troubleshooting bgp net workers, 2001)
TRANSCRIPT
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1© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Networkers 2001, Australia
March 28-30, Brisbane
Networkers 2001, Australia
March 28-30, Brisbane
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2© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Troubleshooting BGPTroubleshooting BGP
Phil SmithPhil Smith
2Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.
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3© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
BGP in Large Scale NetworksBGP in Large Scale Networks
StableStable
SimpleSimple
ScalableScalable
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4© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Avoid the Problem in the First Place
Avoid the Problem in the First Place
• Use simple configurationsmaintain a consistent policy throughout the AS
• Promote stable networksnail-down your routesuse loopback interfaces
• Grow into your networkuse peer-groups and RRs for scalability
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AgendaAgenda
• Basic Tools
• Peer Establishment
• UPDATE Exchange
• Selection Algorithm
• Route Reflectors
• Route Flap Damping
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22101351_06_2000_c2
Tool TimeTool Time
Basic ToolsBasic Tools
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BGP Troubleshooting ToolsBGP Troubleshooting Tools
• show commands
• debug output
• Log messages
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show Commandsshow Commands
router#show ip bgp ?A.B.C.D IP prefix <network>/<length>, e.g., 35.0.0.0/8A.B.C.D Network in the BGP routing table to displaycidr-only Display only routes with non-natural netmaskscommunity Display routes matching the communitiescommunity-list Display routes matching the community-listdampened-paths Display paths suppressed due to dampeningfilter-list Display routes conforming to the filter-listflap-statistics Display flap statistics of routesinconsistent-as Display only routes with inconsistent origin ASsneighbors Detailed information on TCP and BGP neighbor connectionspaths Path informationpeer-group Display information on peer-groupsquote-regexp Display routes matching the AS path "regular expression"regexp Display routes matching the AS path regular expressionsummary Summary of BGP neighbor status| Output modifiers<cr>
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show Commands (Cont.)show Commands (Cont.)
router#show ip bgp neighbors x.x.x.x ?advertised-routes Display the routes advertised to a BGP neighbordampened-routes Display the dampened routes received from neighborflap-statistics Display flap statistics of the routes learned from
neighborpaths Display AS paths learned from neighborreceived Display information received from a BGP neighborreceived-routes Display the received routes from neighborroutes Display routes learned from neighbor| Output modifiers<cr>
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router#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 9, local router ID is 7.72.6.1Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internalOrigin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path*> 3.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i*> 5.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i*> 6.0.0.0 6.72.6.2 4294967294 0 200 i* i 6.72.6.2 4294967294 100 0 200 i*> 7.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i*> 8.0.0.0/5 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i*> 17.0.0.0 6.72.6.2 4294967294 0 200 i* i 6.72.6.2 4294967294 100 0 200 i*> 23.0.0.0 6.72.6.2 4294967294 0 200 i* i 6.72.6.2 4294967294 100 0 200 i*> 35.0.0.0 6.72.6.2 4294967294 0 200 i* i 6.72.6.2 4294967294 100 0 200 i
The BGP TableThe BGP Table
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The BGP Table (Cont.)The BGP Table (Cont.)
router#show ip bgp 6.0.0.0 BGP routing table entry for 6.0.0.0/8, version 2Paths: (2 available, best #1)Advertised to non peer-group peers:
7.25.14.4 7.72.6.3 7.75.7.1 200
6.72.6.2 from 6.72.6.2 (7.72.6.2)Origin IGP, metric 4294967294, localpref 100, valid, external, best
2006.72.6.2 from 7.75.7.1 (7.75.7.1)Origin IGP, metric 4294967294, localpref 100, valid, internal
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show ip bgp Summaryshow ip bgp Summary
router#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 7.72.6.1, local AS number 100BGP table version is 9, main routing table version 98 network entries and 12 paths using 1176 bytes of memory3 BGP path attribute entries using 144 bytes of memory1 BGP AS-PATH entries using 24 bytes of memoryBGP activity 8/0 prefixes, 12/0 paths
Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd6.72.6.2 4 200 6885 6882 9 0 0 4d18h 47.25.14.4 4 300 6882 6883 9 0 0 4d18h 07.72.6.3 4 100 6880 6886 9 0 0 4d18h 07.75.7.1 4 100 6884 6885 9 0 0 4d18h 4
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show ip bgp neighborsshow ip bgp neighborsrouter#show ip bgp neighbors 6.72.6.2BGP neighbor is 6.72.6.2, remote AS 200, external linkIndex 1, Offset 0, Mask 0x2BGP version 4, remote router ID 7.72.6.2BGP state = Established, table version = 9, up for 4d21hLast read 00:00:56, last send 00:00:48Hold time 180, keepalive interval 60 secondsNeighbor NLRI negotiation:
Configured for unicast routes onlyPeer negotiated unicast and multicast routesExchanging unicast routes only
Received route refresh capability(old) from peerMinimum time between advertisement runs is 30 secondsReceived 7044 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queueSent 7041 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queuePrefix advertised 4, suppressed 0, withdrawn 0Route refresh request: received 0, sent 0Inbound path policy configuredIncoming update prefix filter list is in-filterOutgoing update prefix filter list is out-filterRoute map for incoming advertisements is ebgp-router-inRoute map for outgoing advertisements is ebgp-router-out
Connections established 1; dropped 0Last reset neverNumber of unicast/multicast prefixes received 4/0External BGP neighbor may be up to 255 hops away.
Connection state is ESTAB, I/O status: 1, unread input bytes: 0Local host: 3.72.6.1, Local port: 179Foreign host: 6.72.6.2, Foreign port: 11014
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router#debug ip bgp ? A.B.C.D BGP neighbor addressdampening BGP dampeningevents BGP eventskeepalives BGP keepalivesupdates BGP updates<cr>
debug ip bgpdebug ip bgp
• Remember—can be dangerous!Use only in the lab or if advised by the TAC
• To make a little safer:logging buffered <size>
no logging console
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Session Establishment (debug ip bgp )
Session Establishment (debug ip bgp )
16:06:30: BGP: 7.72.6.1 sending OPEN, version 416:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 OPEN rcvd, version 416:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 rcv OPEN w/ OPTION parameter len: 1216:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 rcv OPEN w/ option parameter type 2 (Capability) len 616:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 OPEN has CAPABILITY code: 1, length 416:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 OPEN has MP_EXT CAP for afi/safi: 1/116:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 rcv OPEN w/ option parameter type 2 (Capability) len 216:06:31: BGP: 7.72.6.1 OPEN has CAPABILITY code: 128, length 0
16:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 passive open16:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 OPEN rcvd, version 416:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 sending OPEN, version 416:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 rcv OPEN w/ OPTION parameter len: 1216:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 rcv OPEN w/ option parameter type 2 (Capability) len 616:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 OPEN has CAPABILITY code: 1, length 416:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 OPEN has MP_EXT CAP for afi/safi: 1/116:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 rcv OPEN w/ option parameter type 2 (Capability) len 216:06:31: BGP: 7.75.7.1 OPEN has CAPABILITY code: 128, length 0
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Session Establishment(debug ip bgp events)
Session Establishment(debug ip bgp events)
17:31:39: BGP: 7.72.6.1 went from Idle to Active17:32:00: BGP: 7.72.6.1 went from Active to OpenSent17:32:00: BGP: 7.72.6.1 went from OpenSent to OpenConfirm17:32:00: BGP: 7.72.6.1 went from OpenConfirm to Established
17:31:59: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from Idle to Active17:32:00: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from Active to Idle17:32:00: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from Idle to Connect17:32:00: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from Connect to OpenSent17:32:00: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from OpenSent to OpenConfirm17:32:00: BGP: 7.75.7.1 went from OpenConfirm to Established
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Looking at the UpdatesLooking at the Updates
router#debug ip bgp updates?<1-199> Access list<1300-2699> Access list (expanded range)<cr>
router#debug ip bgp x.x.x.x updates?<1-199> Access list<1300-2699> Access list (expanded range)<cr>
Use an access-list to limit the output!Use an access-list to limit the output!
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debug ip bgp Updatesdebug ip bgp Updates
BGP: 6.72.6.2 computing updates, neighbor version 0, table version 13, starting at 0.0.0.0
BGP: 6.72.6.2 send UPDATE 3.0.0.0/8, next 3.72.6.1BGP: , metric 0, path 100BGP: 6.72.6.2 send UPDATE 5.0.0.0/8 (chgflags: 0x0), next 3.72.6.1BGP: 6.72.6.2 send UPDATE 7.0.0.0/8 (chgflags: 0x0), next 3.72.6.1BGP: 6.72.6.2 1 updates enqueued (average=56, maximum=56)BGP: 6.72.6.2 update run completed, ran for 0ms, neighbor version 0,
start version 13, throttled to 13, check point net 0.0.0.0
Peer Address Prefix Being Advertised NEXT_HOP
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debug ip bgp Updates (Cont.)debug ip bgp Updates (Cont.)
BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE w/ attr: nexthop 6.72.6.2, origin i, metric294, path 200 100
BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 3.0.0.0/8 -- DENIED due to: as-pathcontains our own AS;
BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 7.0.0.0/8 -- DENIED due to: as-pathcontains our own AS;
BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE w/ attr: nexthop 6.72.6.2, origin i, metric494, path 200
BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 6.0.0.0/8BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 17.0.0.0/8BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 23.0.0.0/8BGP: 6.72.6.2 rcv UPDATE about 35.0.0.0/8
Prefixes in the Same UPDATE
Attributes Apply to
All Prefixes
Peer Address
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Logging Neighbor Changes
• Generate a log message whenever a BGP neighbor changes state, also indicate reason for reset
• Syntax (router subcommand):[no] bgp log-neighbor-changes
Typical log messages:%BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor x.x.x.x Up
%BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor x.x.x.x Down-Remote AS changed
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show ip bgp neighbors x.x.x.xshow ip bgp neighbors x.x.x.x
router#show ip bgp neighbors 7.75.7.1BGP neighbor is 7.75.7.1, remote AS 200, external link...Received 194 messages, 1 notifications, 0 in queue
Sent 194 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queuePrefix advertised 0, suppressed 0, withdrawn 0Route refresh request: received 0, sent 0Connections established 7; dropped 7Last reset 00:04:11, due to BGP Notification received, hold time expiredNumber of unicast/multicast prefixes received 0/0External BGP neighbor may be up to 255 hops away.No active TCP connection
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Come Meet the Neighbors!Come Meet the Neighbors!
Peer EstablishmentPeer Establishment
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Peer EstablishmentPeer Establishment
• Routers establish a TCP session
Port 179—permit in ACLs
IP connectivity (route from IGP)
• OPEN messages are exchanged
Peering addresses must match the TCP session
Local AS configuration parameters
Capabilities negotiation
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Common ProblemsCommon Problems
• Sessions are not established
No IP reachability
Incorrect configuration
Peering addresses
OPEN parameters
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Can’t Establish Session -Symptoms
Can’t Establish Session -Symptoms
• The peering session is not established!
State may change between active, idle and connect
routerA#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 7.72.6.1, local AS number 100BGP table version is 4, main routing table version 46 network entries and 6 paths using 774 bytes of memory2 BGP path attribute entries using 96 bytes of memory1 BGP AS-PATH entries using 24 bytes of memoryBGP activity 6/0 prefixes, 6/0 paths
Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd6.72.6.2 4 200 0 0 0 0 0 never Idle7.25.14.4 4 300 4 5 4 0 0 00:01:43 07.72.6.3 4 100 0 0 0 0 0 never Active7.75.7.1 4 100 7 5 4 0 0 00:01:55 3
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I
Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I
• Is the remote-as assigned correctly?
router bgp 100neighbor 6.72.6.2 remote-as 200neighbor 7.72.6.3 remote-as 100
Local AS eBGP Peer
iBGP Peer
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)
• Verify IP connectivitycheck the routing tableuse ping/trace to verify two way reachabilityinspect for ACLs in the path to the neighbor
routerA#show ip route 7.72.6.3Routing entry for 7.72.6.3/32
Known via "ospf 123”, distance 110, metric 87, type intra areaLast update from 27.27.27.254 on POS5/0, 00:09:33 agoRouting Descriptor Blocks:* 27.27.27.254, from 7.72.6.3, 00:09:33 ago, via POS5/0
Route metric is 87, traffic share count is 1
routerA#ping 7.72.6.3Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 7.72.6.3, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/30/32 ms
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)
routerA#debug ip bgpBGP debugging is on10:51:02: BGP: 7.72.6.3 open active, delay 6864ms10:51:09: BGP: 7.72.6.3 open active, local address 27.27.27.25310:51:09: BGP: 7.72.6.3 open failed: Connection refused by remote host
• Is the remote router configured for BGP?What IP address is the remote router configured to receive?
router bgp 100no synchronizationbgp log-neighbor-changesneighbor 7.72.6.1 remote-as 100
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The TCP session is alwaysThe TCP session is alwayssourced from thesourced from the closestclosest IP IP address to the destination!address to the destination!
Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)
• Configuration:Router A
router bgp 100neighbor 27.27.27.254 remote-as 100
Router C
router bgp 100neighbor 27.27.27.253 remote-as 100
A C
27.27.27.254
27.27.27.253
If redundant paths exist, If redundant paths exist, useuse loopback interfacesloopback interfaces to to
establish the session.establish the session.
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting I (Cont.)
• Solution:
make sure both routers source the information from the appropriate interface
routerA#debug ip tcp transactions11:19:48: BGP: 7.72.6.3 open active, delay 9916ms11:19:53: TCP: sending RST, seq 0, ack 309812912111:19:53: TCP: sent RST to 7.7.7.6:11719 from 7.72.6.1:179
router bgp 100neighbor 7.72.6.3 remote-as 100neighbor 7.72.6.3 update-source Loopback0
Information sourcedInformation sourcedfrom the IP address in from the IP address in interface Loopback0interface Loopback0
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Can’t Establish Session—Symptoms
Can’t Establish Session—Symptoms
• The eBGP session is still having trouble!
routerA#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 7.72.6.1, local AS number 100BGP table version is 4, main routing table version 46 network entries and 6 paths using 774 bytes of memory2 BGP path attribute entries using 96 bytes of memory1 BGP AS-PATH entries using 24 bytes of memoryBGP activity 6/0 prefixes, 6/0 paths
Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd6.72.6.2 4 200 0 0 0 0 0 never Idle7.25.14.4 4 300 385 385 4 0 0 06:22:17 07.72.6.3 4 100 42 49 4 0 0 00:00:15 07.75.7.1 4 100 388 385 4 0 0 06:22:30 3
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routerA#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.routerA(config)#ip route 6.72.6.2 255.255.255.255 1.1.1.5
routerA#ping 6.72.6.2Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 6.72.6.2, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms
Can’t Establish Session -Troubleshooting II
Can’t Establish Session -Troubleshooting II
• Verify IP connectivitycheck the routing tableuse ping/trace to verify two way reachability
routerA#show ip route 6.72.6.2%Network not in table
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
• Peering with a loopback interface
Advantages
Interface is always up
Multiple physical paths may exist to reach it
Disadvantages
Physical link failure may take longer to detect
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
• The debug output indicates the neighbour’sconfigured peering address
routerA#debug ip bgprouterA#debug ip tcp transactions13:25:30: TCP: sending RST, seq 0, ack 203010066913:25:30: TCP: sent RST to 6.72.6.2:11041 from 3.72.6.1:179
Neighbour is tryingNeighbour is tryingto peer with this IPto peer with this IP
addressaddress
router bgp 100neighbor 6.72.6.2 remote-as 200neighbor 6.72.6.2 update-source Loopback1
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Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
• Hint: by default, eBGP peers should be directly connected
in this case, the peering address doesn’t match a connected interface in the local router
13:33:30: TCP: sending RST, seq 0, ack 251012964513:33:30: TCP: sent RST to 6.72.6.2:11045 from 3.72.6.1:179
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36© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
routerA#show ip bgp neighbors 6.72.6.2BGP neighbor is 6.72.6.2, remote AS 200, external linkIndex 1, Offset 0, Mask 0x2BGP version 4, remote router ID 0.0.0.0BGP state = Idle, table version = 0Last read 00:00:06, last send neverHold time 180, keepalive interval 60 secondsNeighbor NLRI negotiation:Configured for unicast routes only
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 30 secondsReceived 0 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queueSent 0 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queuePrefix advertised 0, suppressed 0, withdrawn 0Route refresh request: received 0, sent 0Connections established 0; dropped 0Last reset neverNumber of unicast/multicast prefixes received 0/0External BGP neighbor not directly connected.No active TCP connection
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37© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
• At this point, the session should come up
router bgp 100neighbor 6.72.6.2 remote-as 200neighbor 6.72.6.2 ebgp-multihop 255neighbor 6.72.6.2 update-source Loopback1
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38© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Can’t Establish Session—Symptoms
Can’t Establish Session—Symptoms
• Still having trouble!
Connectivity issues have already been checked and corrected.
routerA#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 7.72.6.1, local AS number 100… Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd6.72.6.2 4 200 10 26 0 0 0 never Active
router bgp 100neighbor 6.72.6.2 remote-as 200neighbor 6.72.6.2 ebgp-multihop 255neighbor 6.72.6.2 update-source Loopback1
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39© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)Can’t Establish Session—Troubleshooting II (Cont.)
• If an error is detected, a notification is sent and the session is closed
In this case the remote router had a bad configuration
14:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 open active, local address 3.72.6.114:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 went from Active to OpenSent14:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 sending OPEN, version 414:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 received NOTIFICATION 2/2
(peer in wrong AS) 2 bytes 000114:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 remote close, state CLOSEWAIT14:06:37: BGP: service reset requests14:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 went from OpenSent to Idle14:06:37: BGP: 6.72.6.2 closing
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40© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
OPEN MessageOPEN Message
Optional ParametersOptional Parameters
BGP IdentifierBGP Identifier
Opt. Parm. Len.Opt. Parm. Len.
Hold TimeHold Time
My Autonomous SystemMy Autonomous System
VersionVersion
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
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41© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
RFC2842 – May2000(Proposed Standard)
Capability Code (1 Octet)Capability Code (1 Octet)
Capability Length (1 Octet)Capability Length (1 Octet)
Capability Value (Variable)Capability Value (Variable)
Capabilities NegotiationCapabilities Negotiation
• Allows for the advertisement of capabilities (type 2)
• Backwards compatible
New error subcode introduced to indicate which capabilities arenot supported—thesession must be reset
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42© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Where’s the Beef?Where’s the Beef?
UPDATE ExchangeUPDATE Exchange
42© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2
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43© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
UPDATE ExchangeUPDATE Exchange
• Once the session has been established, UPDATEs are exchanged
all the locally known routes
only the bestpath is advertised
• Incremental UPDATE messages are exchanged afterwards
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44© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Propagation DecisionsPropagation Decisions
• bestpath received from eBGP peer
advertise to all peers
• bestpath received from iBGP peer
advertise only to eBGP peers
a full iBGP mesh must exist
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45© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Common ProblemsCommon Problems
• Missing routes
No iBGP full mesh
Filters: routes are not received/sent
• Slow convergence
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46© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
UPDATE FiltersUPDATE Filters
• Type of filters
Prefix filters
AS_PATH filters
Community filters
Any attribute may be used in a route-map
• Applied incoming and/or outgoing
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47© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting Steps
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting Steps
• Determine which filters are applied to the BGP session
show ip bgp neighbors x.x.x.x
Look at the configuration
• Examine the route and pick out the relevant attributes
show ip bgp x.x.x.x
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48© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting Steps (Cont.)
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting Steps (Cont.)
• Compare the route against the filters
• If no match is found
Use route-refresh or soft-reconfiguration
Filter the updates through an ACL to determine where the problem is
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49© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—SymptomsMissing Routes—Symptoms
• Missing 4.0.0.0/8 in 7.75.7.1 (routerA)
not received from 7.72.6.3 (routerB)
routerB#sh ip bgp nei 7.75.7.1 advertised-routes | include 4.0.0.0*> 4.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
routerB shows that the route was advertised to routerA!
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50© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—TroubleshootingMissing Routes—Troubleshooting
routerA#show access-lists 10Standard IP access list 10
permit 4.0.0.0
routerA#debug ip bgp 7.72.6.3 updates 10BGP updates debugging is on for access list 10 for neighbor 7.72.6.3
routerA#clear ip bgp 7.72.6.3 in01:22:41: BGP: 7.72.6.3 rcv UPDATE w/ attr: nexthop 7.72.6.3, origin i, metric 0, path 20001:22:41: BGP: 7.72.6.3 rcv UPDATE about 4.0.0.0/8 -- DENIED due
to: distribute/prefix-list;
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51© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
router bgp 100no synchronizationbgp log-neighbor-changesneighbor 7.72.6.3 remote-as 200neighbor 7.72.6.3 ebgp-multihop 255neighbor 7.72.6.3 update-source Loopback0neighbor 7.72.6.3 prefix-list filter in!ip prefix-list filter seq 5 deny 4.0.0.0/8ip prefix-list filter seq 10 permit 0.0.0.0/0 le 32
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52© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Slow Convergence—SymptomsSlow Convergence—Symptoms
• The eBGP peering is established, but convergence is not complete even after several hours
• Possible causesRemote router is not healthy (OutQ)
Lower layer problems (IP)
routerA#show ip bgp summary...Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd150.10.10.1 4 100 3550 3570 847 0 206 05:53:51 100
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53© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Slow Convergence—Troubleshooting
Slow Convergence—Troubleshooting
routerA#show ip route 150.10.10.1
Routing entry for 150.10.10.1/32
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.105.1.71, from 150.20.20.1, 00:06:14 ago, via POS2/1/0
* 156.1.1.1, from 150.20.20.1, 00:06:14 ago, via POS2/1/1
routerA#ping 150.10.10.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 150.10.10.1: !!!!!
Success is 100 percent, round-trip min/avg/max = 4/64/296 ms
Reply to request 0Record route:
(156.1.1.2)(195.5.5.1)(10.105.1.134)(150.10.10.1)(10.105.1.76)(195.5.5.2)(156.1.1.1)(211.211.211.1) <*>
Reply to request 1Record route:
(10.105.1.69)(140.10.50.5)(150.10.10.1)(140.10.50.6)(10.105.1.71)(211.211.211.1) <*>
router bgp 100neighbor 150.10.10.1 remote-as 200neighbor 150.10.10.1 ebgp-multihop 2neighbor 150.10.10.1 update-source Loopback0
Ping with route Ping with route record option.record option.
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54© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Slow Convergence—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Slow Convergence—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
eBGP Peering
OC-3 OC-3 OC-3
OC-3 OC-3
T3
A B
router bgp 100neighbor 150.10.10.1 remote-as 200neighbor 150.10.10.1 ebgp-multihop 2neighbor 150.10.10.1 update-source Loopback0
Longest path has more Longest path has more than 2 hops to the than 2 hops to the
destination. Use higher destination. Use higher TTL!TTL!
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55© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 55© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2
Pick One, Only One!Pick One, Only One!
Route Selection ProcessRoute Selection Process
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56© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Selection ProcessRoute Selection Process
• A common policy should be maintained across the AS to guarantee loop-free operation
Not all routers may select the same path
• Filters may be used to modify or add attributes, affecting the selection algorithm
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57© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Common ProblemsCommon Problems
• Inconsistent decision/policy
MED
External paths
Communities
By default, communities are not propagated
neighbor x.x.x.x send-community
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58© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I
• The bestpath changes every time the peering is reset.
routerA#sh ip bgp 160.100.0.0BGP routing table entry for 160.100.0.0/16, version 40Paths: (3 available, best #3, advertised over IBGP, EBGP)100
204.146.33.10 from 204.146.33.10 (204.146.33.1)Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
300204.146.33.66 from 204.146.33.66 (204.146.33.2)Origin IGP, metric 20, localpref 100, valid, internal
300204.146.33.6 from 204.146.33.6 (10.4.1.1)Origin IGP, metric 30, valid, external, best
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59© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I (Cont.)
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I (Cont.)
routerA#sh ip bgp 160.100.0.0BGP routing table entry for 160.100.0.0/16, version 2Paths: (3 available, best #3, advertised over EBGP)
100204.146.33.10 from 204.146.33.10 (204.146.33.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal300204.146.33.6 from 204.146.33.6 (10.4.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 30, valid, external300204.146.33.66 from 204.146.33.66 (204.146.33.2)
Origin IGP, metric 20, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
• Same paths, but different result!
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60© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I (Cont.)
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom I (Cont.)
• Different result…again!!
routerA#sh ip bgp 160.100.0.0BGP routing table entry for 160.100.0.0/16, version 12Paths: (3 available, best #3, advertised over EBGP)
300204.146.33.6 from 204.146.33.6 (10.4.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 30, valid, external300204.146.33.66 from 204.146.33.66 (204.146.33.2)
Origin IGP, metric 20, localpref 100, valid, internal100204.146.33.10 from 204.146.33.10 (204.146.33.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
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61© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Deterministic MEDDeterministic MED
• By default, the prefixes are compared in order of arrival
it may result in inconsistent decisions
use bgp deterministic-med
the bestpath is recalculated as soon as the command is entered
enable in all the routers in the AS
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62© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Deterministic MED—OperationDeterministic MED—Operation
• The paths are ordered by peer-AS
• The bestpath for each group is selected
• The overall bestpath results from comparing the winners in each group
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63© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Deterministic MED—ResultDeterministic MED—Result
• The bestpath will always be the same!
routerA#sh ip bgp 160.100.0.0BGP routing table entry for 160.100.0.0/16, version 15Paths: (3 available, best #1, advertised over EBGP)
100204.146.33.10 from 204.146.33.10 (204.146.33.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best300204.146.33.66 from 204.146.33.66 (204.146.33.2)
Origin IGP, metric 20, localpref 100, valid, internal300204.146.33.6 from 204.146.33.6 (10.4.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 30, valid, external
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64© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom II
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom II
• The bestpath changes every time the peering is reset
routerA#show ip bgp 7.0.0.0BGP routing table entry for 7.0.0.0/8, version 15Paths: (2 available, best #2)
Not advertised to any peer2001.1.1.5 from 1.1.1.5 (1.1.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external20021.21.21.254 from 21.21.21.254 (7.75.7.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
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65© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom II (Cont.)
Inconsistent Decision—Symptom II (Cont.)
• The “oldest” external is the bestpath.All other attributes are the sameStability enhancement!
routerA#show ip bgp 7.0.0.0 BGP routing table entry for 7.0.0.0/8, version 17Paths: (2 available, best #2)
Not advertised to any peer20021.21.21.254 from 21.21.21.254 (7.75.7.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external2001.1.1.5 from 1.1.1.5 (1.1.1.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
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66© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 66© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2
Route ReflectorsRoute Reflectors
Playing with MirrorsPlaying with Mirrors
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67© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route ReflectorsRoute Reflectors
• Provide additional control to allowrouter to advertise (reflect) iBGPlearned routes to other iBGP peers
Method to reduce the size of the iBGP mesh
• Normal BGP speakers can coexist
Only the RR has to support this feature
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68© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Reflector
Clients ClientsClusters
Non-Client
Lines Represent Both Physical Links and BGP Logical ConnectionsLines Represent Both Physical Links and BGP Logical Connections
Route Reflectors—TerminologyRoute Reflectors—Terminology
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69© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Reflection DecisionsReflection Decisions
• Once the best path is selected:
From non-client reflect to all clients
From client → reflect to all non-clients AND other clients
From eBGP peer → reflect to all clients and non-clients
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70© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Common ProblemsCommon Problems
• Missing routes
• Routing loops and “close calls”
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71© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—SymptomsMissing Routes—Symptoms
• At least one route is missing from at least one router in the network.
routerA#show ip bgp 4.0.0.0% Network not in tablerouterA#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 7.25.14.4, local AS number 100BGP table version is 1, main routing table version 1… Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd7.72.6.2 4 100 7 7 1 0 0 00:04:18 0
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72© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—TroubleshootingMissing Routes—Troubleshooting
• Check routers for filtersrouterA#router bgp 100no synchronizationneighbor 7.72.6.2 remote-as 100routerB#
router bgp 100no synchronizationbgp cluster-id 0.0.0.5neighbor 7.25.14.4 remote-as 100neighbor 7.25.14.4 route-reflector-clientneighbor 7.72.6.1 remote-as 100
routerB#show ip bgp 4.0.0.0% Network not in table
routerC
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73© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting IMissing Routes—Troubleshooting I
• Follow the path where the routes should have been learned
routerC#router bgp 100no synchronizationbgp cluster-id 0.0.0.5neighbor 7.72.6.2 remote-as 100neighbor 7.75.7.1 remote-as 100neighbor 7.75.7.1 route-reflector-client
routerC#show ip bgp | include 4.0.0.0*>i4.0.0.0 7.72.6.3 0 100 0 200 i
Same Cluster-ID!
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74© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting IIMissing Routes—Troubleshooting II
• Alternative way to find duplicate cluster-id
use route-refresh + debug ip bgp updates ACL
routerB#clear ip bgp 7.72.6.1 in21:45:40: BGP: 7.72.6.1 rcv UPDATE w/ attr: nexthop
7.72.6.3, origin i, localpref 100, metric 0, path 221:45:40: BGP: 7.72.6.1 rcv UPDATE about 4.0.0.0/8 --
DENIED due to: reflected from the same cluster;
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75© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
• Clusters with multiple RRs
If the RRs have the same cluster-id, all the clients must peer with all the reflectors
Lines Represent Both PhysicalLinks and BGP Logical Connections
Lines Represent Both PhysicalLinks and BGP Logical Connections
RRRR
AA
BB CC
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Missing Routes—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
DD
EEIf not needed for administration, If not needed for administration,
don’t assign a clusterdon’t assign a cluster--id for id for added flexibility!added flexibility!
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76© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
Routing Loop—SymptomRouting Loop—Symptom
routerD#traceroute 7.1.1.1
1 1.1.1.2 24 msec 24 msec 40 msec
2 156.1.1.1 28 msec 48 msec 24 msec
3 156.1.1.2 24 msec 24 msec 24 msec
4 156.1.1.1 28 msec 28 msec 24 msec
5 156.1.1.2 28 msec 28 msec 28 msec
6 156.1.1.1 28 msec 28 msec 32 msec
A
B C
D
rtrBrtrB
rtrCrtrC
Loop!Loop!
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77© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Routing Loop—TroubleshootingRouting Loop—Troubleshooting
routerC#show ip bgp 7.0.0.0
BGP routing table entry for 7.0.0.0/8
1
150.10.10.1 (metric 115) from 150.10.10.1 (150.20.20.1)
Origin IGP, valid, external, best
routerC#show ip route 150.10.10.1
Routing entry for 150.10.10.1/32
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* 156.1.1.1, from 150.20.20.1, via Ethernet2/1/1
routerB#show ip bgp 7.0.0.0
BGP routing table entry for 7.0.0.0/8
1
156.1.1.2 from 156.1.1.2 (212.212.212.1)
Origin IGP, valid, internal, best
routerB#show ip route 156.1.1.2
Routing entry for 156.1.1.0/24
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
* directly connected, via Ethernet1
Verify Routing Information
Addresses on Same Subnet!
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78© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Routing Loop—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Routing Loop—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• Check configurationrouterC#router bgp 134neighbor 150.10.10.1 remote-as 1neighbor 150.10.10.1 ebgp-multihop 255neighbor 150.10.10.1 update-source Loopback0neighbor 156.1.1.1 remote-as 134neighbor 156.1.1.1 route-reflector-clientneighbor 156.1.1.1 next-hop-self
!ip route 150.10.10.1 255.255.255.255 s0 250
A-RR
B C-RR
D
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
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Routing Loop—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Routing Loop—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• Solution
Establish the eBGP peering permanently through the“backup” link
Use LOCAL_PREF or MED to break any tie!
A-RR
B C-RR
D
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
Lines RepresentPhysical Connections
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80© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—SymptomClose Call—Symptom
• The bestpath is not being followed to an external destination
routerA#show ip route 4.4.4.4Routing entry for 4.0.0.0/8Known via "bgp 1", distance 200, metric 0Tag 2, type internalLast update from 6.72.6.3 00:25:45 agoRouting Descriptor Blocks:* 6.72.6.3, from 7.75.7.1, 00:25:45 ago
Route metric is 0, traffic share count is 1AS Hops 1, BGP network version 0
Expected to go out though the NEXT_HOP in the update.
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81© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Symptom (Cont.)Close Call—Symptom (Cont.)
• All eBGP peers are configured with their interface address
The NEXT_HOP is expected in the trace
routerA#traceroute 4.4.4.4
1 1.1.1.4 0 msec 0 msec 0 msec2 8.25.14.3 8 msec 4 msec 4 msec3 172.18.176.1 8 msec 4 msec 4 msec4 161.44.0.56 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec5 161.44.0.18 8 msec 8 msec 4 msec 6 4.4.4.4 4 msec 5 msec 4 msec
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82© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• Verify configuration
Check for alternate routesrouter bgp 100no synchronizationneighbor 7.75.7.1 remote-as 100neighbor 7.75.7.1 update-source Loopback0
routerA#show ip bgp 4.0.0.0BGP routing table entry for 4.0.0.0/8, version 2Paths: (1 available, best #1)
Not advertised to any peer200
6.72.6.3 (metric 103) from 7.75.7.1 (7.75.7.1)Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal, best
routerC
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83© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• routerC is a RR with two clients
router bgp 100no synchronizationbgp log-neighbor-changesneighbor 7.72.6.1 remote-as 100neighbor 7.72.6.1 update-source Loopback0neighbor 7.72.6.1 route-reflector-clientneighbor 7.72.6.2 remote-as 100neighbor 7.72.6.2 update-source Loopback0neighbor 7.72.6.2 route-reflector-clientneighbor 6.72.6.3 remote-as 200
routerA
routerB
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84© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
routerC#show ip bgp 4.0.0.0BGP routing table entry for 4.0.0.0/8, version 2
200, (Received from a RR-client)8.25.14.3 (metric 3) from 7.72.6.1 (7.72.6.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal200
6.72.6.3 (metric 2) from 6.72.6.3 (6.72.6.3)Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
routerC#traceroute 4.4.4.4
1 6.72.6.3 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec2 161.44.0.56 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec3 161.44.0.18 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec4 4.4.4.4 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec
Expected Path!
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85© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• Output from the other client
follows the same exit as routerA
routerB#traceroute 4.4.4.4
1 8.25.14.3 8 msec 16 msec 8 msec2 172.18.176.1 16 msec 12 msec 16 msec3 161.44.0.48 12 msec 16 msec 12 msec4 161.44.0.15 16 msec 12 msec 16 msec5 4.4.4.4 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
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86© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• routerB is following the correct path!
routerB#show ip bgp 4.0.0.0BGP routing table entry for 4.0.0.0/8, version 132008.25.14.3 (metric 2) from 8.25.14.3 (8.25.14.3)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best2006.72.6.3 (metric 50) from 7.75.7.1 (7.75.7.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, internal
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87© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
Close Call—Troubleshooting (Cont.)
• The logical connection between routerC (RR) and routerA provides the route
The physical path is followed
EEDD
CC
BB
AA
CC
AA
Logical ConnectionLogical Connection4.0.0.0/8
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88© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingRoute Flap Damping
Stabilising the NetworkStabilising the Network
88© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com22101351_06_2000_c2
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89© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap Damping
• Route flapGoing up and down of path or change in attribute
BGP WITHDRAW followed by UPDATE = 1 flap
eBGP neighbour going down/up is NOT a flap
Ripples through the entire Internet
Wastes CPU
• Damping aims to reduce scope of route flap propagation
• Implementation documented in RFC2439
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90© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingOperation
Route Flap DampingOperation
• Add penalty (1000) for each flap
• Exponentially decay penaltyhalf life determines decay rate
• Penalty above suppress-limitdo not advertise route to BGP peers
• Penalty decayed below reuse-limitre-advertise route to BGP peers
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91© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingRoute Flap Damping
Reuse limit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time
Penalty
Suppress limit
NetworkAnnounced
NetworkRe-announced
NetworkNot Announced
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92© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingOperation
• Only applied to inbound announcements from eBGP peers
• Alternate paths still usable
• Controlled by:Half-life (default 15 minutes)
reuse-limit (default 750)
suppress-limit (default 2000)
maximum suppress time (default 60 minutes)
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93© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
Fixed dampingrouter bgp 100bgp dampening [<half-life> <reuse-value> <suppress-penalty> <maximum suppress time>]
Selective and variable dampingbgp dampening [route-map <name>]route-map <name> permit 10match ip address prefix-list FLAP-LISTset dampening [<half-life> <reuse-value> <suppress-penalty> <maximum suppress time>]
ip prefix-list FLAP-LIST permit 192.0.2.0/24 le 32
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94© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
• Care required when setting parameters
• Penalty must be less than reuse-limit at the maximum suppress time
• Maximum suppress time and half life must allow penalty to be larger than suppress limit
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Route Flap DampingConfiguration
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
• Examples - ûbgp dampening 30 750 3000 60
reuse-limit of 750 means maximum possible penalty is 3000 - no prefixes suppressed as penalty cannot exceed suppress-limit
• Examples - übgp dampening 30 2000 3000 60
reuse-limit of 2000 means maximum possible penalty is 8000 - suppress limit is easily reached
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96© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
Route Flap DampingConfiguration
• Examples - ûbgp dampening 15 500 2500 30
reuse-limit of 500 means maximum possible penalty is 2000 - no prefixes suppressed as penalty cannot exceed suppress-limit
• Examples - übgp dampening 15 750 3000 45
reuse-limit of 750 means maximum possible penalty is 6000 - suppress limit is easily reached
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• Maximum possible value of penalty is
• Always make sure that suppress-limit chosen is LESS than max-penalty otherwise there will be no route damping
Route Flap DampingMaths!
Route Flap DampingMaths!
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98© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingStatus
Route Flap DampingStatus
gw>sh ip bgp flap-statistics
BGP table version is 8444024, local router ID is 202.12.29.64
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network From Flaps Duration Reuse Path
*> 63.74.112.0/22 203.62.252.21 3 00:18:08 1221 16779 1 701 13593
*> 63.74.120.0/22 203.62.252.21 3 00:18:08 1221 16779 1 701 13593
*d 63.109.97.0/24 203.62.252.21 12 00:42:07 00:28:20 1221 16779 1 701 17106
*> 63.140.98.0/24 203.62.252.21 4 00:29:48 1221 5696 15322
*> 64.254.102.0/24 203.62.252.21 2 00:03:11 1221 16779 1 701 17307
h 66.0.0.0 203.62.252.21 2 00:14:43 1221 16779 1833 701 1239 4231
*> 66.9.38.0/23 203.62.252.21 3 00:21:22 1221 16779 1 3356 16449
*d 66.40.0.0/18 203.62.252.21 11 00:35:00 00:26:30 1221 11388
*d 139.78.0.0 203.62.252.21 7 00:10:53 00:30:50 1221 5727 1 2828 7911 7294 5078
*d 147.39.200.0/24 203.62.252.21 7 00:41:02 00:17:10 1221 5727 7018 701 702 1913 1559
h 192.31.83.0 203.62.252.21 3 00:05:11 1221 16779 1 2828 7911 7294 5078
...
Flapping prefixes
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99© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingStatus
Route Flap DampingStatus
gw>sh ip bgp dampened-paths
BGP table version is 8443716, local router ID is 202.12.29.64
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network From Reuse Path
*d 202.8.238.0 203.62.252.21 00:04:10 1221 5727 9658 9386 i
*d 216.148.175.0 203.62.252.21 00:05:50 1221 5727 1740 11282 11282 i
*d 212.9.128.0/19 203.62.252.21 00:09:30 1221 16779 1833 1299 1755 8787 i
*d 200.23.202.0 203.62.252.21 00:12:20 1221 1 3561 6503 3454 3454 3454 i
*d 148.219.0.0 203.62.252.21 00:13:40 1221 1 1239 8151 278 i
*d 203.10.1.0 203.62.252.21 00:13:20 1221 2764 2764 2764 2764 9543 i
*d 206.137.4.0/22 203.62.252.21 00:14:10 1221 1 3561 6347 18435 i
*d 195.54.160.0/19 203.62.252.21 00:16:20 1221 5727 1239 1755 8525 ?
*d 192.146.206.0 203.62.252.21 00:21:50 1221 5727 1239 5078 5078 i
...
Damped prefixes
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100© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingMonitoring
Route Flap DampingMonitoring
gw#debug ip bgp damp
BGP dampening debugging is on
Mar 9 15:49:26.443 AEST: BGP: charge penalty for 204.134.66.0/24 path 1221 16779 1 1239 3912 with halflife-time 15 reuse/suppress 750/2000
Mar 9 15:49:26.443 AEST: flapped 1 times since 00:00:00. New penalty is 1000
...
Mar 9 15:49:26.667 AEST: BGP: charge penalty for 203.17.144.0/22 path 1221 5727 7018 3561 7474 7569 7570 4738 7572 7571 7476 with halflife-time 15 reuse/suppress 750/2000
Mar 9 15:49:26.667 AEST: flapped 5 times since 00:03:39. New penalty is 2766
Mar 9 15:49:26.667 AEST: BGP: suppress 203.17.144.0/22 path 1221 5727 7018 3561 7474 7569 7570 4738 7572 7571 7476 for 00:28:10 (penalty 2766)
Mar 9 15:49:26.671 AEST: halflife-time 15, reuse/suppress 750/2000
Monitoring route flaps
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101© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingMonitoring
Route Flap DampingMonitoring
Mar 9 16:00:32.021 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 203.255.232.0/24, path 1221 6461 3786 1237
Mar 9 16:03:38.358 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 204.228.71.0/24, path 1221 16779 1 3908 14041 12145
Mar 9 16:03:38.358 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 204.228.64.0/24, path 1221 16779 1 3908 14041 12145
Mar 9 16:03:38.358 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 198.59.93.0/24, path 1221 16779 1 3908 14041 12145
Mar 9 16:03:38.358 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 198.59.87.0/24, path 1221 16779 1 3908 14041 12145
Mar 9 16:04:10.570 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 207.40.160.0/20, path 1221 16779 1 1239 1791
Mar 9 16:04:10.570 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 207.40.64.0/20, path 1221 16779 1 1239 1791
Mar 9 16:04:20.994 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 203.91.145.0/24, path 1221 16779 1 701 703 9237
Mar 9 16:04:51.914 AEST: BGP: unsuppressed 203.168.64.0/20, path 1221 1 3561 4755 17632
Monitoring route flaps (more)
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102© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Route Flap DampingOperations
Route Flap DampingOperations
• Be aware:
Many ISPs use flap damping
Unreachable remote networks may be due to damping, not disconnections
Damping applies to flapping prefixes, not unstable connections
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103© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2
SummarySummary
103© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com
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104© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary/TipsSummary/Tips
• Isolate the problem!
• Use ACLs when enabling debug commands
• Enable bgp log-neighbor-changes
• IP reachability must exist for sessions to be established
Learned from IGP
Make sure the source and destination addresses match the configuration
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105© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary/TipsSummary/Tips
• Use loopback interfaces for stability and where multiple paths exist
• Use common filters
Keep them simple!
• Maintain a consistent policy throughout the AS
• Use deterministic-med
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106© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary/TipsSummary/Tips
• Select the appropriate knob/attribute for the job
Learn the decision algorithm
• Route reflectorsFollow the physical topology
Define a cluster-id only if administratively needed
• BGP DampingUseful for enhancing stability of Internet connected networks
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107© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form
Troubleshooting BGPTroubleshooting BGP
107© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2
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108© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
22101351_06_2000_c2