2 GHz

Trc1Trc2

Sdd21Scc21

dB MagdB Mag

10 dB /10 dB /

Ref 0 dBRef 0 dB

Ch1Ch2

CalCal

• M 1M 1

600.00000600.00000

MHzMHz

9.2649-26.255

dBdB

Sdd21

M 1

M 1

8/11/2010 4 39 PM

Experimental Verification: High CMRR

1/29/2013 58

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

4

1 of 1 (Max)

FreqFreq

600 MHz600 MHz

Ch1Ch2

TrD StartStart

-25 dBm-25 dBm

——

StopStop

10 dBm10 dBm

Trc1Trc2

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

2 dB /2 dB /

Ref 4 dBRef 4 dB

Ch1Ch2

Cal int PCaiCa? PCai

Trac Stat:Cmp In:Cmp Out:•Trac Stat:Cmp In:Cmp Out:

Trc1 Sdd21-4.33.9

Trc2 Sdd21-4.73.3

dBmdBm

dBmdBm

Sdd21

CmpCmp

Experimental Verification: Low CMRR

1/29/2013 59

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

4

1 of 1 (Max)

FreqFreq

600 MHz600 MHz

Ch1Ch2

TrD StartStart

-25 dBm-25 dBm

——

StopStop

10 dBm10 dBm

Trc1Trc2

Sdd21Sdd21

dB MagdB Mag

2 dB /2 dB /

Ref 4 dBRef 4 dB

Ch1Ch2

Cal int PCaiCa? PCai

Trac Stat:Cmp In:Cmp Out:•Trac Stat:Cmp In:Cmp Out:

Trc1 Sdd21-4.14.2

Trc2 Sdd21-1.07.1

dBmdBm

dBmdBm

Sdd21

Cmp Cmp

Experimental Verification: High CMRR

1/29/2013 60

1/29/2013 61

Summary and Conclusions

Summary: TruDi vs. VirDi

ı Passive Devices/Linear operation TruDi and VirDi give exactly the same resultsı Active Devices/Non-linear operation Significant difference between TruDi and VirDi TruDi represents the real operating conditions of a device

ı TruDi Measurements Requires two (or more) phase coherent sources Ability to scan amplitude and phase independently Relative phase stability of VNA sources is crucial for reproducible results

1/29/2013 62

More informationRohde & Schwarz boot # 701http://www.rohde-schwarz.comChris ScholzChristopher.scholz@rsa.rohde-schwarz.com(817) 422 2512

Thank you for your Attention

1/29/2013 64

Appendix: De/Embedding

(De)Embedding - Matching Networks

ı Challenges of Fixtures Mask true device behavior No well characterized

ı Disadvantages of Physical Matching Networks: Poor reproducibility Narrow band Restricted to low frequencies Inflexible (one network for one frequency range)

ı Use of theoretically Embedded Matching Networks: Both Embedding and Deembedding Highest degree of flexibility to integrate networks No frequency restriction Possible disadvantages just with active devices

1/29/2013 65

DU

T

Introduction: Embedding

Matching Networks not present as hardware but represented by calculation

DUT+ Test Fixture+ Matching Networks

network analyzer

DUT1

Port

1

Port

2

DUT+ Test Fixture

DU

T

Available Networks:

• Import of arbitrary S-parameter files• Use of predefined matching networks

Response of testfixture, strip lines etc.

DU

T

Introduction: Deembedding

Response of networks not corrected by calibration corrected by calculation

network analyzer

Refe

renc

eplan

eat

POR

T1

w/o

calib

ratio

nor

deem

bedd

ing

Refe

renc

eplan

eat

POR

T2

w/o

calib

ratio

nor

deem

bedd

ing

Shift of reference planeby Deembedding

(or alternatively via calibration)

• Import of S-parameter files(gained e.g. using a SW design tool)

• Use of predefined networks

(De)Embedding Networks(single ended DUTs)

ı 8 predefined networks Import of *.s2p files

Single Ended Port

(De)Embedding

(De)Embedding Networks(single ended DUTs)

Pre-defined matching networks

(De)Embedding Networks(differential DUTs)

ı Import of *.s4pfiles

12 predefinednetworks

Balanced Port

(De)Embedding

(De)Embedding Networks(differential DUTs)

Pre-defined matching networks

Appendix 2: Measurement Wizard

1/29/2013 72

Measurement Wizard

Step 1 : Selection of testconfiguration

Step 2 : Impedance Settings

Measurement Wizard

Step 3 : Selection of S-Parameters

Measurement Wizard

Step 4 : General Settings

Measurement Wizard

Step 5 : Bandwidth and PowerSetting

Measurement Wizard

Step 6 : Calibration

Measurement Wizard

Measurement result of SAW Filter

Measurement Result (1)

Automatic Amplitude and Phase ImbalanceMeasurement

Measurement Result (2)