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Tropical RainforestsA Resource Book for Secondary School Teachers

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r-oaú;Sl mdGYd,d .=re Nj;=ka i|yd jQ iïm;a lD;shla

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs;-,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xU tsEhy;,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xU tsEhy;,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xU tsEhy;,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xU tsEhy;,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xU tsEhy;

Compiled by

Charmalee D. Jayasinghe, Sarath P. Ekanayake,Channa N. B. Bambaradeniya and Shalini Amarasinghe

IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Sri Lanka

This publication has been prepared by IUCN - Sri Lankawith financial assistance from

CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency

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The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation ofthe material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of IUCN or other participating organizations concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those ofIUCN or other participating organizations.

Published by : IUCN - Sri Lanka

Copyright : © 2005, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercialpurposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyrightholder provided the source is fully acknowledged.

Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes isprohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Charmalee Jayasinghe initiated the compilation of this publication in hercapacity as the Head of the Education and Communications Unit of IUCNSri Lanka in 2004. Currently she serves as the Communications Coordinatorat the Interantional Water Management Institute (IWMI). Sarath Ekanayake,Senior Programme Officer, Channa Bambaradeniya, Technical ProgrammeCoordinator and Shalini Amarasinghe, Programme Officer are from IUCNSri Lanka.

Citation : Jayasinghe, C. D., Ekanayake, S. P., Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. andAmarasinghe, S. (Compilers) (2005). Tropical Rainforests: A Resource Bookfor Secondary School Teachers. IUCN, Sri Lanka. vi + 144 pp

ISBN : 955-8177-39-3

Cover Photograph : Naalin Perera

Printed by : Karunaratne & Sons Ltd. 67, UDA Industrial Estate,Katuwana Road, Homagama, Sri Lanka.

Available from : IUCN - The World Conservation Union,Sri Lanka Country Office,No. 53, Horton Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.

iii

Contents

Preface iv

Foreword v

Acknowledgements vi

1. Introduction to Tropical Rainforests 1ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ms<sn|j ye¢kaùu

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;

2. Structure of a Tropical Rainforest 11ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh

mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;G

3. Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforests 23ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl iy i;=ka

madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;

4. Rainforests of the World 41f,`lfha jr®Id jkdka;r

cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;

5. Rainforests in Sri Lanka 55Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r

,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;

6. The Importance of Tropical Rainforests 69ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, jeo.;alu

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

7. Threats to Tropical Rainforests 85ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk ;r®ck

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F cs;s mr;RWj;jy;fs;

8. How can Tropical Rainforests be Conserved? 105ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ixrCIKh l< yelafla flfiao@

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;?

9. Quizzes and Projects 117.egΩ iy jHdmD;s

tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lKk;

10. Bibliography & References 125wdY%s; .%ka:

Gj;jfg;gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;;

11. Rainforest Glossary 129jr®Id jkdka;r - md˙NdIsl jpk ud,dj

kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;

12. Annexes 139weuqKqï

,izg;Gfs;

Annex 1: Some examples of naturally occurring plant species in the Sinharaja forest 140weuqKqï 1( isxyrdc jkdka;rfha iajNdúlj yuqjk Ydl úfYaI i|yd W∞yrK

,izg;G 1: rpq;fuh[ tdj;jpd; ,aw;ifahf re;jpf;ff; $ba jhtu tHf;fq;fs; - cjhuzk;

Annex 2: Some examples of animals inhabiting the rainforests of Southern Sri Lanka 141weuqKqï 2( Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd W∞yrK

,izg;G 2: ,yq;ifapd; mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s tpyq;F tHf;fq;fs; - cjhuzk;

iv

Preface

The Resource Book on Tropical Rainforests has contributed in a number of ways to fulfil the need of thehour. Rainforests are considered to be the most important vegetation type or biome of the world. Rainforestsare of paramount importance as a biological entity because of its vast bio-diversity as well as its far reachingcontribution towards maintaining balance in nature. The wealth of resources contained in its flora and faunahas been utilized right throughout the human civilization.

Due to this very reason, the rainforests are being depleted at an alarming rate. Making the society aware ofthe nature and the importance of the rainforests will definitely be beneficial in implementing strategies forconserving rain forests.

The main objective of publishing this book is to impart this knowledge to the entire society through theschool community. It will also facilitate to understand the ecological concepts included in the G. C. E.(A/L) Biology syllabus, which is among one of the major objectives of publishing this book.

Publishing this book will also fulfil one of the major tasks that has been entrusted to the G. C. E. (A/L)Biology curriculum development committee of the National Institute of Education.

The sponsorship given in publishing this book by IUCN Sri Lanka has immensely contributed in presentingit in an attractive manner as well as to the highest standard of quality.

The contribution of IUCN Sri Lanka in this regard is therefore, greatly appreciated.

Prof. J. W. WickramasingheDirector GeneralNational Institute of EducationMaharagama.

v

Foreword

Tropical rain forests are the world’s most biologically diverse ecosystems - harbouring over 50% of theworld’s plants and animals. These highly productive ecosystems perform invaluable services to man, byhelping to regulate the global climate; acting as barriers against soil erosion and providing us with productsthat are of great economic, agricultural and medicinal value.

Unfortunately, tropical rain forests are becoming increasingly threatened due to destructive humanactivities. Today, rain forests occupy only about 6% of the earth’s land area. In Sri Lanka, rain forests coverless than 3% of the total land extent and these areas are becoming highly threatened due to increasinganthropogenic pressures.

This resource book on tropical rainforests is a collaborative effort between IUCN - The World ConservationUnion and the National Institute of Education, with part financial support from the Canada Fund for LocalInitiatives - CIDA. It is targeted at secondary school teachers for use as supplementary resource material,particularly when teaching the subject of biodiversity to Advanced Level students. In order to ensuremaximum usage, the book has been prepared in English, Sinhala and Tamil and contains colourphotographs, maps, spotlights and teaching strategies, which would assist in demonstrating the beauty andvalue of this amazing ecosystem.

In order to protect our fast depleting rain forests, educational and awareness efforts are vital as a means ofinculcating positive attitudes towards conservation. Hence, it is our fervent hope that this resource bookwill contribute towards increased awareness and improved understanding of the urgent need to protect ourremaining rainforests.

Shiranee YasaratneCountry RepresentativeIUCN - Sri Lanka

April 2005

vi

Acknowledgements

IUCN-The World Conservation Union, gratefully acknowledges the contributions of many people andorganizations in the preparation of this resource book on tropical rainforests. Mr. Naalin Perera, Mr. SandunPerera, Ms. Rehenika Algama and Ms. Tehara Wickramaratne of IUCN Sri Lanka provided valuableassistance in the drafting of the English text and in the preparation of the design and layout. Ms. RomeshaPerera prepared the Sinhala translation whilst Dr. Saravana Kumar, with the assistance of Ms. Jezima AthamLebbe, Mr. K. Kuggatharan, Mr. Oliver Kulas and Mrs. T. Bhalakumaran prepared the tamil translation.Editing was done by Dr. T. Wettasinghe and officials of the National Institute of Education (NIE). IUCN SriLanka is very grateful to Mr. R.S.J.P. Uduporuwa and Mr. C.M.R. Anthony from the NIE for theirinvaluable assistance throughout the preparation of this book. We would further like to thank all those whokindly provided the featured photographs. The valuable inputs towards the content of this book provided bythe teachers who participated in the review workshop are gratefully acknowledged.

The following organizations are acknowledged for providing information on tropical rainforests:Kalpavriksh and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environment Team (ANET), The Forest Department ofSri Lanka and the Young Zoologists Association of Sri Lanka.

The preparation and publishing of this book was made possible with part financial assistance from theCanada Fund for Local Initiatives, Canadian International Development Agency.

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1

Introduction to Tropical Rainforestsksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ms<sn|j ye¢kaùu

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk; 1

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Introduction to Tropical Rainforests

“We know the sap which courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through ourveins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, thedeer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body heat

of the pony, and man, all belong to the same family”

Chief Seattle (1786 -1866)

A tropical rainforest is characterized by lush vegetation, high temperatures and rainfall experiencedthroughout the year. (They are evergreen forests with an annual leaf-fall of less than 50%). Tropicalrainforests are the world’s most biologically diverse ecosystems containing about 50% of all species onearth. They are also one of earth’s oldest living ecosystems that have been evolving for more than 30 millionyears. The vast variety of habitats and microhabitats in rainforests is fundamental to the maintenance ofspecies richness.

The highly productive ecosystems of rainforests are of invaluable service to man. They help regulate theglobal climate by absorbing carbondioxide - a gas believed to be partially responsible for global warming(See Chapter 7). The atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide balance is maintained through photosynthesis.Rainforests prevent soil erosion and safeguard marine and coastal ecosystems from the effects of surfacerun off. They also provide many products of economic value, particularly new drugs for medicinal use. Notto be overlooked is the fact that rainforests in many parts of the world are home to millions of indigenouspeople whose traditional lifestyles are interlinked with the forest.

Teaching Strategy 1.1: Introducing Rainforests

Give the class an introductory presentation. Follow up the presentation with a round table discussion/debate/role -play activity to reiterate and give the class a ‘feel’ for the rainforest and related issues.

Characteristics of a tropical rainforest

VegetationTo be classified as a rainforest, a forest should have a multi-storeyed, evergreen and continuous canopy inwhich the treetops or crowns touch each other, creating a shaded forest interior. (See Chapters 2 & 3).

Temperature and humidityThe temperature in a tropical rainforest is high and relatively stable throughout the year. The averagetemperature is between 20°C and 34°C. Rainforests are extremely humid due to the closed canopy anddense vegetation. The average humidity is between 77% and 88%.

RainfallRainforests belong to the tropical wet zone climate group. Hence, the average annual rainfall is high,often more than 2500 mm, and well distributed with no exceptionally dry months (See Figure 1.1).However, the high rainfall that is necessary to maintain this environment also threatens its existence.The water that constantly bombards the soil leaches out most of its nutrients. Therefore, rainforestplants and animals should be adapted to deal with this constant heavy downpour and to competesuccessfully for nutrients. (See Chapters 2 & 3)

SoilThe soil of tropical rainforests is shallow, very poor in nutrients and almost devoid of soluble mineralsreleased during the weathering of rocks. The heavy rain in rainforests leaches away the nutrients in thesoil. Rainforests have very short nutrient cycles. Nutrients generally remain in an ecosystem by being

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1recycled. In rainforests, nutrients are found mainly in the living plants and in the layers of decomposingleaf litter. Various species of decomposers like insects, bacteria and fungi turn dead plant and animalmatter into nutrients, and plants absorb these nutrients the moment they are released.

Where can you find tropical rainforests?

Rainforests are located in a band around the equator, mainly in the area between the Tropic of Cancer22.50N and the Tropic of Capricorn 22.50S (See Figure 1.2). This 4800km wide band, harbouring tropicalrainforests amongst other ecosystems, is called the “tropics.”

Tropical rainforests are found in South and Central America, Africa, Asia and Oceania (the islands aroundAustralia). The largest rainforests are in the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basinin Western Africa, and throughout much of Southeast Asia. Smaller rainforests are located in CentralAmerica, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and other locations in the tropics. (See Chapter 4).

Unfortunately, tropical rainforests are increasingly threatened due to destructive human activities and thisfragile ecosystem is dwindling at an alarming rate. At present, rain forests occupy only about 6% of theearth’s land area, which amounts to only 2% of the entire surface of the earth. In Sri Lanka, rainforests oncecovered a substantial proportion of the island. However, at present they cover less than 3% of the total landarea of the country (See Chapter 7).

Did You Know?

Tropical rainforests are the Earth’s oldest living ecosystem. Fossil records show that the forests ofSoutheast Asia have existed, in more or less their present form, for 70 to 100 million years(Rainforest Action Network, 2004)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides information on groups of plants and animalswhose status has been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The Red List canbe accessed at www.redlist.org

378 species of Subtropical/Tropical Moist rainforest plants/animals are listed as CriticallyEndangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

19 species of Subtropical/Tropical Moist rainforest plants/animals are listed as Extinct in the IUCNRed List of Threatened Species .

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6

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;fhd mwpKfk;

vkJ ehsq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;vkJ ehsq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;vkJ ehsq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;vkJ ehsq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;vkJ ehsq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspDlhfg;ghAk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;

ehk; mwpNthk;. ,e;j cyfpd; xU $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xU $W ,e;j cyF. kdq;fkOk; kyHfs; vkJehk; mwpNthk;. ,e;j cyfpd; xU $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xU $W ,e;j cyF. kdq;fkOk; kyHfs; vkJehk; mwpNthk;. ,e;j cyfpd; xU $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xU $W ,e;j cyF. kdq;fkOk; kyHfs; vkJehk; mwpNthk;. ,e;j cyfpd; xU $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xU $W ,e;j cyF. kdq;fkOk; kyHfs; vkJehk; mwpNthk;. ,e;j cyfpd; xU $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xU $W ,e;j cyF. kdq;fkOk; kyHfs; vkJ

rNfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> ngUq;fOFfs; vy;yhk; vkJ rNfhjuHfs;. ghiw nrwpe;jrNfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> ngUq;fOFfs; vy;yhk; vkJ rNfhjuHfs;. ghiw nrwpe;jrNfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> ngUq;fOFfs; vy;yhk; vkJ rNfhjuHfs;. ghiw nrwpe;jrNfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> ngUq;fOFfs; vy;yhk; vkJ rNfhjuHfs;. ghiw nrwpe;jrNfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> ngUq;fOFfs; vy;yhk; vkJ rNfhjuHfs;. ghiw nrwpe;j

kiyf;fhLfs; gRikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW fOijapd; ntJntJg;G> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;Gkiyf;fhLfs; gRikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW fOijapd; ntJntJg;G> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;Gkiyf;fhLfs; gRikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW fOijapd; ntJntJg;G> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;Gkiyf;fhLfs; gRikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW fOijapd; ntJntJg;G> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;Gkiyf;fhLfs; gRikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW fOijapd; ntJntJg;G> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;G

,itnay;yhk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa.,itnay;yhk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa.,itnay;yhk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa.,itnay;yhk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa.,itnay;yhk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa.

nrt;tpe;jpaH jiytH fpaw;wy; (1786-1866)

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfspd; mlh;j;jpahd jhtu ,dq;fs>; cah;ntg;gepiy. Mz;L KOtJkhd

cah; kiotPo;r;rp vd;gd ,tw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fshFk;. Gtpapd; caph; gy;tifikapd; 50% f;fhd

,dq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; Gtpapy; goik tha;e;j capUs;s #oy; njhFjpfspy; xd;whfTk; mad

kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J 30kpy;ypad; tUlq;fspw;F Nkyhff; $h;g ;G

eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; #oy; njhFjpahfTk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,it cah; Mf;fj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l #oy; njhFjpahf tpsq;FtJld;> mstpl Kbahj msT

ed;ikfis kdpjDf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. mad kz;ly fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; gy; NtWgl;l thoplq;fSk;>

Ez;thoplq;fSk; ,f;fhLfspy; caph; ,dg;gy;tifikiag; Ngzpf;fhg;gjpy; kpfg; gpujhd gq;if

tfpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; Gtpapy; CO2 ,id mfj;JwpQ;Rtjd; %ykhf #oy; ntg;gkhjiyg; gFjpahff;

fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk>; #oypd; CO2 - O

2 rkdpiyiag; NgZtjpYk; cjTfpwJ. ,f;fhLfs; kz;zhpg;igj;-

jLg;gjd; %yk; ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahd tpisthfpa ePNuhl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; fiuNahu

fly; gpuNjrq;fs; fly; mhpg;gpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; gy nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKila

tpisnghUl;fSk;> Fwpg;ghf Gjpa kUe;J %ypifg;nghUl;fisAk; ,f;fhLfs; vkf;F toq;FfpwJ.

NkYk; cyfpd; gy kpy;ypad; vz;zpf;ifapyhd tdtho; kf;fspd; ciwAshfTk; mth;fspd; fyhr;rhu

tho;f;if KiwAld; ,ilj;njhlh;Gila tdkhfTk; ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;

kiof;fhLfs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpid tFg;giwapy; epfo;j;Jjy;. xt;nthU cg myfpd;

KbtpYk; mjd; rhuhk;rq;fis njhFj;J jpiuaply; %yk; ,yFthd fw;wYf;fhd ntspg;ghl;bid

Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

mad kz;ly fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

jhtu tifjhtu tifjhtu tifjhtu tifjhtu tif

mad kz;lyf;fhLfspd; ghFgLj;jypy; gpd;tUk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jd;gb ,jd;

fhnlhd;W gf;fg; ghh;itapy; gy mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;> vd;Wk; gRikahdjhfTk;

njhlh;r;rpahd tpjhdq;fSila ku cr;rpfSk; my;yJ Kbfs; xd;Wlndhd;W njhlh;r;rpahf

fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; ,jd; %yk; fhl;bd; cl;gug;gpy; epoiy Vw;gLj;JtjhAk; ,jd; ,ay;Gfs;

tpsq;fg;gLfpd;wd. (Nkyjpf jfty;fs; - myF 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,y;).

ntg;gepiyAk; <ug;gjDk;ntg;gepiyAk; <ug;gjDk;ntg;gepiyAk; <ug;gjDk;ntg;gepiyAk; <ug;gjDk;ntg;gepiyAk; <ug;gjDk;

,f;fhLfspd; ntg;gepiy cah;thdjhfTk; Mz;L KOtJk; rPuhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ> ,jd;

ruhrhp ntg;gepiy tPr;rhdJ 200C njhlf;fk; 340C tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ. kiof;fhLfspy; %lg;gl;l

tpjhdk; fhuzkhdjhfTk; ,jd; mlh;j;jpahd jhtuq;fs; fhuzkhfTk; ,jd; <ug;gjd; kpf

cah;thdjhff;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ ,jd; ruhrhp <ug;gjd; 77% ,ypUe;J 88% tiu mikayhk;.

kiotPo;r;rpkiotPo;r;rpkiotPo;r;rpkiotPo;r;rpkiotPo;r;rp

kiof;fhLfs; mad kz;ly <u tiyaj;jpDs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. vdNt tul;rpahd khjq;fs;

cs;slq;fyhf 2500 mm Fiwahj kiotPo;r;rpia Mz;Lr; ruhrhp kiotPo;r;rpahf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,r;#oypidg; NgZifapy; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;> kiotPo;r;rpNa ,r;#oiy NgZtjw;Fk;

mr;RWj;Jtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fl;Lghl;by;yhj kio tPo;r;rpahdJ njhlr;rpahff;

fhzg;gLkplj;J kz;zhdJ epue;juj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shtJld; ,q;F kz;zhpg;gpdhy;> ngUk;ghyhd

Nghrizg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; ePUld; fiue;j epiyapy; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf

,k;kiof;fhLfspd; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; ,e;epue;ju nts;s epge;jidapy; Nghl;bapl;L

7

1ntw;wpfukhfg; Nghrizg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;W thOk;,irthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd

(kiof;fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fisAk; mjd; ,irthf;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisAk; - myF 2 kw;Wk; 3 ,y;

fhz;f)

kz;kz;kz;kz;kz;

mad kz;lyf; fhLfspy; Mokpd;wpa kz; fhzg;gLtJld; Nghrizg; nghUl;fspd; msT kpff;

Fiwthd Fwpg;ghf ePhpy; fiua Kbahj fdpg;nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpijTw;w ghiwfspy; ,Ue;J ,k;kz; ngWk; Nghrizg; nghUl;fs; mjp$ba kiotPo;r;rpapd;

fhuzkhff; fOtp vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gLfpwJ. kiof;fhLfspd; fdpg;nghUs; tl;lkhdjhfTk;

kpfr;rpwpajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> nghJthff; fdpg;nghUs; tl;lj;jpd; kWRow;rpapd;

fhuzkhfNt fdpg;nghUl;fs; epiy epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; kiof;fhLfspy; gpujhdkhf

caph; thOk; jhtuq;fspYk;> gphpe;jope;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,iy Fg;igfspYk; Nrkpj;J

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy;NtW tif nfhz;l gphpifahf;fpfshd g+r;rpfs;> gw;wPupah> gq;fRfs;

Mfpait ,we;j jhtu tpyq;Fg; gFjpfisg; gphpiff;Fs;shf;fp kz;zpy; Nghrizg; nghUl;fis

tpLtpf;fpd;wd. ,g;Nghrizg; nghUl;fisj; jhtuq;fs; cldbahf mfj;JwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis vq;F fhzyhk; ?mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis vq;F fhzyhk; ?mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis vq;F fhzyhk; ?mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis vq;F fhzyhk; ?mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis vq;F fhzyhk; ?

Gtpapd; kj;jpa Nfhl;il mz;kpj;Js;sjhfTk; gpujhdkhf flff; Nfhl;bw;Fk;> kfuf;Nfhl;bw;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l madkz;lyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Vwj;jho 4800 km mfyhq;F topNa ,f;fhLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; njd; kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh> Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah> Xrpahdpah vdg;gLk;

mT];jpNuypahitr; #oTs;s jPTfspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. kpfg;nghpa kiof;fhLfshdJ

njd;dkhpf;fhtpd; mNkrd; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk; Nkw;fhgphpf;fhtpd; nfhq;Nfh ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpYk;

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspYk; fhzf;$bajhs;sJ. rpwpa mstpyhd kiof;fhLfis kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh>

klf];fhh;> ,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ntg;g tyag; gFjpfspYk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ (myF 4

Ig; ghh;f;f).

Jujp\;ltrkhf mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; kdpj eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf mopTg;ghijapy; kpf

Ntfkhf vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; Gtpapy; 6% kl;LNk ,f;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J

g+kpapy; epyg;gug;gpy; 2% kl;LNk MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fzprkhd msT ,f;fhLfs;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; jw;NghJ ,j;jPtpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 3% kl;LNk ,f;fhLfs; fhZg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thwhf mjPj mopthgj;jpw;Fs;shd ,r;#oj;njhFjpapd; vjph;fhy epiyg;gLj;jiy epr;rag;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;jw;fhf ,jd; fw;wy; mtrpakhfpwJ.

cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh ?

cyfpd; kpfg;gioik tha;e;j capHtho; #ow;nwhFjp madkz;ly kiof;fhLfshFk;. njw;fhrpa

fhLfspy; 70 ,ypUe;J 100 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfspypUe;J Njhd;wpajhfr; Rtl;Lg;gjpTfs;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. (Rainforest Action Network, 2004)

IUCN rptg;Ggl;baypy; kpfTk; Mgj;jhd mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shd 378 ,dq;fs; cg madkz;ly /madkz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

IUCN rptg;Gg;gl;baypy; 19 ,dq;fs; cg madkz;ly /madkz;ly <u kiof;fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fs;>

tpyq;Ffs; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;Fs;shdit vdg;gl;bay; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd

IUCN rptg;Gg;gl;bay; mr;RWtjw;fhd ,dq;fs; gw;wpa jhtu tpyq;Ff; $l;lq;fspd; nra;jpfis

IUCN rptg;Gg;gl;bay; jpl;lj;ij cgNahfpj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

rpgg;G gl;bay; tpguk; fzpg;G - www.redlist.org

8

SPOTLIGHT 1.1

Status of Rainforests as Biodiversity ‘Hotspots’ in the World

In the year 2000, a group of scientists led by Norman Myers identified 25 biodiversity ‘hotspots’ in the world whoseconservation needed priority attention. The hotspot characterization was based on two main criteria:

Areas that feature exceptional concentrations of endemic species (the endemic plants amounting to at least 0.5% ofall plant species in the world),

Areas that have experienced exceptional loss of original habitat (lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation).

Among the 25 hotspots identified so far, the following nine areas consist of tropical rainforests: Mesoamerica, Brazil’sCerrado, Tropical Andes, West African Forests, Western Ghats region of India and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, Sundaland,Philippines and Wallacea.

Each of the above tropical rainforest regions of the world harbour exceptionally high concentrations of endemic species,but have already lost more than 75% of their primary vegetation. Therefore, they should receive priority conservationattention. However, the growing human population living in and around these hotspots (20% of the population in theworld, according to 1995 estimates) poses a huge challenge to their conservation. Among the 25 biodiversity hotspotsidentified so far, the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka region is the hotspot with the highest population density.

ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï ia:dk yd jr®Id jkdka;r

2000 jifr®° fkduka uhr® úiska kdhl;ajh ,nd fokq ,enQ úoHdhka lKavdhula úiska" mD:ßúh u; ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKhg uQ,sl;ajh

,nd †h hq;=" ffcj úúO;aj “WKqiqï ia:dk” 25 la ms<sn|j ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrk ,°' fuu ia:dk y∫kd .ekSfï° my; i|yka l%ufõohka 2

hgf;a lreKq i,ld n,k ,°'

wdfõksl „ù úfYaI w;sYhska idkaø.; jQ ia:dkhla ùu ^fuu ia:dk j, mj;sk wdfõKsl Ydl j, m%;sY;h" f,dlfha mj;sk iïmQr®K

Ydl m%udKfhka 0'5] muKj;a úh hq;=h'&

tu m%foaY j, mj;sk m%d:ñl jdiia:dk b;du;a wêl f,i wysñ ù mej;Su ^tu ia:dkfha mej;=Kq m%d:ñl m˙ir moaO;s j,ska 70] muK

wysñ ù mej;Su&

mD;=úfha fï jk úg y∫kdf.k we;s ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï ia:dk 25 hgf;a jr®Id jkdka;r moaO;s 09 lao kï lr we;' tajd kï" ófida

weu˙ldj" n%iS,a fprdfvda" ksjr®;k wka°ih" ngysr wm%sldkq jkdka;r" bka†hdfõ ngyssr >dÜia m%foaYh yd Y%s ,xldj" bka∫- nr®ud" iqkav,kaâ"

ms,smSkh yd fjdf,aIshd fõ'

by; iEu ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaYhlgu w;sYhska wêl f,i wdfõKsl „ù úfYaI m%udKhla idkaø .; ù we;s kuq;a tu ia:dk j,

mej;=k m%d:ñl jkdka;r j,ska 75] muK m%udKhla fï jk úg úkdY ù we;' tu ksid by; ia:dk j,g ixrlaIK ls%hdudr®. j,° uQ,sl;ajh

,nd†h hq;=j we;' tfy;a fuu ia:dk ;=< yd ta wdY%s;j ck.yk jr®Okh b;d wêl jk w;r ^1995 jr®Ifha mD:ßúfha iuia: ck.ykfhka 20]

m%udKhla ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï ia:dk wdY%s;j „j;a úh& th ffcj úúO;ajh WKqiqï ia:dk ixrlaIKh ioyd mj;sk úYd,;u ;r®ckh ù

we;' mD:ßúh ;=, mj;sk ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï ia:dk 25 w;ßka ck.yk >k;ajh wêlu ia:dkh ngysr >dÜia yd Y%s ,xld l,dmh fõ'

cyfpd; capHg;gy;tifikahf kiofhLfspd; mikT epiyikcyfpd; capHg;gy;tifikahf kiofhLfspd; mikT epiyikcyfpd; capHg;gy;tifikahf kiofhLfspd; mikT epiyikcyfpd; capHg;gy;tifikahf kiofhLfspd; mikT epiyikcyfpd; capHg;gy;tifikahf kiofhLfspd; mikT epiyik

2000k; Mz;lstpy; Nehh;kd; ka] Mfpa tpQ;Qhdpfspd; $l;likg;ghdJ cyfpd; Kd;ddpahd 25 Kf;fpakhd

caph;g;gy;tifik caph;epiyfis Kd;dzpg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd;gb ,U fhuz ,ay;Gila fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

,itfs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

mrhjhuzkhd cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa ,dr;nrwpitf; nfhz;l gpuNjrk; (Gtpapd; nkhj;j jhtu tifapd;

0.5% ,yhd cs;ehl;L ,dq;fis nfhz;bUj;jy;)

%ythoplq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;Lg;Nghd jhtu ,dq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j gug;G (70% ,yhd %yj;jhtuq;fs;

,of;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;)

,dk; fhzg;gl;l 25 caph;g;gy;tifik caph; epiyfspd; fPo;f; fhzg;gLfpd;w xd;gJ gpuNjrq;fs; mad

kz;ly kiof;fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd> mnkhpf;fhtpd; kj;jpa gFjp> gpNurpypd; nrNuhlh>

madkz;ly md;l;\> Nkw;F Mgphpf;ftdq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd;Nkw;F njhlh;fhLfs;. ,yq;if> ,e;NjhNdrpah -

gh;kh> rz;lh gug;G> gpypg;igd;];> kw;Wk; ty;Nyrpah Nghd;witahFk;.

Nkw;fhZk; xt;nthU cyfpy; madkz;lyj;jpw;Fhpa kiof;fhLfSk; kpf mrhjhuz cs;ehl;L ,dr;nrwpitf;

nfhz;Ls;s NghJk; jkJ 75% khd Kjd;ikahd jhtu ,dq;fis Vw;fdNt ,oe;Js;sJ. vdNt ,it td

ghpghyd Kd;Dhpik ngwNtz;Lk;. MapDk; ,t;; caph; epiyfspd; cs;Sk;> mz;bAk; thOk; kdpj

,dj;jpdhy; ,t; Taph; epiyfSf;F khngUk; rthy; vOe;Js;sJ. milahsk; fhzg;gl; 25 caph;g;guk;gy;

epiyfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;kiyf;fhLfSk;> ,yq;ifANk kpf mjpfkhd rdj;njhif mlh;j;jpiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

9

1

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0

Mean annual rainfall in Ratnapura

Month

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Janu

ary

Feb

ruar

y

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Figure 1.1Mean annual rainfall in the Ratnapura District where Sinharaja Rainforest is located.isxyrdc jr®Id jkdka;rh msysgd we;s r;akmqr †ia;%slalh ;=< jdr®Isl jr®Idm;kh

rpq;fuhIh kiofhL mike;Js;s ,uj;jpdGup khtl;lj;jpd; tUlhe;j ,ilkio tPo;r;rp

Source: Department of Census and Statistics

Figure 1.2Distribution of Rainforests in the WorldmD:ßúh ;=< jr®Id jkdka;r j, jHdma;sh

cyfpd; kiofhLfspd; guk;gy;

Tropic of Capricorn

Tropic of Cancer

Arctic Ocean

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

equatorIndianOcean

PacificOcean

Rainforests of the world

11

2

Structure of a Tropical Rainforestksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh

mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;G 2

12

Structure of a Tropical Rainforest

Rainforest landscapes are remarkably uniform in their general appearance but have a uniquestructural arrangement together with a diverse array of attendant plant and animal life

Most trees have tall, slender trunks that do not branch until near the crown and many are supported by welldeveloped buttresses. These buttresses provide necessary support for tall forest trees that are top heavybecause nutrient-poor forest soils lead to fragile, shallow root systems. Barks of the trees tend to be thin andsmooth making them less fire resistant. A closer look at the rainforest structure will provide insights intothe many ecological functions and services provided by the forest ecosystem.

The structure of a tropical rainforest

Usually, the forest structure is described in terms of its vertical organization (i.e. stratification), horizontalorganization (i.e. plant density and spacing) and physical features of individual species (i.e. life form: trees,shrubs and herbs; leaf sizes).

Tropical rainforests in Sri Lanka display the typical structure of other rainforests. They are generallycomposed of five vegetation layers or strata. These are the emergent layer (40m-45m), canopy layer (30m-35m), sub-canopy layer (20m-25m), understorey layer (5m-20m), and ground layer (below 1m) (See Figure2.1). Heights of strata may vary slightly depending on the site and environmental conditions. Each layer hasa unique set of environmental conditions and organisms.

Teaching strategy 2.1: Colour chart and Observation

Prepare a large colour chart of the layers noting occupant species and their adaptations. Read thedescriptions below and observe the rainforest layers and the infinite variety of life forms that occupyeach layer when you visit a rainforest.

The Emergent LayerThe tallest trees in the rainforest are the emergents, towering as much as 45 m above the forest floorwith trunks that have a circumference of up to 5m. Usually, these individuals are scattered throughoutthe forest. These trees have a smooth bark and well developed buttresses to provide additional supportto the huge trunks and large crowns formed by branching at the upper levels. Emergents, compared tosmaller trees are exposed to greater fluctuations in temperature, wind and humidity. To reduce waterloss, leaves often have thick, waxy layers. Emergent trees often take advantage of the pronounced airmovement above the canopy for seed dispersal by developing winged seeds or fruits that are dispersedby wind to other parts of the forest. Animals such as eagles, monkeys, butterflies and insect-eating batsinhabit this layer.

The Canopy layerBeneath the emergent layer, rising up to about 35m is the primary layer of the forest - the canopy. It is acontinuous layer with diverse tree species in association with large woody lianas and epiphytic plants.Most canopy trees have smooth, oval leaves with a point, known as a ‘drip-tip’. ‘Drip tips’ are thoughtto have evolved as a mechanism to prevent rainwater collection and the consequent shoot rot and mossand lichen growth. Flowers and fruits are abundant at this level. Many individuals of the same speciesflower simultaneously, promoting cross-pollination. In some species, flowers are produced on thetrunks enabling easier access for pollinators such as bats. Monkeys, flying squirrels, bats, tree-frogs,ants, beetles and birds such as flycatchers are found in this layer. Epiphytes cover all tree surfaces whilehollow tree trunks often house micro-communities of insects and spiders.

13

2 The Sub-Canopy layer

The sub-canopy is found below the canopy layer and consists of trees reaching up to 25 m. Canopyfoliage obstructs light penetration and less sunlight reaches the sub-canopy (about 5% of the lightavailable to the canopy). Sub-canopy plants therefore show many unique adaptations to maximize lightabsorption such as dark green leaves with a high concentration of chlorophyll. There is little airmovement in this layer. Hence, wind is not an important means of pollination and many species rely onanimals for this purpose. Mechanisms to attract insects and other animals include strong scentedflowers and the production of flowers and fruits on tree trunks. This phenomenon, known as cauliflory,makes them more conspicuous to animals and facilitates pollination and seed dispersal. Many animals,including squirrels, frogs, birds and a large concentration of insects, occupy this layer.

The Understorey layerThe understorey layer is made up of small trees and shrubs. This layer gets very little sunlight, about3% of the light available to the canopy. This stratum is constantly shaded and with little air movementthe humidity is very high.

The plants in the understorey have similar features to those in the sub-canopy but are smaller in size.Shrubs are also present at this level. These shrubs are adapted to live under low light conditions. Fastgrowing shrubs provide immediate structural protection to disturbed sites by shielding the exposed soiland creating a microhabitat for forest regeneration

The Ground layerThe lowest stratum of the rainforest is the ground layer, which is also called the herb layer. This layer iscomposed of herbaceous plants and tree seedlings/saplings. There is practically no visible ground layerin some forest sites where light penetration is 1-2% and humidity is as high as 95%. The few floweringplants that live on these sites are highly shade tolerant. These plants on the forest floor have developedspecial features to cope with very low light levels. For example, deep red coloured leaves help tocapture some of the scarce light that reaches the understorey.

The floor is covered with leaf litter comprised of rapidly decomposing vegetation. A leaf that takes oneyear to decompose in a cold climate will disappear in just a few weeks in a tropical rainforest, due tothe fast microbial activity in the tropical climate. A high proportion of the nutrients in the ecosystemare locked in the large biomass on the forest floor. Many animals that function as decomposers, such astermites and earthworms, along with fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms utilize the organic litteras a source of food, and in the process release the nutrients. The competition for these nutrients isintense, and in adapting to this situation most trees develop a shallow root system.

Teaching Strategy 2.2: Building a three-dimensional model of a rainforest

Using figure 2.1 and the descriptions as a guide, request the students to produce a three-dimensional modelof a rainforest with available materials such as papier maché, clay, cloth, dried leaves, twigs, sticks etc.This model can then be used to demonstrate the structure of the rainforest and its complex physical features.An identification key should also be developed to identify the different layers, plants and animals.

Temporal changes in the rainforest structure

The well organized strata of rainforests, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularlydisturbed by naturally occurring events such as tree falls. Trees in the canopy are often interconnected bycreepers, and a falling tree may pull and push other trees down with it, creating a domino effect. This breakin the forest canopy enables light to flood the forest floor. New plants and animals then move in andcolonize the area.

14

Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, earth slips andhigh winds substantially alter some forest patches every few decades. On a smaller scale, rodents, fungi andinsects create natural disturbances, altering the forest structure regularly. These natural disturbances and thesubsequent forest regeneration are vital processes that lead to a healthy and diverse rainforest.

Teaching Strategy 2.3: Excursion to a Rainforest

The best way to understand the complex structure of a rainforest is to visit one! The most populardestinations in Sri Lanka are the Sinharaja World Heritage Site and Kanneliya Forest Reserve. They areprotected areas managed by the Forest Department. For more information on excursions, please contactThe Forest Department, Rajamalwatte Road, Battaramulla or IUCN - The World Conservation Union.See Chapter 4 for more details on Rainforests of Sri Lanka.

Did You Know?

The trees of a tropical rainforest are so densely packed that rain falling on the canopy can take aslong as 10 minutes to reach the ground (World Rainforest Information Portal, 2004).

It is estimated that the canopies of tropical forests foster up to 40% of the earth’s inventory of species(Rainforest Action Network, 2004).

The shape of the canopy of most tropical forest tree species is rounded.

15

2ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh

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iajNdjhla mj;shs'

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idfmaCIj isyska yd Wia iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ' ;jo fuu Ydlhkays w;= fn°u .fia uq≥ka m%foaYhg wdikakj is≥fõ'

fuu Ydl fndfyduhla lhsre uq,a u.ska fyd¢ka ikaOdrKh ù mj;shs' jr®Id jkdka;r j, fm`Il øjH ≥r®,N mila mej;Su

fya;=fjka idfmaCIj fkd.eUqre" ≥r®j, uq,a moaO;shla tu jkdka;r jdiS Ydl i;=j mj;shs' tneúka ufyaCI jDlaIhkaf.a ikaOdrKh

i|yd lhsre uq,a jeo.;a lD;Hhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' fuu Ydl j, fmd;a; idfmalaIj ;=kS" isks∫ ;;a;ajfha mj;sk w;r .skakg

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l%shdld¯;ajhka yd fiajdjka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh

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tla úfYaI j, fN!;sl iajrEmhka ^Wod ( „jk wdldr" .ia' m∫re' me<eá' m;% j, m%udKh& wkqj úia;r lrkq ,efí'

Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r ;=<o wfkl=;a jr®Id jkdka;r j, ≤lsh yels or®Ysh iajrEmh we;' fuu jkdka;r Ydl ia:r mylska

iukaÑ; fõ' rEmh 01 jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh&' jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk ia:r 05 fkre ia:rh ógr® 40 isg isg 45&" úhka

ia:rh ^ógr® 30 isg 35&" Wm úhka ia:rh ^ógr® 20 isg 25&" háfrdamkh ^ógr® 05 isg 20& yd ìï ia:rh ^ógr® 1g wvq& f,i kï

lrkq ,efí' fuu ia:r j, Wi md˙i˙l ;;a;ajhka yd mj;sk m%foaYh wkqj iqΩ jYfhka fjkia úh yelsh' fuu ia:rhka wdY%s;j

thgu ,dlaIKsl jQ md˙i˙l ;;a;ajhka yd „ù úfYaI jdih lrhs'

Tn jr®Id jkdka;rhl ixpdrh lrk wjia:djl my; i|yka Ydl ia:rhka ms<sn|j yd tys jdih lrk w;s uy;a ixLHdjla jQ

„ù úfYaI ms<sn|j ks¯laIKh lrkak' jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS „ù úfYaI ms<sn|j jeä úia;r ≤k .ekSu i|yd 3 jk m˙Éf√oh

úur®YKh lrkak'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'1( jr®K rEm igyka yd ks¯laIK

fuu mdvu b.ekaùu i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r j, ia:rhka yd tys jdih lrk „ù úfYAI fukau tajdfha wkqjr®;k ≤lafjk jr®K

rEm igyka Ndú;d lrkak' jr®Id jkdka;rfha is∫lrk ixjdrhl° tys mj;sk tla tla ia:rhkaf.a jdih lrk úúOdldr „ùka

ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkak'

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uÜgfï° ógr 5 l muK jg m%udKhlska hqla; fõ' idudkHfhka fuu Ydl jr®Id jkdka;rfha ;ekska ;ek úisr mj;shs' fuu

fkre ia:rfha Ydl j,g w;sYhska tlsfklska fjkiajk WIaK;aj" jr®Idm;k yd iq<x mrdihkag uqyqK °ug is≥fõ' fuu

ia;rfha mj;sk Ydl m;% j,ska is≥jk W;aiafõokh wvqls¯u i|yd m;% >k" bá ia:rhlska wdjrKh ù mj;shs' fkre ia:rfha

Ydl îc m%pdrKh i|yd iq<Û m%%fhdackhg .kakd w;r fuu îc j, mj;sk mshdm;a jeks jHqyhka u.ska" jkdka;rh mqrd

jHdma; ùu is≥ fõ' rdcd,shka" j∫rka" iuk<hka iy lDó NlaIl jjq,ka jeks i;a;aj úfYaI fuu ia:rh wdY%s;j jdih lrhs'

úhka ia:rhjr®Id jkdka;rhl uQ,sl ia:rh jk úhk" ógr 35 muK Wiska msysgk w;r fkre ia:rhg my;ska msysgd we;' úhka ia:rfha

mj;sk Ydl úfYaI jeä m%udKhl m;%" ´j,dldr jk w;r m;% w.%h isyska" W,a wdldrhla .kshs' fuh “jEyqï ;=v” f,i

y∫kajkq ,efí' fuu jEyqï ;=v u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl j, m;% u; tl;= jk c,h blaukska bj;a ls fï ldr®hh

is≥ lrk w;r tu.ska m;% l=Kq ùu yd m;% j, mdiS" ,hslk wd†h jr®Okh wju ls¯u jeks ldr®hhka is≥lrhs' úhka ia:rh

;=, u,a yd M, jr®. wêlj ks¯laIKh l< yelsh' fuu ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl úfYaI j, u,a msmsu tl jr is≥jk w;r tu.ska

16

mrmrd.Kh ùu nyq,j is∫fõ' iuyr Ydl j, u,a l| u; ≤l .; yels w;r' tu.ska jjq,ka jeks mrd.Kh is≥lrk

i;a;aj úfYaI j,g u,a fidhd .ekSu myiq lrhs' j∫rka' yïndjka' jjq,ka" relajdiS ueähka" l=yqUqjka" l=reñKshka yd

ueisudrdjka jeks mlaISka fuu ia:rfha° ks¯CIKh l< yels fõ' .ia j, is≥re yd fnk lDóka yd ul=Ωjkaf.a laIqø m%cdjka

i|yd jdiia:dk imhhk w;r" fuu ia:rfha wmsYdlhka o nyq,h'

Wm úhka ia:rhúhka ia:rhg háka Wm úhka ia:rh msysgd we;s w;r fuh ógr 25 la muK Wila olajd jr®Okh fõ' fuu ia:rhg ,efnk

wdf,dal m%udKh b;d wvq jk w;r úhkg ,efnk wdf,dal m%udKfhka 5] muK& thg fya;=j úhfka Ydl wdjrKh u.ska tu

wdf,dalh jeä m%udKhla r|jd .ekSu fõ' fuu ;;a;ajhg wkqjr®;khla f,i Wm úhka ia:rfha" wêl y˙;m%o m%udKhla

iys; ;o fld< meye;s m;% iys; Ydl mj;shs' fuu ia:rh ;=, iq<f.a n,mEu wju jk ksid Ydl mrd.Kh i|yd iq<Û

Wmfh`.S lr .ekSu ldr®hCIu l%shdj,shla fkdjkq we;' tneúka fuu ia:rfha Ydl úfYaI fndfyduhla mrd.kh i|yd i;a;aj

úfYaI u; hemSu is≥ lrhs' i;=ka wdlr®IKhg wêl .kaOhla iys; u,a ksmoùu yd Ydlfha l|ka u; u,a yd M, yg .ekSu

hk Wml%uhka fuu Ydl úiska mrd.kh i|yd Ndú;d lrhs'

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j,g myiqfjka u,a lrd ,.dúh yels w;r" tu.ska mrd.Kfha yd îc m%pdrKfha ldr®hCIu;djh jeälrhs' fuu ia:rfha

f,akqka' ueähka" mlaIska yd lDóka wêl m%udKhla ks¯laIKh l, yelsh'

háfrdamKhháfrdamKh l=vd .ia úfYaI j,ska yd m∫re úfYaI j,ska iukaÑ; fõ' fuu ia:rhg wdf,dalh b;d wvq m%udKhla ,efnk w;r

th úhka ia:rfha mj;sk wdf,dal m%udKfhka 3] la muK fõ' tneúka fuu ia:rh ia:ßrju wvq wdf,dal ;;a;ajhla hgf;a

mj;shs' fuu ia:;rfha jdhq ixirKh b;d wvq uÜgul mj;sk w;r" idfmaCI wdr®ø;djh wêl uÜgul mj;shs'

háfr`mKfha mj;sk Ydlo fndfyda ≥rg Wm úhka ia:rfha Ydl j,g iudk ,laIK olajk kuq;a m%udKfhka l=vd fõ' fuu

ia:rfha m∫re Ydlo mj;sk w;r fïjd wvq wdf,dal ;;a;aj hgf;a jr®Okh ùu i|yd wkqjr®;kh ù we;' jr®Id jkdka;rfha

úYd, Ydl bj;a ùfuka úkdY jQ újD; ia:dk j,g wdrCIdj iemhsh yels m˙† iS>%fhka jr®Okh úh yels Ydl fuu m≥re

ia;rh wdY%s;j mj;shs' fujeks wjia:d j,° m∫re Ydl wdrlaIl m<syla f,i l%shdlrñka mdxY= ixrlaIKh is≥ lrk w;r"

jkdka;rh kej; we;s ls¯u i|yd laIqø m˙ir ;;a;ajhkao mj;ajd .kshs'

ìï ia:rhìï ia;rh fyj;a jkdka;r fmd<j" jr®Id jkdka;rhl my<u ia;rh ksfhdackh lrhs' fuu ia:rh me<eá jr®. j,ska yd

jr®Id jkdka;r jdis úYd, Ydl j, m%frdayKh jk îc yd l=vd me< wjia:djkaf.ka iukaÑ; fõ' b;d merKs jr®Id jkdka;r

j, ìï ia:rhg ,efnk wdf,dal m%udKh 1-2] muK jk w;r idfmalaI wdr®ø;djh 95] muK fõ' bmerKs jr®Id jkdka;r

;=< fyd¢ka ks¯laIKh l< yels ìï ia:rhla fkdmj;S' fuu ia:rfha imqIamSh Ydl úfYaI iaj,am m%udKhla ks¯laIKh l<

yels w;r tajd wvq wdf,dal ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jr®Okh ùug úfYaI wkqjr®;k fmkajhs' ìï ia:rfha iuyr Ydl j, m;% r;=

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mej;Su fuu wkqjr®;k j,g WodyrKhla f,i ≤laúh yelsh'

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;;a;aj hgf;a mj;sk wêl laIqø „ù l%shdld¯;ajh u;" jr®Id jkdka;rhl° i;s lsysmhla ;=, Ydl m;%hla úfhdackhg

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fmdaIl øjH j,ska iEfyk m%udKhla /£ mj;shs' fmdaIl modr®: ,nd .ekSug mj;sk wêl ;rÛh ksid jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS

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17

2

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'2( jr®Id jkdka;rhl ;%sudk wdlD;shla ksr®udKh ls¯u

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øjH Ndú;d lrñka jr®Id jkdka;rhl wdlD;shla f.dvke.Sug Tfí mka;sfha isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

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.ekSfï h;=rla Ndú;d ls¯fuka jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk úúO ia:r Ydl yd i;a;ajhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd †h yelsh'

jr®Id jkdka;rfha ld,Skj is≥jk fjkia ùu

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iuyr iajNdúl jHikhka u.ska idfmalaIj úYd, újD; ia:dk jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< we;s lrhs' kdh hdï yd ±ä iq<x j, n,mEu

u.ska iEu jr®Id jkdka;rhla wdY%s;ju fujeks úYd, wjldY we;s ùu fuhg ksor®YKhla f,i fmkajd †h yelsh' lDka;lhka"

†,Sr iy lDó úfYaI ksrka;rfhkau" l=vd m˙udKfhka jr®Id jkdka;rhl jHqyh fjkia lrñka isáhs'

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jeä jkdka;rhla we;s ls¯u is≥fõ'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'3( jr®Id jkdka;rhlg wOHdmk pd˙ldjla hEu

jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk ixlsr®K jHqyh yd l%shdld¯;ajh wOhHkh ls¯fï idr®:lu ls%hdudr®.h jkafka jr®Id jkdka;rhl

ixpdrh ls¯uhs' fï ioyd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk jvd ckm%sh ia:dk f,i isxyrdc f,dal Wreu jr®Id jkdka;rh yd lkafk,sh

rlaIs; jkdka;rh ≤laúh yelsh' fuu jr®Id jkdka;r folu jk ixrlaIK fomdr®;fïka;=j u.ska l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,nhs'

fuu jkdka;r j, wOHdmksl ixpdrhka ms<sn| jeä úia;r jk ixrlaIK fomdr®;fïka;=j" rcu,a j;a; mdr' n;a;ruq,a, hk

ia:dkh u.ska ,nd .; yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;rh ms<sn| jeä úia;r ±k .ekSu i|yd 4 jk m˙Éf√oh lshjkak'

Tn ≤k isáhd o @

jr®Id jkdka;rhl Ydl m%cdj b;d >kj weis¯ we;s w;r" tneúka úhkg m;s; jk jr®Id c,h fmd<jg ,Ûd ùug úkdä

10la muK ld,hla .;fõ'

mD:ßúfha jdih lrk „ù úfYaI j,ska 40] la muK jr®Id jkdka;r j, úhk wdY%s;j jdih lrk nj úoHdhka úiska

wkqudk lrkq ,efí'

jr®Id jkdka;r j, úhka wdY%s;j yuqjk fndfyduhla Ydl úfYAI j, uq≥ka f.da,dldr f,i ieliS we;'

18

mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;G

kiof;fhl;L epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F xNu rPuhd> nghJthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk;kiof;fhl;L epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F xNu rPuhd> nghJthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk;kiof;fhl;L epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F xNu rPuhd> nghJthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk;kiof;fhl;L epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F xNu rPuhd> nghJthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk;kiof;fhl;L epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;F xNu rPuhd> nghJthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk;

mtw;wpd jdpj;Jtkhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd xOq;Fld; $ba gy;tifikf;Fhpa jhtutpyq;Ffspd;mtw;wpd jdpj;Jtkhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd xOq;Fld; $ba gy;tifikf;Fhpa jhtutpyq;Ffspd;mtw;wpd jdpj;Jtkhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd xOq;Fld; $ba gy;tifikf;Fhpa jhtutpyq;Ffspd;mtw;wpd jdpj;Jtkhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd xOq;Fld; $ba gy;tifikf;Fhpa jhtutpyq;Ffspd;mtw;wpd jdpj;Jtkhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd xOq;Fld; $ba gy;tifikf;Fhpa jhtutpyq;Ffspd;

tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.

ngUk;ghyhd kuq;fs; caukhfTk;> xy;ypahd jz;LilajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,it Kbf;F mz;ikapy;

tsUk; tiu fpisfisj; Njhw;wptpf;fkhl;lh. ,k;kuq;fs; ed;F tpUj;jpaile;j cijg;G Nth;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,t;Tijg;G Nth;fs; caukhd fhl;Lkuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Mjhuj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd.

fhl;Lkz;zpy; Nghrizg; nghUl;fs; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,k;kuq;fs; kpFe;j

ghuKilajhAk; Nth;j;njhFjp kpfg;gue;J Mokw;wjhAk; fhzg;gLk;. kuThp nkypjhfTk;>

mOj;jkhdjhfTk; fhl;Lj;jPia vjph;f;ff; $ba jil Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;ig

EZf;fkhf MuhAk;NghJ td #ow;njhFjpapy; #oy; njhopw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;>

Nritfs; gw;wpa mff;fhl;;rp fpilf;fg;ngWk;.

madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmadkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmadkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmadkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;Gmadkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;G

nghJthff; fhl;bd; fl;likg;ghdJ mjd; epiyf;Fj;jhd xOq;fikg;G %ykhf (gilnfhs;sy;) fpil

xOq;fikg;G (jhtu mlh;j;jp> ,ilntsp kw;Wk; jdp ,dq;fspd; ngsjPf ,ay;Gfs; (cUtk;> kuq;fs;>

nrbfs;> g+z;Lfs; ,iyapd; gUkd;) Mfpatw;why; tpghpf;fg;gLk;. Vida kiof;fhLfSld; xg;gpLk;

NghJ ,yq;ifapd; mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; khjphpf;fl;likg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,it

nghJthf Ie;J gil my;yJ gilnfhs;syhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil (40m -50m)>

tpjhdg;gil (30-m 35m)> cg tpjhdg;gil (20m - 25m)> fPo;epiyg;gil (5m) 20m kw;Wk; jiug;gil (1kmf;Fk; fPo;) MFk;. ,lk;> #oy; epge;jidfSf;Nfw;g gilfspd; cauq;fspy; rpwpjsT NtWghLfs;

fhzg;glyhk;. xt;nthUgilAk; rpwg;ghd jdpj;Jtkhd #oy; epge;jidfisAk; caphpdq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizAk; mtjhdpg;Gk;.fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizAk; mtjhdpg;Gk;.fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizAk; mtjhdpg;Gk;.fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizAk; mtjhdpg;Gk;.fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizAk; mtjhdpg;Gk;.

,t;tj;jpahj;ij fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ fhzg;gLk; ,dq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; ,irthf;fq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;

tpjkhf nghpastpyhd epw ml;ltiziaj; jahhpAq;fs;. ePq;fs; Xh; kiof;fhl;Lf;Fr; nry;Yk;

NghJ fPo;f;fhzg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. kiof;fhLfspy; gilfisAk; mtw;wpd;

Ngjq;fisAk; Kbtpy; caph; tsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sikiaAk; mtjhdpf;f.

ntspghl;Lg;gilntspghl;Lg;gilntspghl;Lg;gilntspghl;Lg;gilntspghl;Lg;gil (The Emergent Layer)kiof;fhLfspy; kpf caukhd kuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ ntspg;ghl;Lg;gilahFk;> fhl;Lj;jiuapypUe;J

gilahFk; ,it 45m caukhd 5m Rw;wsTk; nfhz;l kpf cah;e;j kuq;fisf; nfhz;lNj

ntspg;ghl;Lg;gilahFk;. ,t;thwhd kuq;fs; ,f;fhL KOtJk; rpjwpf;fhzg;gLk;. ,k;kuq;fs;

nkd;ikahd gl;iliaAk; tpUj;jpaile;j cijg;G Nth;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. caukhd

kuf;fpisfspdhy; Vw;gLk; nghpa KbAila tprhykhd jz;LfSf;F ,t;Tijg;G Nth;fs; Nkyjpf

Mjhuj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. rpwpa kuq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ntspg;ghl;L kuq;fs; ngUkstpyhd

ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;Fk; fhw;W> kiotPo;r;rp Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. jPiaf;

Fiwg;gjw;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; jbg;Gs;s nkOFg;giliaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. tpjhdj;jpw;F

Nky; fhzg;gLk; fhw;wirit mD$ykhf;fpf; nfhz;L ntspg;ghl;L kuq;fs; tpj;Jg; guk;giy ,ju

tdg;gFjpfSf;F Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,t;tpijfs; my;yJ goq;fs; rpwFfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

fOFfs;> Fuq;Ffs;> g+r;rpfis> cz;Zk; ntsthy;fs; Nghd;w tpyq;fpdq;fSk; tz;zhj;jp

g+r;rpfSk; ,g;gilia thoplkhff; nfhs;fpd;wd.

tpjhdg;gil tpjhdg;gil tpjhdg;gil tpjhdg;gil tpjhdg;gil (The Canopy Layer)ntspg;ghl;Lg;gilapd; fPo; 35m tiu caukhf tsuf;$ba njhlh;r;rpahd Kjd;ikahd gilNa

tpjhdg;gilahFk;. tpjhdg;gilapd; kuq;fspd; cauj;ij xj;j nghpa kuNtwpfs;>

Nkny;l;bj;jhtuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf ,g;gil mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gilapd; ngUk;ghyhd

kuq;fs; mOj;jkhd> ePs;tl;lkhd ,iyfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; ,t;tpiyfspd; ,iyEdpfs;

19

2“tbaf;$ba Kid” ahff; fhl;;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ,t;tbaf;$ba KidahdJ kioePh;j; Njq;Fjiy

jtph;g;gjw;fhd nghwpKiw ,iaghf;fkhff; $h;g;gile;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jd; gadhfj;

jz;lOfy;> ghrp> ,iyf;fd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gilapy; g+f;fSk;>

goq;fSk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gilapd; ngUk;ghyhd jhtutpdq;fspd; G+f;fs;

kyh;tJld; mjd; kfue;j Nrh;f;iff;F tha;g;ghf mikfpd;wd rpy ,dj; jhtuj;jz;Lfspy; g+f;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLtjpdhy;> ntsthy; Nghd;w mad; mad; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff; fhuzpfs; ,yFthf

g+f;fisr; nrd;wila topaikf;fpd;wjhf mikfpd;wd Fuq;Ffs;> gwf;Fk;> mzpy;fs;>

ntsthy;fs;> kuj;jtisfs;> vWk;Gfs;> tz;Lfs; kw;Wk; <f;fis cz;Zk; gwitfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ,g;gilapy; fhzf; $bajhAs;sJ> Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fs; ,t;tpjhdg;gilapd;;

KOj;jhtug;gug;igAk; #o;e;jhff; fhzg;gLk;. mNj rkaj;jpy; kug;nghe;Jfs; Ez;rhfpag;

g+r;rpfspdJk; rpye;jpfspdJk; thoplkhf mikfpd;wd.

cg tpjhdg;gilcg tpjhdg;gilcg tpjhdg;gilcg tpjhdg;gilcg tpjhdg;gil (The Sub Canopy Layer)tpjhdg;gilapd; fPohf 25m tiuapyhd cauj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s kuq;fisf; nfhz;l gilahf

,g;gil mike;Js;sJ. (tpjhdg;gilapd; ,iykiwg;Gfs; fhuzkhf kpff; Fiwthd #hpa

xspiaNa ,g;gil ngWfpd;wJ tpjhdg;gilia 5% khd xspkl;LNk fpilf;fpwJ.) ,jdhy;

,g;gilapd; jhtuq;fs; gy jdpr;rpwg;ghd ,irthf;fq;fis xspapid mfj;JwpQ;Rtjw;fhd fUk;

gr;ir epw ,iyfspy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. (mjpf FNshNuhgpy;fisf; nfhz;l) ,g;gilapy; Fiwe;j

fhw;Nwhl;lKila #oy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; fhw;W kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;fhd epfo;jfT kpff;FiwthfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifapd; nghUl;L ,it tpyq;fpdq;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ vdNt Jiz tpjhdg;gilapd; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpfisAk; tpyq;FfisAk; ftuf;$ba

nghwpKiwfshd mjp$ba kzKila g+f;fs; mj;Jld; g+f;fs; goq;fs; cUthf;ff; $ba

jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l jhtutpdq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ mbkuj;jpy; kyh;jy;

vdg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; kfue;j Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLk; g+r;rpfSk;> tpyq;fpdq;fSk;> ,g; g+f;fis

,yFthff; fhz;gJld; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifAk;> tpj;Jguk;gYk; ,yFthf eilngw VJthfpd;wJ.

,g;gilapy; mjpf tpyq;fpdq;fisf; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ. mzpy;fs;> jtisfs;> gwitfs;> mjpf

nrwpthd g+r;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

fPo;g;gil fPo;g;gil fPo;g;gil fPo;g;gil fPo;g;gil (The Understorey Layer)fPo;g;gilahdJ rpwpa kuq;fshYk;> nrbfshYk; Mf;fg;gl;;bUf;Fk;. tpjhdg;gilapy; fpilf;fg;

ngWk; #hpa xspapd; 3% kl;LNk ,q;F ngwg;gLtjhy; ,it kpf kpff; Fiwthd #hpa xspiaNa

ngWtJld; ,g;gil epue;ju epoypNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; kpff;Fiwthd fhw;Nwhl;lk;

fhzg;gLtjdhy; ,jd; tpisthf ,g;gil mjPj <ug;gjidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

fPo;gilj; jhtuq;fs; cg tpjhdg;gilia xj;j ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk; mstpy; rpwpajhff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; nrbfs; Fiwthd xspr;nrwptpd; fPo; thOk;

,irthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpiuthd tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa ,r;nrbfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpwe;j kzy;

gug;Gfspy; ,f;fhLfspy; cldbahd fl;likg;Gg; ghJfhg;ig toq;FtJld; Ez; caph;fspd;

thoplkhfTk;> fhl;bd; kPs; tdkhf;fj;jpYk; tpiue;JjTfpd;wJ.

jiug;gil jiug;gil jiug;gil jiug;gil jiug;gil (The Ground L ayer)kiof;fhl;bd; kpff;fPo;kl;l gil nfhs;syhfj; jiug;gil fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fhl;Lj;jiu vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gilahdJ g+z;Lj;jhtuq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xsp CLUty; 1%,ypUe;J 2% MfTk; tsp<ug;gjd; 95% ,Yk; cah;thd Kjph;e;j tdg;gFjpfspy; njspthd

jiug;gil fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. mjpf epoiyr;rfpj;J thof;$ba rpy g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; fhl;Lj;jiuapy; thOk; jhtuq;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j msT xspapy;

thof;$ba rpwg;ghd ,ay;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;Ls;sd> cjhuzkhf ,jd; ,iyfs;

nre;epwkhff; fhzg;gl;L rpjwp tUk;. kpff; Fiwthd xspiag; gad;gLj;jp tho;e;J

jiug;gilf;Fhpajhff; fhzg;gLtjhFk;. jiuahdJ cjph;e;j ,iyr;rUFfshy; %lg;gl;bUg;gJld;

,t;tpiyr; rUFfs; tpiuthd gphpifahf;fj;jpw;F cs;shff; $ba jhtutpdj;ijr; rhh;e;jitahFk;.

mad kz;ly fhyepiyapd; Jhpjkhd Ez;zq;fpr; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf kiof;fhl;Lj;

jiug;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; xU ,iy xUthuj;jpDs; gphpifaile;JtpLk;. mNj Neuj;jpy;

Fsph;fhyq;fspy; ,e; epfo;tpw;F xUtUlk; $lj;Njitg;glyhk;. ,t;Taph;j;jpzpT kz;lyj;jpNyNa

,f;fhl;bd; ngUk; gFjpahd Nghrizg; nghUl;fs; Njq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,g;Nghrizg;

nghUl;fSf;fhd cah; Nghl;b jhtuq;fSf;fpilapNa Vw;gl;L ngUk;ghyhd kuq;fs; Mokw;w

NkNyhl;lkhd Nth;fis cUthf;f fhuzkha; mikfpd;wd. ,j;jiug;gilapy; fiwahd;fs;>

20

fug;ghd;fs;> tz;Lfs;> kl;lj;Njs;> ml;il> Njs;> kw;Wk; kz;GOf;fs; mj;Jld; gq;;fR> gw;wPhPah>

Vida Ez;zq;fpfshd Nrjd fopTfis czthfg;gad;gLj;Jk; caphpdq;fSk; tho;fpd;wd.

fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.

tiuglk; 2.1 kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fis xU topfhl;b khjphpahf cgNahfpj;J Papier mache, fsp Jzp

cyh;e;j ,iyfs;> rpW fpisfs;> Fr;rpfs;> Nghd;w fpilf;fg;ngWk; nghUl;fis cgNahfpj;J Xh;

kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnad;iw cUthf;f khzth;fis topg;gLj;Jf. ,k;khjphpia

cgNahfpj;J kiof;fhl;bd; mikg;G> ngsjPf ,ay;G> gilnahOq;Ffs;> kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis

mtjhdk; fhz;gjw;fhf milahsg;gLj;Jk; ,Ufpisr; rhtpnahd;Wk; jhahhpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

kiof;fhl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs;kiof;fhl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs;kiof;fhl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs;kiof;fhl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs;kiof;fhl;Lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs;

njhlh;r;rpahdJk; Nknyhl;bfshy; xd;Wlndhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;lJkhd tpjhdj;ijf; nfhz;l kuq;fs;

mbf;fb epfOk; ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fshy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpf; fpisfs; Kwptilifapy; xd;Wlndhd;W

Nrh;e;Js;s fpisfs; Vida fpisfis ,Oj;Njh my;yJ js;spNah tPo;j;Jfpd;wd. ,J $l;lhd

tpisT (Domino effect) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf xspf;F %lg;gl;bUe;j fhlhdJ

jpwTw;W #hpa xspahdJ ngUkstpy; fhl;Lj; jiug;gug;gpy; gha;r;rg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Gjpa jhtu

tpyq;fpdq;fs; mq;F cUthfTk; ,lk; ngauTk; fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,ju ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fis kz;rhpT> mjpNtfkhd fhw;W vd;gd fhl;by; khw;wq;fds

Vw;gLj;JtJld; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l kPs;> Gjpa tdkhf;fyhdJ Vwj;jho xt;nthW jrhg;jq;fSk; Vw;gLtjw;F

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; nfhwpj;Jz;Zk;> tpyq;Ffs;> g+r;rpfs;> gq;fRf;fs; vd;gd rpwpa

mstpyhd caphpay; mdh;j;jq;fshfr; nraw;;gl;L fhl;bd; fl;likg;igr; rPuhd ,ilntspfhy mstpy;

khw;wkilar; nra;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa ,aw;ifahd ngsjPf> caphpay; mdh;j;jq;fshy; njhlh;r;rpahff;

fhLfs; Gj ;Japh ;f ;fg ;gl ;L> nropg ;ghd gy;tifikAs;s kiof;fhl ;il cUthf;Ftjpy ;

ngUk;gq;fhw;wg;gLfpwJ.

fw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.3: kiof;fhL xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhfw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.3: kiof;fhL xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhfw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.3: kiof;fhL xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhfw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.3: kiof;fhL xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhfw;gpj;jYf;fhd mZFKiw 2.3: kiof;fhL xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh

rpf;fyhd fl;likg;Gf;Fhpa kiof;fhl;bd; fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh %yk; nrd;W fhz;gJ kpfTk; gaDs;sJk;>

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ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdk; Nghd;wit ,jw;fhd rpwg;ghd gpurpj;jpngw;w ,lq;fshFk;. ,t;tpU ,lq;fSk;

tdts jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ghJf;fhf;fg;gl;L eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F

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tpguq;fSf;fhf mj;jpahak; 4Ig; ghh;f;f.


madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; kuq;fs; kpfTk; neUf;fkhff; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf

tpjhdg;gilapy; tpOk; kio jiuia mila 10 epkplq;fs; vLf;Fk;.

madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; tpjhdg;gil cyfpd; 40% khd ,dq;fisf; fhf;fpd;wJ.

mNdf mad kz;lyf; fhl;L kuq;fspd; tpjhd cUtikg;G tl;lkhFk;.

21

2

Figure 2.1Vertical Stratification of a Rainforest jr®Id jkdka;rhl ia:¯Njkh kiof;fhl;bd; epiyf;Fj;Jj; Njhw;wk;

Prepared by : Romesha Perera

Emergent Layerfkre ia:rh

ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil

EpiphyteswmsYdl

Nknyhl;b

Rainforest streamjr®Id jkdka;rhl †h myrla

kiof;fhl;bd; xH ePNuhil

Canopyúhk

tpjhdg;gil

Sub CanopyWm úhk

cg tpjhdg;gil

Undergrowthháfr`mKh

fPo;g;gil

Gound Layerìï ia:rh

jiug;gil

23

3

Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforestsksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl iy i;=ka

mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; 3

24

Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforests

Rainforests are home to about half the 5 to 10 million plant and animal species on the globe. Althoughsimilar in terms of its general landscape, each of the three largest rainforest zones, America, Africa,and Asia, has a different group of plants and animals. In addition, different areas of the same rain

forest may have different species. For example, many kinds of trees that grow in the mountains of theAmazon rain forest do not grow in the lowlands of that same forest

Rainforest plants (Flora)

Trees are the dominant plant group in the rainforest. For example, a study in Malaysia, identified more than800 species of trees in 50 ha of rainforest (Berkmuller, 1992). As described in Chapter 2, different trees growto different heights forming the layers or strata of the rainforest. Other rainforest plants include shrubs,herbaceous plants, lianas, epiphytes such as orchids and ferns and insectivorous plants.

Emergent trees

Emergent trees are the tallest trees in a rainforest, rising above the forest canopy. Some emergents found inSri Lankan rainforests are Shorea congestiflora (Thiniya), Shorea stipularis (Nawanda), Shorea affinis(Beraliya Dun) and Shorea zeylanica (Dun).

Canopy trees

Canopy trees may change shape over the course of their life, conditioned by the environment around them.Leaves often get smaller as the tree grows larger. In some cases, leaves of the juvenile plant are severaltimes larger than those of the adult tree. In Sri Lanka the canopy layer is occupied by trees such asDipterocarpus hispidus (Bu hora), D.zelyanicus (Hora), Shorea megistophylla (Honda beraliya), Shoreadistichta (Beraliya), Mesua nagassarium (Batuna) and Anisophyllea cinnamomoides (Welipiyanna).

Shrubs

Shrubs growing in the shady and sheltered lower layers tend to have particularly large leaves to capture asmuch sunlight as possible. These large leaves do not dry out as they would in the canopy, where the intenseheat from the sun and air movement creates a drier environment. However, these traits change according tothe plant’s environment. In Sri Lanka, some of the shrubs encountered in rainforests are Apama siliquosa(Thapasara bulath), Lijndenia capitellata (Pinibaru), Agrostistachys spp. (Beru), Gaertnera vaginans(Perathambala) and Humboldtia laurifolia (Galkaranda). Many species of animals are found associated withthese plants. Many of these plant-animal relationships are very interesting. For example, several species ofinsects can be found living in the hollow of the leaf stalks of Humboldtia laurifolia.

Herbaceous plants

Herbaceous plants are found in the ground layer of rainforests. Species such as Lophatherum zeylanicum,Acrotrema spp. (Gondiva), Anoectochilus setaceus (Sandaraja) are encountered in Sri Lankan rainforests.Some herbaceous plants have a deep red pigment in their leaves to capture some of the low light that filtersdown to the forest ground or herb layer. This red pigment enables ground dwelling plants to absorb morelight of different wavelengths.

Climbing plants

Tropical rainforests are generally teeming with climbing plants or lianas. These woody climbers ascendinto the treetops and then loop back down, and in doing so frequently connect and link trees together. With

25

3the aid of their host trees, these lianas or vines expose their leaves and flowers to sunlight, birds and insectswithout expending the energy needed to build their own supporting tissues. Some of the commonly observedlianas in the Sinharaja and Kanneliya rainforests are Calamus spp. (rattan palms), Entada pusaetha (Pus Wel)(See spotlight 3.1), Coscinium fenestratum (Veniwel) and Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo (Yakadawel).

Epiphytes

Epiphytes such as mosses, orchids, ferns and lichens grow on tree trunks or nestle in the crooks of trees.Not being rooted in the soil, epiphytes obtain their nutrients from other living plants or by trapping waterand organic matter as they fall from the canopies above. For instance, Asplenium nidus (Bird’s nest fern)collects falling debris from other plants in its cup-shaped leaf arrangement to create its own compost pile.Most epiphytes live harmoniously with their host trees, although some are less benign. For example, somefigs which begin their lives as epiphytes, germinate in the canopy trees and send roots down to the soil. Asthe figs grow, they enwrap their hosts until they strangle them to death, and transform into free-standingtrees.

Insectivorous plants

Rainforests are home to several species of insectivorous plants. Examples include the Venus fly trap, Pitcherplant and the world’s largest flower Rafflesia (See Spotlight 3.2). The Pitcher plant (Nepenthesdistillatoria), locally known as “Bandura” is a species commonly seen in the Sinharaja forest. A carnivorousplant, Nepenthes, is usually found growing on shrubs and small trees as climbing or scrambling vines,along forest margins and disturbed areas. Some leaves of this plant are modified to form elongated sacs orpitchers. These pitchers serve as pitfall type insect traps. The inner wall of the pitcher is dotted with glandsand has a waxy, smooth and slippery surface. Insects, attracted by the glandular secretion and/or the brightcolour of the pitcher or simply out of sheer curiosity, creep along the mouth to the inner edge of the rim andoften lose their balance and drop into the fluid below. The glands in the pitcher secrete fluids and enzymesto drown and digest the trapped insects. In this way the plant meets its protein requirement.

From Plants to Animals: The Rainforest Web of Life

Rainforest plants and animals depend on each other for survival. This is called interdependence. Forexample, some insects survive only on a particular type of tree, and some birds consume only a particulartype of insect. If these trees are destroyed, the insects will have no home and if these insects die out, thebirds that rely on them for food will be wiped out. Many plants are dependent on a wide range of animalsfor pollination and seed dispersal. Because of this interdependence, if a certain type of plant or animalbecomes extinct, several others could also be in danger of extinction.

Rainforest animals (Fauna)

Rainforests provide refuge to a vast array of animals, representing almost the entire terrestrial animalkingdom. They range from microscopic organisms such as protozoa to large mammals such as sambar andelephants. Rainforest animals belong to two broad categories, invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrateanimals include different species of insects, spiders, molluscs and crustaceans. Vertebrates are similarlywell represented across all five groups, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The animals that areeasiest to spot are the millions of insects that are present in every layer of the rainforest.

Rainforest animals are well adapted to survive in this unique ecosystem characterized by stratifiedvegetation. The terrestrial animals exhibit adaptations to an arboreal (tree-living) life, which also protectsthem from natural enemies. Many species of rainforest amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals haveadapted well to an arboreal life.

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The role of rainforest animals

Rainforest animals are extremely important for the maintenance and perpetuation of the rainforestecosystem. For instance, bees and butterflies pollinate plants whilst others e.g. frugivorous (fruit-eating)birds, squirrels and monkeys disperse their seeds, thus ensuring the regrowth of the forest. Predators suchas leopards, pythons, spiders and insectivorous birds control the explosive build-up of prey species. Thisensures a balance in the rainforest web of life, and prevents it being overloaded with a particular type ofspecies. If say insectivorous birds do not prey on insects, the leaf-eating insects may increase to levelscapable of destroying the vegetation and thereby harm the forest ecosystem. By burrowing holes in theground, mice and earthworms mix and aerate the soil, and facilitate infiltration of water. Yet others likeearthworms and soil insects, continuously chew up the dead or dying plant material and serve as a vital cogin the nutrient cycle. Stream dwellers such as planktonic organisms and fish also contribute to the recyclingof nutrients.

Invertebrate fauna

Vast arrays of invertebrate animal species inhabit rainforests. Dominant among them are the insect species,who play a significant role in maintaining the complex forest ecosystem. The charismatic insects in SriLankan rainforests include many species of colourful butterflies. Some butterfly species are restricted to theunderstorey and forest floor areas (Families Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), whilst others move between theunderstorey and canopy (Families Papilionidae, Danaidae and Nymphalidae). Among the wide array ofspiders found in Sri Lankan rainforests, the Giant Wood Spider (Nephila maculata) is commonly seen inlarge webs among the vegetation, while the large bird-eating spiders (Poecilotheria ornata) are found intree cavities. The forest floor, covered with leaf-litter, is inhabited by the giant earthworm Megascolexcoeruleus. Several species of unique land snails also occur. The streams in the forest are home to severalspecies of predatory dragonflies, damselflies, bugs and beetles.

Vertebrate Fauna

Amphibians

The typical rainforest amphibians include a group known as ‘tree-frogs’ (Sub-family - Rhacophorinae,Genus - Philautus). Tree-frogs live amongst vegetation, including the canopy of tall trees. They possesslong limbs, with discs at the edge of their fingers and toes, and webbed feet enabling them to leap, climband cling on to the surface of different parts of vegetation. Their eggs develop in a terrestrial environment,as opposed to the aquatic eggs of other amphibians. The tree-frogs lay their eggs in tree crevices, leaf litteror on the underside of leaves. They undergo ‘direct development’ inside the eggs and hatch out as tinyadults, bypassing the aquatic tadpole phase most common in other amphibians.

Reptiles

The typical tree-dwelling reptiles include geckos, certain lizards and some arboreal snakes. Among thegeckos, the Gliding Gecko (Ptychozoon spp.) that inhabits the rainforests of Southeast Asia is able to glideamongst trees. Wide flaps of skin along the flank and neck and webbed hands and feet, enable it to leap andglide from one tree to another. Digital pads under its fingers and toes and the sharp claws enable it to clingonto the surface of vegetation. The Gliding Lizard (Draco spp.) occurs in rainforests in India and SoutheastAsia. This species has a wide flap of skin (patagium) along each side of its body, supported by elongatedribs, which enables it to glide from tree to tree. The Flying Snake (Chrysopelea spp.) is another glidingreptile found in the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia. This species is able to glide between trees byflattening its body into a concave shape.

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3Birds

Rainforests are traditionally renowned for their rare and colourful birds that are pioneers of arboreal life.Commonly found birds in Sri Lankan rainforests include the Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (Urocissa ornata), SriLanka Spurfowl (Galloperdix bicalcarata), Sri Lanka Jungle Fowl (Gallus layfayettii) etc. Feeding flocksmade up of mixed species is a unique flocking behaviour amongst rainforest birds that enables them tomaximize feeding efficiency in the different strata of rainforests, and also secures enhanced protection fromnatural predators. Individuals of a mixed flock communicate with each other on detecting a source of foodor natural enemies. Each flock consists of 4 - 25 species, with about 12 - 80 individuals. Bird species aregenerally adapted to feed on specific strata from the canopy (e.g. Drongo) to ground level (e.g. Babblers).Most of the species which form mixed flocks feed on insects found in the foliage, tree trunks and crevicesin the bark. A mixed flock has a core species which contribute the numbers and also lead the flock. Othersjoin opportunistically, when a mixed species flock passes through their range.

Mammals

Many species of mammals in rainforests are well adapted to an arboreal life. These include several speciesof primates e.g. apes, monkeys, macaques, lorises and bats and squirrels that live amongst the trees. Theprimates possess long limbs and fingers to grasp and move easily in the vegetation. Among the squirrels,the Flying Squirrel (Petaurista spp.) is also able to glide between trees. It has a furry membrane of skinbetween its fore and hind limbs, which is stretched when gliding, while its furry tail is used as a rudder.Predatory animals in the rainforest, such as the leopard, have the ability to climb trees with ease.

Fish

A vast network of streams originate and flow through the rainforest ecosystem. These streams harbournumerous species of freshwater fish, amphibians, molluscs, crabs and insects. The fish that dwell inrainforest streams are adapted to survive in specific segments of a stream, characterized by the flow ofwater and type of substrate. For instance, species such as Gobies (Scyopteros spp.) and Stone Suckers(Garra spp.) live in segments with fast flowing water while Snakeheads (Channa spp.) prefer slow flowingsegments with a muddy substrate consisting of organic debris.

How do rainforest animals protect themselves?

Each rainforest species has evolved its own set of unique ways of surviving the many dangers of the forest.Every animal has a ploy to try and save itself from being someone’s next meal.

The unique colour patterns displayed by some animals allow them to blend into the rainforest vegetationand protect themselves from predators. This is referred to as ‘camouflage’. Many species of insects, tree-frogs and arboreal reptiles in rainforests appear in different shades of green. Certain others are able toimitate different parts of vegetation, both in terms of appearance and behaviour - referred to as ‘mimicry’.Insects play some of the best hide-and-seek games in the forest. For example, the Blue Oakleaf butterfly(See Spotlight 3.3) has a unique and fascinating defence mechanism, which is based on camouflage andmimicry. As a means of camouflage, when settled, the butterfly turns its head down so that it resembles awithered reddish-brown leaf hanging from a twig. When a predator approaches, it swivels and falls downlike a dried-up leaf. If this fails, it opens out its wings to startle the predator with its bright colours.Camouflage is also employed in reverse, to help predators such as spiders and pythons to sneak up andcatch unsuspecting prey.

Some animals use colour to announce their presence to the whole forest. Armed with dangerous poisonsused in life-threatening situations, their bright colours warn predators to stay away. The coral snake of theAmazon, with its brilliant red, yellow, and black colouring, is considered one of the most beautiful snakesin the world, but its deadly poison can kill within seconds. The poison arrow frog also stands out with its

28

brightly coloured skin, but its skin produces some of the most potent natural poisons in the world which isused by indigenous people for hunting purposes.

Teaching Strategy 3.1: Demonstration on how rainforest animals protect themselves

Described above are only a few examples on how rainforest animals protect themselves. In reality theadaptations evolved are numerous and varied. Divide the class into five or six groups and ask each groupto research survival strategies evolved by various groups of animals. Encourage students to be creativeand informative (e.g. posters, plays etc.) when presenting their findings.

Teaching Strategy 3.2: Adaptations of plants and animals in a rainforest

What are the adaptations of Plants and Animals? Guide your class to learn about the adaptations ofplants and animals in rainforests by preparing a large group chart based on this topic to be displayed inclass.

Did You Know?Source : World Rainforests Information Portal (2004); Rainforest Action Network (2004)

Leaf-cutter or parasol ants can be rightfully called the farmers of the rainforest. They climb trees upto 100-feet tall and cut out small pieces of leaves. They then carry these fragments, weighing asmuch as 50 times their body weight, back to their homes. The leaf pieces are buried in theirunderground nests, enabling a fungus to grow on them. The ants then feed on the fungus.

The Gorilla is the largest wild primate living in the rainforests of Africa. They live in social groups,led by a dominant male.

Asia’s Great Ape - the Orang Utan (Pongo pygmaeus) is endangered, and restricted to rainforests inSouth-east Asia.

The Capybara is the largest member of the rodent (rats and mice) family, weighing upto 75 kg, livingin the river banks of rainforests in the Amazon region (South America).

The skin of the poison arrow frog produces some of the strongest natural poisons in the world.Indigenous people often use this to poison their arrow tips for hunting purposes

29

3ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rjdiS Ydl yd i;a;ajhka

mD:ßúfha iuia: f.dvìï m%udKfhka 6] la muK l=vd m%foaYhla ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,skawdjrKh ù mej;=k;a fuu jkdka;r mD:ßúh u; jdih lrk ñ,shk 5 isg 10 olajd jk uqΩ Ydl

yd i;a;aj úfYaI m%udKfhka wr®Ohlg;a jeä m%udKhla i|yd jdiia:dkh ù we;' mD:ßúh u;mj;sk m%Odk jr®Id jkdka;r l,dmhka 3 jk ol=Kq weu˙ldj" wm%sldj yd wdishdj hk m%foaY j,

mj;sk jkdka;r idudkH fmkqfuka taldld¯ f,i or®Ykh jQj;a tlsfklg iïmQr®Kfhka fjkia Ydlyd i;a;aj ldKavhka i|yd jdi N+ñka ksr®udKh lr we;' óg wu;rj tlu jr®Id jkdka;rhl úúO

m%foaY j, yuqjk „ù úfYaI tlsfklska fjkiafõ' weuika jkdka;rfha l∫lr m%foaYj, yuqjkúúO jr®.fha Ydl úfYaI tu jkdka;rfha my< m%foaY j, yuq fkdùu fuhg WodyrKhla

f,i fmkajd †h yelsh'

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl

jr®Id jkdka;rhl m%uqLj mj;sk Ydl ldKavh jDlaI fõ' uef,aishdfõ fylaghdr 50 jr®Id jkdka;r fldgil is≥lrkq ,enQ

m¯laIKhla o jDlaI úfYaI 800 la jdr®;d ls¯u fuhg WodyrKhla f,i fmkajd †h yelsh' ÎUCN, 1992& 2 jk

m˙Éf√ofhys i|yka l< m˙† jr®Id jkdka;rhl úúO Ydl úfYaI tlsfklg fjkia Wia uÜgulg jr®Okh ù ia:r we;s

lrhs ' óg wu;rj m∫re" me<eá" je,a jr®.' mr®Kdx. yd Wvjeähd jeks wms Ydlhka" lDñ NlaIl Ydl wd†h jr®Id jkdka;r

Ydl m%cdjka ;=< ks¯laIKh l< yelsh'

fkre ia:rfha Ydl

fkre ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk jvd;a Wia Ydl jk w;r fïjd úhka ia:rfhka by,g jr®Okh fõ' Y%S

,xldfõ ≤lsh yels fkre ia:rfha Ydl úfYAI f,i ;sksh (Shorea congestiflora& kj| ^Shorea stipularis&" fnr,sh

≥ka ^Shorea affinis& yd ≥ka ^Shorea zeylanica& ≤laúh yelsh'

úhka ia:rfha Ydl

úhka ia:rfha Ydl úfYaI j, rEmdldrh" tajdfha „ú; ld,h ;=<° uqyqk °ug is≥jk fjkia md˙i˙l ;;a;ajhka u;

úúOdldrfhka fjkia fõ' fuu Ydl jr®Okh jk úg m;% l%ufhka l=vd ùu is≥fõ' úhka ia:rfha yuqjk iuyr Ydl úfYaI

j, l=vd wjia:dfõ°" iïmQr®Kfhka jevqKq Ydlhg idfmaCIj lsysm m%udKhlska úYd, m;% ≤l .; yelsh nQ fydr

^Dipterocarpus hispidus&" fydr ^Dipterocarpus zeylanicus&" fydv fnr,sh ^Shorea megistophylla&" fnr,sh"

^Shorea distichta&" ngq kd ^Mesua nagassarium& iy je,smshkak Ânisophyllea cinnamomoides& Y%S ,xldfõ

jr®Id jkdka;r j, úhka ia:rfha nyq,j yuqjk Ydl úfYaI fõ'

m∫re

idfmalaIj w∫re iajNdjhla .kakd my< ia:r j, m∫re Ydl mj;sk w;r wvq jYfhka meñfKk wdf,dalh jeä m%udKhla

.%yKh lr.; yels m˙† m%udKfhka úYd, m;% ≤l.; yelsh' fuu úYd, m;% úh<s yd iq<x iys; md˙i˙l ;;a;ajhka

mj;sk úhka ia:rfha° fuka úc,khg Ndckh ùula is≥ fkdfõ' tfy;a fuu Ydl úfYaI j, ,laIKhka Ydlh mj;sk

md˙i˙l ;;a;ajh u; tlsfklska fjkia fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;rj, mj;sk m∫re úfYaI f,i ;miair nq,;a Âpamasiliquosa&" msKs nre ^Lijndenia capitellata&" fnre Âgrostistachys spp.&" fmar ;U, ^Gaertnera vaginans& iy

.,a lr| ^Humboldtia laurifolia& jeks úfYaI WodyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh' i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshla fuu Ydl úfYaI

iu. wka;r® iïnkaO;d mj;ajhs' fujeks Ydl-i;a;aj wka;r® iïnkaO;djhla .,a lr| ^Humboldtia laurifolia& Ydlh

wdY%s;j ks¯laIKh l, yels w;r fuu Ydl m;% j," l=yrhla fuka ksr®udkh ù we;s kgqj wdY%s;j úúO úfYaI j,g wh;a

lDóka rdYshla iy„ù f,i jdih lrhs'

wldIaGSh Ydl

jr®Id jkdka;r j, ìï ia:rfha nyq,j wldIaGßh Ydl úfYaI ks¯CIKh l< yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, f.dka†j

Âcrotrema spp.&" i|rdc Ânoectochilus setaceus& iy Lophatherum zeylanicum jeks wldIaGßh me<eá úfYaI

30

≤l.; yelsh' f.dka†j Âcrotrema spp.& yd i|rdc Ânoectochilus setaceus& jeks iuyr Ydl úfYaaI j, r;= meye;s

m;% mj;sk w;r tu.ska jr®Id jkdka;r ìï ia:rhg ,Ûd jk iqΩ wdf,dal m%udKh mjd .%yKh ls¯fï yelshdj ,eî we;' fuu

r;= jr®Kl u.ska úúO ;rx. wdhduhka iys; wdf,dalh jeä m%udKhla wjfYÌKh lr.kq ,nhs'

je,a jr®.

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, fjk;a Ydlhl wdOdrfhka jr®Okh jk Ydl fyj;a je,a jr®. rdYshla yuqfõ' fujeks ldIaGßh

je,a jr®. úYd, jDlaI u; tf;ñka .ia uq≥ka lrd jr®Okh jk w;r t;eka isg kej;;a je,a fldgia my<g t,af,ñka

mj;shs' fuu je,a úfYaI j,g Tjqka i;=j ixOdrl mgl ke;s jqj;a Odrl Ydlh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ukaf.a m;% yd M, jr®.

úhka ia:rh fj; myiqfjka fhduq lrkq ,nhs' isxyrdch yd lkafk,sh jeks jr®Id jkdka;r j, nyq,j yuqjk je,a úfYaI

f,i fõje,a ^Calamus spp.&" ndka je,a ^Coscinium fenestratum& yd hlv je,a ^Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo& fmkajd

†h yelssh'

wmsYdl

mdis" Wvjeähd" mr®Kdx. yd ,hslk wd° wms Ydl úfYaI .ia l|ka u; fyda w;= w;r we;s fon,a wdY%s;j jr®Okh fõ' fuu Ydl

úfYaI i;=j mi lrd .uka lrk ia:r uq,a moaO;shla fkdue;s fyhska tajdfha fmdaIKh i|yd Odrl Ydlh u; fyda jkdka;r

fmd<j u;g m;s; ùug m%:u .%yKh lr .kakd c,h yd wfkl=;a fmdaIl øjH u; hemSug is≥fõ' fuhg WodyrKhla f,ig

l=reΩ leo,s mr®Kdx.h Âsplenium nidus& fmkajd †h yelsssh' fuu mr®Kdx.fha m;% fldmamdldr f,i isák m˙† ieliS we;s

w;r tys tla /ia jk fld< frdvq jeks ldnksl øjH u.ska mr®Kdx.h fmdaIKh ,nhs' fndfyduhla wmsYdl úfYaI Odrl Ydlh

iuÛ iyfhda.fhka „j;a jk w;r iuyr Ydl jr®Okh ùfï° Odrl Ydlfha meje;aug .egΩ we;s lrhs' fuhg WodyrKhla

f,i úhka ia:rfha Ydl j, wmsYdl f,i jr®Okh wrUk kq. Ydl úfYaI fmkajd †h yelsh' fuu Ydl jr®Okh ùfï°

l%ufhka tajdfha uq,a Odrl Ydlfha l| u; .uka lrñka mi ;=,g we;=Ω lrk w;r wjidkfha° iïmQr®K Odrl Ydlhu

.%yKh lr .ksñka kq. Ydlh iajdëk Ydlhla f,i jr®Okh fõ'

lDó NlaIl Ydl

jr®Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl úfYAI lsysmhlu lDó NlaIl „jk ú,dYhka i|yd wkqjr®;kh ù we;' lDó NlaIl Ydl j,g

WodyrK f,i nd∫rd ^Nepenthes distillatoria&" Venus fly trap yd f,dalfha úYd,u mqIamh we;s lrk fhdaO /*af,aIshd

wd° Ydl úfYaI fmkajd †h yelsh' isxyrdch wdY%s;j nyq,j ks¯laIKh l< yels nd∫rd Ydlh jkdka;r udhsï wdY%s;j iq,N

fõ' fuu Ydlfha iuyr m;% j, w.%hka u.ska f.dgq wdldr jHqyhka we;s lrk w;r th lDñka .%yKh lr .kakd W.=,la

f,i l%shdlrhs' nd∫rd f.dgqfõ wNHka;r ì;a;sfha Y%dù .%ka: rdYshla mj;sk w;r" tneúka th isks∫ yd wef,k iqΩ

iajNdjhla .kS' fuys .%k:ß u.ska i%djh lrk hqIh i|yd fyda f.dgqfõ °ma;su;a iajNdjh foig lDóka wdlr®IKh jk w;r

f.dgqfõ mshk ;=<ska we;=,g .uka ls¯ug W;aidy orK lDóka ta ;=,g jeà m;=f<a we;s c,Sh ødjkfha .s,Su is≥fõ' fuu

f.dgqj ;=, we;s i%dù .%ka:ß u.ska ksl=;a lrk oshr yd tkaihsu u.ska lDñhd f.dgqj ;=< oSu „r®Kh ùu is≥fõ' tu „r®Kh jQ

fldgia j, mj;sk fm%daàk jeks fmdaIl øjH Ydlh úiska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,efí'

Ydl f,`lfhka i;a;aj f,`lhg· jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< „ùkaf.a cd,h

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS „ùka ish meje;au i|yd tlsfkld u; hemSu is≥lrhs' fuh wka;r® hemSu f,i y∫kajkq ,efí' W∞yrKhla

f,i iuyr lDó úfYaI úfYaIs; Ydlhla u; muKla hemSu is≥ ls¯u yd iuyr mCISka úfYaIs; ldKavhl lDóka muKla wdydr

f,i .ekSu fmkajd †h yelsh' tjeks Ydl úfYaI úkdY ùfuka ta u; hefmk lDóka iïmQr®Kfhka j|ù hd yels w;r" tys° tu

lDóka u; muKla hefmk mCIs úfYaI o úkdY ù hkq we;' fuhg fya;=j jkafka by; „ù úfYaI w;r mj;sk wka;r® hemSuhs'

fuys° tla Ydlhla fy` i;a;aj úfYaIhla j|ùfuka ta u; hefmk ;j;a úfYaI lsysmhla j|ù hd yelsh'

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS i;a;ajhka

jr®Id jkdka;r úúO i;a;aj ldKavhkag wh;a úfYaI w;s uy;a m%udKhlg jdiia:dkhka imhhs' tal ffi,sl fm%`gfi`jdjka

isg úYd, laISrmdhska jk w,shka" f.`kqka jeks i;a;aj úfYaI olajd mqΩ,a mrdihlg fuu jkdka;r ksjyk ù we;' jr®Id

jkdka;r jdiS i;a;aj úfYaI m%:ufhkau wmDIaGjxYSka yd mDIaGjxYSka f,i m%Odk ldKav follg fn†h yelsh' úúO jr®. j,g

wh;a lDóka" ul=Ωjka" fn,a,ka yd l%YafÜIsshdjka wmDIaGjxYS ldKavhg wh;a fõ' mDIaGjxYS ldKavh wh;a u;aiHhka" WNh

31

3„ùka" Wr.hka" mCISka yd CISrmdhska hk „ù ldKav myu jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< wêl úúO;ajhlska yuqfõ' jr®Id jkdka;rhl

iq,Nju yuqjk „ù ldKavh jk lDóka tys iEu ia:rhlu wêl m%udKhla jdih lrhs'

jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk ia:¯h jHqyh ;=< idr®:lj „j;a ùu i|yd fuys jdih lrk „ùka ukd wkqjr®;khka olajhs'

fN!ñl i;=ka úYd, m%udKhla rela jdiS „ú;hlg wkqjr®;kh ù we;s w;r" tuÛska w∫re jkdka;rh ;=<° úf,`mslhkaf.ka

wdrCIdj ,eî we;' CISrmdhS" Wr." WNh„ù yd mCIs úfYaI wêl m%udKhla jr®Id jkdka;rj, rela jdiS „jk ú,dYhg ukd

f,i wkqjr®;kh ù we;'

jr®Id jkdka;rh ;=< i;a;aj úfYaI j, l%shdld¯;ajh

jr®Id jkdka;rhl iu;=,s; meje;au i|yd tys jdih lrk i;a;aj úfYaI w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ó ueiaika yd l=reñ◊hka

úfYaI u,a mrd.kh is≥lrk w;r" mCISka" f,akqka yd j∫rka úfYaI M, jr®. m%pdrKhg ∞hl ùu fuhg W∞ryrKhla f,i

i|yka l< yelsh' fldáhka" msUqrka" ul=Ωjka" lDñ NCIl mCISka jeks úf,`mslhka úfYaI wfkl=;a i;a;aj .ykhka md,kh

i|yd jeo.;a fõ' tuÛska jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk „ùkaf.a cd,h ukd f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug;a" tla „ù úfYaIhla muKla

wêl f,i jr®Okh ùu;a md,kh lrkq ,nhs' lDñ NCIl mCISka lDóka wdydrhg .ekSu kj;d ≤uqjfyd;a Ydl NCIl lDñ

.yKh wêl f,i jr®Okh ù jr®Id jkdka;rfha Ydl m%cdjg ;r®ckhla úh yelsh' óhka úfYaI yd .evú¨ka úiska idok l=yr

uÛska jr®Id jkdka;r mia ñY% ùu" jd;kh ùu yd c,h ukd f,o fmd<jg wjfYÌKh ùu;a is≥ fõ' mdxY= lDóka yd .evú¨ka

ksrka;rfhkau uereKq m;% yd fjk;a Ydl fldgia len,s j,g m;a ls¯u is≥lrk w;r" tuÛska jr®Id jkdka;r j, fmÌl pl%

fyd¢ka l%shd;aul ùu is≥ fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk †h myrj, „j;a jk ma,jdx. yd u;aiHhkao fmÌH øjH

m%;spl%SlrKh i|yd jeo.;a ldr®hhla bgq lrhs'

wmDIaGjxYSka

jr®Id jkdka;r wmDIaGjxYS „ùka w;s uy;a m%udKhlg jdiia:dkh ù we;' b;d ixlSr®K l%shdld¯;ajhla iys; jkdka;r

m˙ir moaO;s j, meje;au i|yd jeo.;a jk úúO ldKav j,g wh;a lDó úfYaIhka fuu m˙ir moaO;s ;=< m%uqL „ùka ù we;'

Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk is;a weo.kald lDóka ldKavhla f,i iuk<hka kï l, yelsh' iuyr iuk< úfYAI

jr®Id jkdka;rfha m∫re ia:rh wdY%s;j jdih lrk w;r iuyr iuk< úfYaI m∫re ia:rfha isg jkdka;r úhk olajd yuqfõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mqΩ,a mrdihl ul=Ωjka úfYaI jdih lrk w;r .ia w;r úYd, ul=Ω ≤,a ksr®udkh lrk

fhdO .ia ul=Ωjd yd .ia l=yrj, „j;a jk †ú ul=Ωjd fudjqka w;r jvd m%p,s; úfYaI 2la fõ' †rd hk ldnksl øjH nyq,

jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk †h myrj,a úf,damsl wmDIaGjxYska jk n;al+rka" l=reñkshka wd° úfYaI i|yd jdiia:dk fõ'

mDIaGjxYSka

WNh„ùka

jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk or®YSh WNh „ùka ldKavh jkafka .ia ueähkah' fuu Wm l=,fha ueä úfYaI .ia u; „ú;hg

wkqjr®;kh ù we;s w;r úhka ia:rfha mjd „j;a jk úfYAI we;' fudjqkaf.a we.s,s j, mj;sk pQIlr jeks úfYaIs; jHqyhka yd

ne¢mg, u.ska .ia ke.Sug;a" Ydl j, úúO fldgia j, t,a,S isàug;a" yelshdjla mj;shs' fjk;a WNh„ù ldKavhka c,Sh

udOHhka ;=, ì;a;r oóu is≥l,;a fuu úfYaI fN!ñl laIqø m˙irj, ì;a;r ±óu i|yd wkqjr®;kh ù we;' .ia ueähka" .ia

fnk yd is≥re" ìu mj;sk fld<frdvq w;r fyda m;% j, há me;af;a ì;a;r ;ekam;a ls¯u is≥lrhs' ì;a;r u.ska iDcqju iqyqUq,a

ueähkag iudk l=vd ueähka ìysjk w;r" fjk;a ueähka fuka c,Sh ysiaf.ä wjia:djla olakg fkd,efí'

Wr.hka

or®YSh /la jdiS Wr.hka hg;g iuyr yQkka yd lgqiaika úfYaI wh;a fõ' w.aks†. wdishdkq jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk

mshdUk yQkkag Ydl w;r mdfjñka .uka ls¯ug yelshdjla we;' fuu yQkkaf.a f.f,ys yd mdo w;r fukau weÛs,s w;r mj;sk

ne¢ mg, jeks jHqy u.ska mdùug yelshdjla ,eî we;' ;jo fudjqkaf.a wef,k iqΩ weÛs,s yd ksh u.ska Ydl fldgia fyd¢ka

.%ykh lr .ekSug yelshdjla we;' ;jo relajdiS „jk rgdjlg wkqjr®;kh jQ mshdUk lgqiaika bka†hdkq yd w.aks†. wdishdkq

jr®Id jkdka;r j, yuqfõ' fudjqkaf.a Y¯rh fomi mr®Y= u.ska ixOdrKh ù we;s mshdm;a jeks pr®óh jHqyhka mj;sk w;r

tu.ska tla Ydlhl isg ;j;a Ydlhlg mdù hdug yelshdjla we;' mshdUk ^.ia w;r mdfjñka .uka l, yels& ir®mhka úfYaI

Tjqkaf.a Wo¯h m%foaYh wj;, yevhg m;a lrñka .ia j, by< isg my<g mdfjñka .uka lrhs' fudjqka ol=Kq yd w.aks†.

wdishdkq jr®Id jkdka;rj, yuqfõ'

32

mlaIska

jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk w,xldr mlaIS úfYaI ksid Y; jr®I .Kkdjla ;=, fuu jkdka;r ñksiqkaf.a wjOdkh ,ndf.k

we;' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r leysfn,a,d" ynka l=l=<d" j,s l=l=<d yd r;= fou,sÉpd jeks wdfõ◊l mlaISkaf.a jdiia:dkh fõ'

jr®Id jkdka;r jdis mlaIS úfYaI rdYShla talrdYS ù wdydr .ekSu ldr®hlaIu lr .ekSu yd wdrlaIdj i|yd “l=reΩ kv” we;s

lr.kq ,nhs'

jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk tla tla ia:r j,ska ldr®hlaIu f,i wdydr ,nd .ekSug l=reΩ kv j,g iyNd.Sjk mlaIs úfYaI

wkqjr®;kh ù we;' wdydr fidhd.;a úg fyda i;=re wdl%ukhka mj;sk úg l=reΩ kvfha idud‚lhkag jydu ±kqï °u kvfha

iud‚lhka úiska is≥lrkq ,nhs' tla “l=reΩ kvhl” úfYaI 4-25 olajd m%udKhla mj;sk w;r idud‚lhka 12-80 olajd

iyNd.S fõ' tla tla mCIs úfYaIh jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk tla tla ia:r j,ska ^úhka ia:rh - ljqvka úfYaI" ìï ia:rh -

fou,sÉpka úfYaI& ldr®hlaIu f,i wdydr ,nd .ekSug wkqjr®;kh ù we;' l=reΩ kv j,g iyNd.s jk mlaIS úfYaI jeä

m%udKhla lDñ NCIlhka jk w;r fudjqka m;%" l| yd .ia fnka wdY%s;j isák lDñ úfYaI wdydr f,i .kshs' iEu l=reΩ

kvhlu kdhl;ajh .kq ,nk yd tu kvh we;s lrkq ,nk l=reΩ úfYaIhla isák w;r wfkl=;a úfYaI úúO wjia:d j,° tu

úfYaIh iu. tlg wdydr fidhñka kvhla f,i .uka lrhs'

laISrmdhska

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS laISrmdhska úfYaI rdYShla relajdiS „jk ú,dYhlg fyd¢ka wkqjr®;kh ù we;' Wkymq jka j∫rka" ˙,jq"

fh`O jdkrhka jeks m%hsfïgdjka úfYaI fukau jjq,ka yd f,akqka úfYaI fuhg WodyrK f,i ≤laúh yelsh' m%hsfïgdjka

Tjqkaf.a †.= .d;%d yd we.s,s .ia w;r ixprKhg fhdod .kq ,nhs' yïndjka .ia w;r mdfjñka .uka l< yels laIsrmdhs

úfYaIhka fõ' Tjqkaf.a mQr®j yd wmr .d;% w;r pr®óh mg,hla mj;sk w;r fuh úys°u u.ska .ia w;r mshEöu is≥lrk w;r

iunr;djh mj;ajd .ekSug j,a.h Wmld¯ lr .kq ,nhs' jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk fldáhka jeks úf,damsl laISrmdhskag

myiqfjka .ia ke.Sfï yelshdjla we;'

u;aiHhka

jr®Id jkdka;r ;=,ska ixlSr®K jQ †h myr cd,hla fmdaIKh ,nhs' fuu †h myr ñ˙†h u;aiHhka" WNh „ùka" ñ˙†h

fud,ialdjka" ll=Ωjka yd lDóka jeks i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshlg jdiia:dk fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r j, „j;a jk u;aiHhka tys

c,fha fõ.h yd m;af,a iajNdjh u; †h myrg úúO ia:dk j, „j;a ùug wkqjr®;kh ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i je,s

f.dõjka yd .,amdäka fõ.fhka .,d hk †h myr wdYs%;j jdih lrk w;r' lKhka úfYaI fiñka .,d hk †rdhk ldnksl

øjH yd uv iys; m;a,la iys; ia:dk j, yuqfõ'

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; i;a;aj úfYaI j, wdrlaIl Wml%u

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS i;a;aj úfYaI j,g jr®Id jkdka;rh ;=,ska t,a, jk úúOdldr ;r®ckhka mj;sk w;r" Ydl w;r

ieÛùug yels m˙† Tjqkaf.a Y¯r jr®Kh ieliS ;sfí' iuyr i;a;aj úfYaI Ydl j, úúO fldgia wkqlrKh lrñka ish Y¯r

yevh ilid f.k we;s w;r" pr®hdjkao thg wkqrEm f,i mj;shs' fuh wkqlrKh f,i ye¢kafõ' jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS lDóka

wkqlrKh i|yd by,u uÜgñka wkqjr®;kh ù we;' fuhg WodyrK f,i “uy le,E fld<hd” iuk< úfYaIh oelaúh yelsh'

^úur®Yk ;Srh 3'3 n,kak& fuu úfYaIhg wdfõksl jQ úfYaIs; ieÛùfï pr®hdjla we;' fuu iuk<hd iEu wjia:djl°u Ydl

m;% wdY%s;j ,e.Su is≥ lrk w;r tu iEu wjia:djloSu ysi my,g jk fia ,e.=ï .kshs' tneúka fudjqkaf.a mshdm;a j, hg

fldgfia mj;sk ¥Uqre meyeh ksid úh<s m;%hla f,i †iafõ' úf,damslhl= ,xjQ ú.i úh<s m;%hla f,i my,g lvd jeàfï

pr®hdjlao fmkajk w;r tu.ska úf,damsl ;r®ck j,ska wdrlaId ùfï yelshdj we;' tu wjia:dfõ° o úf,damSh ;r®ck uÛye¯ug

fkdyels jqjfyd;a tu iuk<hd tlajru mshdm;a †. ye¯u is≥lrhs' tys° mshdm;a by< fldgfia mj;sk °ma;su;a ks,a meyeh ksid

úf,damslhd tla jru ;s.eiaiSug ,laù miq neiSu is≥fõ'

jr®Kh yd yevh u; m˙irfha ieÛùug yels ùu úf,damsl ;r®ckfhka i;a;ajhdg .e,ùug wjia:dj i,id fok w;r" iuyr

úf,damSh i;a;ajhkag ^Wod msUqrd" ul=Ωjd& m˙irfha ieÛù myiqfjka f.d≥re ,nd.ekSug yelshdj;a ,nd foa'

iuyr i;a;aj úfYaI Tjqkaf.a jr®Kh u.ska jkdka;r jdiS úf,damslhka we;=Ω wfkla i;a;aj úfYaI j,g wk;=re ye.ùula is≥

lrhs' udrdka;sl úI øjH j,ska iukaÑ; jk ir®mhka fï ms<sn|j úf,`mslhkag wk;=re yeÛùu ms◊i Tjqkaf.a °ma;su;a Y¯r

jr®Kh Wmfhda.S lr .kshs' weuika jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS fldr,a ir®mhd °ma;su;a r;=" ly iy lΩ jr®Kfhka hqla; jk w;r

mD:ßúh u; jdih lrk jvd;a w,xldrj;a ir®m úfYaIhla f,io fuu úfYAIh i,lkq ,nhs' tfy;a fldr,a ir®mhka i;=j

mj;sk úI u.ska ;;amr lsysmhla ;=< i;a;ajhl= „ú;laIhg m;al, yelsh'

33

3jr®Id jkdka;rjdiS úI f.ïndf.a pr®uho b;d w,xldr jk w;r fudjqkaf.a pr®óh .%ka: u.ska b;du;a úI iys; ixfhda.

ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí' f.da;%sl jdiSka fuu úI B;, úI fmùug fhdod .kq ,nhs'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 3'1( jr®Id jkdka;rjdiS i;a;aj úfYaI wdrlaIl Wml%u ms<sn| wdor®Y ksrEmKh'jr®Id jkdka;rjdiS i;a;aj úfYaI j, wdrlaIl Wml%u ms<sn|j f;dr;=re we;af;a wvq m%udKhls' tfy;a i;H jYfhkau

Wml%uhka yd wkqjr®;khka b;d úYd, m%udKhla mj;shs' mka;sfha isák YsIHhka fldgia 5 g fyda 6 g fnokak' fuu tla tla

lKavdhug úúO i;a;aj ldKav olajk wdrlaIl Wml%u ms<sn|j .fõYKh ls¯u i|yd wjia:dj ,nd fokak' Tjqkaf.a

ks¯laIKhka fmdaiagr®" kdgH wd° ksr®udkd;aul f,i b†m;a ls¯ug u. fmkaùu jvd iq≥iq fõ'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 3'2( jr®Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI olajk wkqjr®;khka

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI olajk wkqjr®;k ms<sn|j f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sug Tfí mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï

f,i fhduq lrkak'

úYd, m%udKfha rEm igykla uÛska fy` j.=jla uÛska wkqjr®;k ms<sn| f;dr;=re b†˙m;a ls¯ug tla tla lKavdhu fhduq

lrkak'

Tn ≤k isáhd o@

fld< lk l=yqUqjd fkdfyd;a merfi`,a l=yqUq úfYaIh jr®Id jkdka;rfha wä 100 muK olajd jQjo by<g .uka lr m;%

len,s lemSu is≥ lrhs' fudjqka ;ukaf.a nr fuka 50 .=Khla muK n˙ka jeä m;% len,s ish jdiia:dkh fj; f.k hkq

,nhs' fmd<j hg ;sfnk Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk j, fuu m;% len,s ;ekam;a lr ta u; jr®Okh jk †,Sr úfYaI wdydr f,i

Ndú;d lrhs'

mD:ßúfha jdih lrk úYd,u jdkr úfYaIh f.`˙,a,d jk w;r fudjqka wm%sldkq jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrhs' ms˙ñ

i;a;ajfhl= úiska kdhl;ajh orK iud„h lKavdhï jYfhka fudjqka „j;a fõ'

wdishdfõ jr®Id jkdka;rj, jdih lrk úYd,;u jdkrhd jk Trx Tgx w.aks†. wdishdkq jr®Id jkdka;rj, jdih

lrk w;r joùhdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqK md we;'

lDka;lhka ^óhka& wh;a jk l=,fha úYd,;u idud‚lhd lemsnrd h' fuu úfYaIh weuika jr®Id jkdka;rfha .x bjqre

wdY%s;j jdih lrkq ,nhs'

úI f.ïndf.a pr®ufhka ,nd.kakd ixfh`.hla u.ska mD:ßúfha mj;sk jvd;a oreKq iajNdúl úI ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí'

mdrïm˙l jdiSka fuu úI Tjqkaf.a B;, úI fmùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

34

mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk;

cyfpYs;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;F kiof;fhLfNscyfpYs;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;F kiof;fhLfNscyfpYs;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;F kiof;fhLfNscyfpYs;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;F kiof;fhLfNscyfpYs;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;F kiof;fhLfNs

ciwAshFk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;W nghpa kiof;fhLfspd; epyciwAshFk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;W nghpa kiof;fhLfspd; epyciwAshFk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;W nghpa kiof;fhLfspd; epyciwAshFk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;W nghpa kiof;fhLfspd; epyciwAshFk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;W nghpa kiof;fhLfspd; epy

mikg;G xj;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU tiyaq;fSk; ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;mikg;G xj;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU tiyaq;fSk; ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;mikg;G xj;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU tiyaq;fSk; ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;mikg;G xj;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU tiyaq;fSk; ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;mikg;G xj;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU tiyaq;fSk; ntt;NtW tifahd jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; xNu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,dq;fs; thoyhk;.nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; xNu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,dq;fs; thoyhk;.nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; xNu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,dq;fs; thoyhk;.nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; xNu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,dq;fs; thoyhk;.nfhz;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; xNu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,dq;fs; thoyhk;.

cjhuzkhf mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUfpd;w gy ,d kuq;fs; mNj fhl;by;cjhuzkhf mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUfpd;w gy ,d kuq;fs; mNj fhl;by;cjhuzkhf mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUfpd;w gy ,d kuq;fs; mNj fhl;by;cjhuzkhf mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUfpd;w gy ,d kuq;fs; mNj fhl;by;cjhuzkhf mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUfpd;w gy ,d kuq;fs; mNj fhl;by;

jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy.jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy.jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy.jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy.jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy.

kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs;kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs;kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs;kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs;kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs;

kuq;fNs kiof;fhl;bd; Ml;rpahd jhtuq;fshFk;. cjhuzkhf kNyrpahtpy; 50 n`f;Nlah;

kiof;fhl;by; Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ 800 ,dq;fSf;Fk; mjpfkhd kuq;fs; cs;sjhf

mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahak; 2 ,y; tpgupf;fg;gl;lJ Nghd;W> kiof;fhLfspy; ntt;NtW kuq;fs;

ntt;NtW cauq;fspy; tsh;e;J gilfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Vida fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fs;> gw;iwfs;;;;>

g+z;Lj; jhtuq;fs;> kukaNtwpfs;> Nky; xl;bfshd xf;fpl;Lfs;> gd;dq;fs;> g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw mlf;Ffpd;wd.

ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; (ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; (ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; (ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; (ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; (Emergent layer)))))

kiof;fhl;bYs;s kpf caukhd kuq;fshd ntspg;ghl;Lg;gil kuq;fs; tpjhdg;gilf;F Nkyhf

cah;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ntspg;ghl;Lg; gilkuq;fs; ,yq;if kiof;fhLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit Shorea congestiflora (Thiniya), Shorea stipularis (Nawanda), Shorea affinis (Beraliya Dun) and Shoreazeylanica (Dun) jhtuk; vd;gdthFk;.

tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (Canopy trees)))))

tpjhdg;gilapYs;s kuq;fs; jkJ tho;f;iftl;lj;jpy;> jk; Rw;whly; epiyikfSf;Nfw;g jkJ

cUtj;ij khw;wpf;nfhs;sf; $Lk;. kuq;fs; nghpajhf tsUk;NghJ ,iyfs; rpwpajhfpd;wd. rpy

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,sk; jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs;> mNj ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tpjhdg;gilapYs;s Kjph;e;j

,iyfspYk; ghh;f;f> gy klq;F nghpjhf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. ,yq;ifapy; ,g;gilapy; Dipterocarpushispidus (Bu hora), D.zelyanicus (Hora), Shorea megistophylla (Honda beraliya), Shorea distichta (Beraliya),Mesua nagassarium (Batuna) kw;Wk; Anisophyllea cinnamomoides (Welipiyanna) vd;Dk; jhtuq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nrbfs; (nrbfs; (nrbfs; (nrbfs; (nrbfs; (Shrubs)))))

epoyhd fPo;gilfspy; tsUfpd;w nrbfs; kpff; $ba mstpy; #hpa xspiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj;j-

f;fjhfg; nghpa ,iyfis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd #hpadpd; cf;fpu ntg;gepiyahy; cyh;e;j #oy;

cUthFk; NghJ tpjhdg;gilapYs;s kuq;fspd; ,iyfs; cyh;tJ Nghd;W> nrbfspd; nghpa ,iyfs;

cyuhJ> MapDk; ,e;epiyikfs; jhtuq;fspd; #o;epiyiag; nghWj;J khWgLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYs;s

kiof;fhl;bYs;s nrbfshd Apama siliquosa (Thapasara bulath), Lijndenia capitellata (Pinibaru),Agrostistachys spp. (Beru), Gaertnera vaginans (Perathambala) and Humboldtia laurifolia (Galkaranda)vd;gdthFk;. gy ,dtpyq;FfSk;> ,j;jhtuq;fSld; Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; jhtu-

tpyq;fpdq;fspd; cwT Kiw kpfTk; RthurpakhditahFk;. cjhuzkhfg; gy G+r;rpapdq;fs;

Humboldtia laurifauolia jhtuj;jpd; ,iyf;fhk;gpd; (FopAs;) cs;splj;jpy; trpg;gjhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (Herbaceous plants)))))

G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (Herbaceous plants)> kiof;fhl;bd; jiug;gilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYs;s

kiof;fhLfspy; Lophatherum zeylanicum, Acrotrema spp.(Gondiv), Anoectochilus setaceus (Sandaraja)Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; mtjhdpf;fg; glf;$bajhfTs;sJ. rpy G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fshd Anoectochilus setaceus(Sandaraja) and Acrotrema spp.(Gondiva) Nghd;wit ,f;fhl;bd; mbj;jsj;ij milaf;$ba Fiwthd

xspiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfj; jkJ ,iyfspy; Mo;e;j rptg;G epwj;ijf;nfhz;Ls;sd.

jiug;gilapy; thOfpd;w jhtuq;fSf;F> ntt;NtW miy ePsq;fSila xspia mfj;JwpQ;r> rptg;G

epwk; Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

35

3VW jhtuq;fs; (VW jhtuq;fs; (VW jhtuq;fs; (VW jhtuq;fs; (VW jhtuq;fs; (Climbing plants)))))

mad kz;lykiof;fhLfs; nghJthf Vwp nghpa kuq;fSld; Nrh;e;j jhtuq;fis my;yJ

kuNtwp;fisg; ngUkstpy; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,g;glh; jhtuq;fs; Nrh;e;J kuTr;rpf;F VWfpd;wdthfTk;. fPNo

njhq;Ffpd;wdthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Mjhuj;jhtuq;fspd; cjtpAld; jkJ> ,iyfisAk;

G+f;fisAk; #hpa xsp glj;jf;fjhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. gwitfSk;> g+r;rpfSk;> rf;jpia tPzhf;fhJ

thoplk; mikf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd. rpq;fuh[h> nfd;ndypah Nghd;w kiof;fhLfspy; nghJthf Cala-mus spp. (rattan palms), Entada pusaetha (Puswel). (Fwpg;G 3.1 ghh;f;f) Coscinium fenestratum (Veniwel)kw;Wk; Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo (Yakadawel) Nghd;w VWjhtu ,dq;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

jhtunthl;bfs; (jhtunthl;bfs; (jhtunthl;bfs; (jhtunthl;bfs; (jhtunthl;bfs; (Epiphytes)))))

jhtunthl;bfshd ghrpfs;> Xf;fpl;Lf;fs;> gd;dq;fs;> ,iyf;fd;fs;> vd;gd kuj;jz;LfspYk; my;yJ

kutisT nghe;JfspYk; tsh;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;F kz;zpDs; CLUTk; epue;ju Nth;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy>

jkf;Fj;Njitahd Nghrizfisj; jhtuq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; ePhpypUe;Jk;> jiuapYs; ;s

Nghrizg;nghUl;fspd; NkYs;s ePhpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf Asplenium nidus (Birdsnest) jdf;Fj;Njitahd Nrjdg;grisiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; Ftis Nghd;w ,iyfspy; NtWjhtuq;fspypUe;J tpOk; fopTfisr; Nrh;f;fpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhdit mLj;jkuq;fSld; xd;wpize;J

tho;e;jhYk;> rpy NtWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rpy mj;jpkuq;fs; jkJ tho;it Nknyhl;bahf Muk;gpj;J>

tpjhdg;gilapYs;s kuq;fspy; Kisj;J Ntiu epyj;Js; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,it ,t;thW tsh;e;J jkJ

tpUJtoq;fpj; jhtuq;fis ,wf;Fk; tiu ,e;j xl;Lz;zp mope;J> ,we;j gpd;dh; mj;jpkuq;fs; Rakhf

tsuf;$ba kuq;fshfpd;wd.

g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; (Insectivorous plants)

kiof;fhLfs; gy;NtW ,dg; g+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fspd; ,y;ykhfTs;sd. cjhuzkhf venus flytrappitcher jhtuj;ijf; $wyhk;> mj;Jld; cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa kyuhd Rafflesia (3.2 I ghh;f;f) Tk;kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nfz;bj;jhttukhd Nepenthes distillatoria rhjhuzkhf ‘Bandura’vd miof;fg;gLtJ rpq;fuh[htdj;jpy; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; jhtukhFk;.

,e;j CZz;zpj;jhtukhd nege;jp];> rhjhuzkhd> nrbfspYk;> rpy kuq;fspYk; VWfpd;w>

gw;wpg;glh;fpd;w nfhbfshfTk; toikahf fhl;bd; vy;iyfs; topNaAk;> Fog;gg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; rpy ,iyfs; nfz;bfshf my;yJ rhbfshf ePl;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.

,jdhy; Fopf;Fs; tOf;Fk; Kiw %yk; g+r;rpfisg;gpbf;fpd;wd. ,e;j nfz;bfspd; cl;RtuhdJ

Rug;gpfisAk;> nkOF Nghd;w tOf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s nkd;ikahd Nkw;gug;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd. g+r;rpfs;>

,r;Rug;Gf;fshYk;> rhb mikg;gpd; gpufhrkhd epwj;jhYk;> mjd; Kbapd; Njhw;wj;jhYk; ftug;gl;L>

rhbapd; thapd; tpspk;gpy; te;jkh;e;J> mq;F rkepiyapoe;J> tOf;fp rhbapDs; fhzg;gLk; jputj;jpDs;

tPo;fpd;wd. gpd;G rhbapYs;s Rug;gpfs; nehjpaq;fisAk; jputq;fisAk; Rue;J gpbf;fg;gl;l g+r;rpfisr;

rkpghlilar;nra;fpd;wd. ,j;jhtuk; >,k;Kiw %ykhfj; jdf;Fj;Njitahd Gujj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; (Rainforest Plants)

kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; caph;tho;f;iff;fhf xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpAs;sd> ,J

xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUj;jy; (Interdependence) vdg;gLk.; cjhuzkhfr; rpy g+r;rpfs; xUtif kuj;jpy;

kl;LNk caph; thof;$bajhfTk;> rpy gwitfs; xUtifahd g+r;rpfis kl;LNk cz;ZgitfshfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNt ,k;kuk; mopf;fg;gl;lhy;> ,g;g+r;rpfSf;F ,Ug;gplk; mw;Wg;NghtJld;> ,g;g+r;rpfs;

,we;jhy; mtw;iw cz;Zk; gwitfs; glbdpahy; ,wf;f NehpLk; . ,e;j xd;wpnyd;W

,ilj;jq;fpapUg;gjd; fhuzkhf xUtifj; jhtuNkh> tpyq;Nfh moptilAk; epiyf;F cl;gLkhdhy;

,Nj Nghd;W kw;Wk; gyTk; moptilaf;$ba Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfyhk;.

kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; (Rainforest Animals)

kiof;fhLfs;> ngUksT tpyq;Ffspw;F milf;fykhf ,Ug;gJld; KOj;jiuf;Fhpa tpyq;Ffspd;

,uhl;rpakhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,it EZf;Ffhl;b mq;fpahd Gul;l NrhthtpypUe;J> nghpa

KiyA+l;bfshd rk;g+h;> ahid tiu gue;j tPr;rpYs;sd kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; ,U ngUk; gphpTfSs;

mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Ks;se;jz;Lsp> Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; vd;git MFk;;. Ks;se;jz;byp

tpyq;Ffs;; ntt;NtW ,dq;fshd g+r;rpfs; rpye;jpfs;> nkhy];fh];f;fs;> fpu];Njrpahf;fs; vd;gtw;;iw

36

mlf;fpAs;sd. Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; ed;F njspthd Ie;J ngUe;njhifahd $l;lq;fshd KiyA+l;bfs;>

gwitfs;> Ch;td> <&lftho;fs; kPd;fs; vd;gtw; ;iw mlf;fpAs;sd. ,q;F ,yFtpy;

Rl;bf;fhl;lf;$baJ> kpy;ypad; msT ngUe;njhifahd g+r;rpfs; kiof;fhLfspy; xt;nthU gilfspYk;

fhzg;gLtjhFk;.

kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; gq;F kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; gq;F kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; gq;F kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; gq;F kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffspd; gq;F (The role of rainforest animals)

kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs;; kiof;fhl;Lr; #ow;njhFjpapd; perpetudian ghJf;fhg;gpw;Fj;> njhlh;r;rpahd

epyTiff;Fk; kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;. NjdPf;fs;> tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfs; Mfpad jhtuq;fspd;

kfue;;jr;Nrh;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> Vida fdpAz;zpfshd gwitfs;> mzpy;fs;> Fuq;Ffs;>

Nghd;wit goq;fis> tpj;Jfisg; guk;gr;nra;J> fhLfspd; kPs; tsh;r;rpf;F cWjpnra;fpd;wd.

,iuf;nfstpfshd rpWj;ijfs;> kiyg;ghk;Gfs;> rpye;jpfs; g+r;rpAz;Zfpd;w gwitfs; Nghd;wd

ngUe;njhifahd ,iu ,dq;fisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J kiof;fhl;bd; czT tiyapy;

rkepiyia Vw;gLj;JtJld; Fwpj;j ,dq;fshy; kpif epuk;gg;glhky; jLf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf

g+r;rpAz;Zk; gwitfs;> g+r;rpfis ,iuahff; nfhs;shtpbd;> mjpfhpf;Fk; g+r;rpf; Fbj;njhifahdJ

fhl;Lr; #ow;njhFjpf;F jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$Lk;> mjhtJ mtw;wpd; rpy jhtu ,dq;fSf;Fj;

jPq;Ftpistpf;ff; $ba gPilfshf khwp jhtuq;fis mopf;fyhk;> tis Njhz;b thOfpd;w

tpyq;Ffshd vypfs;> kz;GOf;fs; Nghd;wit kz;zpDs; tisfisj; Njhz;Ltjdhy;>

kz;izf;fye;J> fhw;Whl;lTk;> ePh; cl;GfTk; toptFf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vida jhtuf;fopTfis nky;Yk;

mq;fpfs; (kz;GOf;fs;) kz;g+r;rpfs; tpiuthf Nrjdg;nghUl;fs; kPs; Nghriztl;lj;jpDs; Gf

cjTfpd;wd. ePNuhilfspy; tho;fpd;w gpshe;jd; caphpdq;fSk;> kPdpdq;fSk; Nghrizfs;

kPs;Row;rpailtjpy; gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd.

Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;Ffs; (Invertebrate fauna)

kiof;fhLfspy; gue;j mstpyhd Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;F ,dq;fs; thOfpd;wd. ,it

ngUe;njhifahd g+r;rp ,dq;fshy; Msg;gLfpd;wd. g+r;rpapdq;fs;. rpf;fyhd fhl;bd; #ow;njhFjpapd;

epyTifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd> mNef ,dq;fSila th;zq;fSila

tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfSk;> fth;r;rpfukhd g+r;rpfSk; kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy tz;zhj;jpg+r;rp

,dq;fs; jiug;gilapYk;> fPo;kl;lj;jpYk; (FLk;gq;fs; Lycaenidae Ak; Hesperiidae) rQ;rhpf;f> Vidahd>

fPo;kl;lj;jpw;Fk;> tpjhdg;gilf;FkpilNa (FLk;gk; Papilionidae, Danaidae Nymphalidae) fhzg;gLfpd;wd

,yq;if kiof;fhLfspy; gue;j tPr;rpy;fs; rpye;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhl;rj kur;rpye;jp (Nephilamaculata) rhjhuzkhfj; jhtuq;fSf;fpilNa nghpa tiyfspy; fhzg;gLk;. mNj Ntisapy; nghpa

gwitfs; cz;Zk; rpye;jpfs; (Poecilotheria ornata) kug;nghe;Jfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhl;by; jiu

,we;j ,iyfs; %lg;gl ;Ls;sjhy; mJ ,uhl;rj kz;GOthd Megacolex coeruleus ,d;

thoplkhfTs;sJ. gy ,d jiu ej;ijfs; mq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhl;by; fhzg;gLk; ePNuhilfs; gy

,dq;fisf; nfhz;l ,iunfstpfshd Jk;gpfSf;Fk;> damselfilies. %l;Lg; G+r;rpfs;> tz;Lfs;

vd;gitfSf;Fk; thoplkhf mikfpd;wd.

Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffs; Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffs; (Vertebrate fauna)

<&lfthopfs; <&lfthopfs; <&lfthopfs; <&lfthopfs; <&lfthopfs; (Amphibians)

tiff;Fhpa kiof;fhl;L <&lfthopfs; kuj;jtisfs; vd miof;fg;gLk; (cg FLk;g Rhacophorinae,Genus- Philautus) jtisf;$l;l mq;fj;jpdh; cah;e;j tpjhdg;gil mlq;fpa kuq;fspy; thof;$bad.

,tw;wpy; jhtuq;fspy; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; Vwf;$bajhfTk;> mtw;iwg;gw;wp gpbf;ff;$bajhfTk;>

jhtf;$bajhfTk;> jkJ tpuy; Edpfspy; jl;Lf;fs;nfhz;l ePz;l mtaq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; mfd;w

ghjq;fisAk; (Webbed feet) nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Kl;ilfs; ePh; tho; <&lfthopfs; Nghyy;yhJ>

jiur;#oypNyNa tpUj;jpailfpd;wd. kuj;jtisfs;> kur;re;Jf;fspy;> ,iyr;rUFfspy; my;yJ

,iyfspy; fPo;GwNkw;gug;gpy; mtw;wpd; Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd. ,it Kl;ilfspDs; Neub

tpUj;jpf;Fl;gl;L> Ez;zpa mq;fpfshf ntsptUfpd;wd.

Ch;td Ch;td Ch;td Ch;td Ch;td (Reptiles)

tiff;Fhpa kutho; Ch;tdtw;Ws; Geckos> rpy gy;ypfs;> fhw;W tho; ghk;Gfs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. geckosfspy;> Ch;e ;J nry;Yk; ,dk; (gliding geckos) (Ptychozoon ,dk;) njw;fhrpahtpy; cs;s

37

3kiof;fhLfspy;. kuq;fspy; Ch;e;J tho;fpd;wd. ,J jdJ clypy; ,U gFjpfspYk;> fOj;Jg;

gpuNjrj;jpYk;> gue;j Njhiyf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rt;T nfhz;l iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; nfhz;L

xUkuj ;jpypUe ;J ,d;ndhUkuj ;jpw ;F jhTtjw;Fk ; > kpf Ntfkhfg ; ghaTk; $baJld;>

mtatpuy;fSf;fpilapy; $uhd nfhOf;fpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; jhtuq;fspd; Nkw;gug;ig

gw;wpg;gpbf;f$bajhfTs;sd> ,e;j CUk; gy;yp (Draco ,dk;) ,e;jpah> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYs;s

kiof;fhLfspy;> fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j ,dq;fspy; clypy; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk;. ePz;l tpyh vd;Gfspdhy;

Mjhukspf;fg;gl;l mfd;w Njhypdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l kbg;Gf;fs; (patagium) xUkuj;jpypUe;J

,d;NdhUkuj;jpw;F jht cjTfpd;wd. njw;F> njd;fpof;fhrpah kiof;fhLfspy; ,d;NdhU tOf;Fk;

Ch;tdthf> gwf;Fk; ghk;G (Chrysopelea spp) fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,dq;fs; cliy jl;ilapypUe;J

cl;Fopthf;fp kuq;fSf;fpilapy; Cuf;$bad.

gwitfs; gwitfs; gwitfs; gwitfs; gwitfs; (Birds)

kiof;fhl;bYs;s ghuk;ghpa> Muk;g fhl;Ltho; caphpdq;fshd mhpjhd gyth;z gwitfs;>

Gfo;tha;e;jitfshFk;. nghJthf ,yq;if kiof;fhLfspy; ,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j Magpie (Urocissa ornata),,yq;if Spurfowl (Galloperdix bicalcarata) Kjypad fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,dq;fisr; Nrh;j;J> $l;lkhf>

,iunfstpAz;zyhdJ kiof;fhl;Lg; gwitfSf;fpilapYs;s rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpd; cr;r

,iuNjLk; Mw;wy;> kiof;fhl;bd; gy;NtWgilfSf;fpilNa nray;gLj;jgLtJld;> ,aw;if vjphpfshd

,iunfstpfsplkpUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngwTk; cjTfpwJ. ,e;j Nrh;f;if ,df;$l;lj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fs;>

czT ,Uf;Fk;kplj;ij fz;lwpAk; NghJk; ,aw;if vjphpfisf; fhZk; NghJk; jkf;fpilNa

njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. xt;nthW $l;lKk; 4 njhlf;fk; 25 ,dq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;

12 njhlf;fk; 80 mq;fpfisf;nfhz;Ls;sd. ntt;NtW gwitapdq;fs; ntt;NtW gilfspd;

cz;zYf;Nfw;wjhfTk; ,iathf;fkile;Js;sd. tpjhdg;gilapy; cjhuzkhf Drogo czTNjLk; NghJ

jiug;gilapy;; Babbiers czT cl;nfhs;Sfpd;wd. mNefkhd gq;fhsp ,dq;fs;. ,iyfspy;> kuj;jz;by;

gl;ilfSf;FkpilNaAs;s ,ilntspfspYk;> thOfpd;w g+r;rpfis cl;nfhs;Sfpd;wd. Gs;sPl;lj;jpd;

cs;sf ,dq;fNs Nrh;f;iff; $l;lj;ij cUthf;FtJld;> jkJ vy;iyia flf;Fk; NghJ> re;jh;g;gtrkhf

jk;Kld; ,izAk; Nrh;f;if ,d Gs;sPl;lq;fisAk; topelj;Jfpd;wd.

KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; (Mammals)

kiof;fhl;bYs;s mNef KiyA+l;bapdq;fs; kutho;f;iff;F ed;F ,irthf;fk; mile;Js;sd. gy

gpiuNkw;wh ,dq;fs; cjhuzkhf kdpjf; Fuq;F> Fuq;Ffs;> Njthq;Ffs;> ntsthy;fs;> mzpy;fs;>

Macayues vd;gd kuq ;fspy ; fhzg;gLfpd ;wd. ,e ;j gpiuNkw ;Wf ;fs ; gw ;w pg ;g pbf ;fTk ; >

jhtuq;fSf;fpilapy; miraTk;> ePz;l Gaq;fisAk; tpuy;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. mzpy;fspy; gwf;Fk;

mzpYk; (Petauristra spp.) kuq;fSf;fpilNa jhtf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,J Kd; gpd ;

mtaq;fSf;fpilapy; kaph; nrwpe;j nkd; rt;T nfhz;l NjhiyAk;> kaph;nrwpe;j thiyAKilaJ.

,J jhTk; NghJ ePl;lg;gLtJld;> thy; jhq;fpAk; nfhs;fpwJ. kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpWj;ij

Nghd;w ,iunfstp tpyq;Ffs; $l kuq;fspy; ,yFthf Vwf;$ba Mw;wiyf;nfhz;Ls;sd.

kPd; kPd; kPd; kPd; kPd; (Fish)

gy ePUw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpahf;fp kiof;fhl;Lr; #ow;njhFjpapDlhfg; gha;fpd;wd. ,e;j ePNuhilfspy;

gy ,dq;fshd ed;dPh; kPd;fs;> mk;gpgpad;fs;> nkhy];fhf;fs;> ez;Lfs; vd;gdTz;L. ,e;j ePNuhilapd;

ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; ,q;Fs;s kPd;fs; tho;tjw;F ,irthf;fkile;Js;sd. cjhuzkhf gobies(Scyopteros ,dk;) ,dq;fSk;> fy;YwpQ;rpfSk; (stone suckers) (Garra spp.) tpiuthf xLk; ePhpYk;>

ghk;Gj;jiy kPd;fs;> (snake heads) (Channa spp.) nkJthfg; ghAk; ePhpYk;> NrWk; Nrjdg; nghUl;fs;

Njq;Fkplq;fspYk; thOfpd;wd.

kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wd.?kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wd.?kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wd.?kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wd.?kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vt;thW ghJfhf;fpd;wd.?

Xt;nthU kiof;fhl;L ,dq;fSf;Fk; jkf;nfdj; jdpj;Jtkhd ,irthf;fq;fisNah my;yJ

fhl;bYs;s Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J caph;jg;gp tho;tjw;fhd topfisf; nfhz;Nlh $h;g;gile;Js;sd.

MfNt xt;nthU tpyq;Fk; ,d;ndhU mq;fpf;F ,iuahfhky; jg;gp jk;ikg; ghJfhf;Fk; jpwidf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. rpy tpyq;Ffs; jdpj;Jtkhd epwq;fisf; nfhz;L jhtu ,dq;fs; Nghd;W

fhl;rpaspg;gjdhy;> ,iuf;nfstpfsplkpUe;J jk;ikg; ghJf;fhj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,J ngha;f;Nfhyk;

nfhs;sy; (Camauflage) vd miof;fg;gLk;.

38

mNef g+r;rp ,dq;fSk;> kuj;jtisfSk;> kutho;f;iff;Fhpa Ch;tdTk;> gr;ir th;zj;jpd; gy

Njhw;wq;fspy; kiof;fhLfspy; Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd. NtW rpy> jhtuq;fspd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; khjphp>

Njhw;wj;jpYk;> ele;j;ijapYk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,J (mDfuzk;) vd tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ. g+r;rpfs; xspj;jy;-

NjLjy; tpisahl;ilf; fhl;by;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf ePy oak ,iy tz;zhj;jpg; g+r;rp jdpj;Jtkhd fth;r;rpahd ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwapidf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ngha;f;Nfhyk; nfhs;StijAk; mDfuzk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,J Xa;thf

mkh;e;Js;s NghJ> jdJ jiyiaf; fPo;j;jho;j;jpf;nfhs;tjdhy; fha;e;j nrq;fgpy epw ,iynahd;W

rpwpa fpisapy; njhq;FtJ Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,ij xU ,iunfstp mZFk; NghJ jpUk;gp

fha;e;j ,iyNghd;W fPNo tpOfpd;wJ. mJntw;wpaspf;fhj jUzj;jpy; jd; gpufhrkhhd epwq;fs;

nfhz;l nrl;ilfis tphpj;J> ,iunfstpfisg; gaKWj;Jfpd;wJ.

ngha;f; Nfhyk; nfhs;sy; kWGwkhf> ,iunfstpfSf;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. rpye;jpfs; kiyg;ghk;Gfs;

re;Njfg;glhj tifapy;> kiwe;jpUg;gJld;. eOtpr;nrd;W tpyq;Ffis Mr;rhpakilar; nra;fpd;wd.

Vida tpyq;Ffs; jkJ tUifia KOf;fhl;bw;Fk; njhpag;gLj;j epwj;ijgad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

er;RnghUl;fisf; nfhz;l ,iuf;nfstpfshy; capuhgj;J Vw;glf;$ba re;jh;gq;fspy; jkJ gpufhrkhd

epwq;fis cgNahfpj;J> ,iuf;nfstpfis mg;ghy;epw;Fk;gb vr;rhpf;fpd;wd. mNkrd;fhLfspy;

thOfpd;w ghk;Gfspy; KUiff;fw;ghk;G> gpufhrkhd epwq;fshf> rptg;G> kQ;rs;> fWg;G> vd;gtw;iw

cilajhf> cyfpd; kpf mofhd ghk;ghf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,jd; caph; nfhy;ypahd eQ;R rpy

tpdhbfspy; nfhy;yf;$baJ. eQ;Rila (Arrow frog) mk;Gj;jtisAk;gpufhrkhd epwKila

Njhiyf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; ,j;Njhy;> cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; eQ;Rfs; kpftypikahd ,aw;if eQ;ir

cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j eQ;R cs;ehl;L kdpjuhy; Ntl;ilahlg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1: kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpr; nra;Jf;fhl;ly;.kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpr; nra;Jf;fhl;ly;.kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpr; nra;Jf;fhl;ly;.kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpr; nra;Jf;fhl;ly;.kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpr; nra;Jf;fhl;ly;.

,it fPo; vt;thW kiof;fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jk;ikg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa rpy

cjhuzq;fshFk;. cz;ikapy; vz;zpylq;fhjJk; khWgl;lJkhd ,irthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

tFg;ig 5 my;yJ 6 FOf;fshfg; gphpf;f xt;nthU FOitAk;> gy;NtW $l;l tpyq;Ffspy;

jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; Kiwfis MuhAk;gb $Wq;fs; Mf;fKs;s mwptpj;jy; nfhz;ljhf mtHfs;

Kd;itj;jy; ,Ug;gjw;fhf khztHfis MHt%l;Lq;fs; (cjhuzk; tpsk;gu ml;ilfs;>

tpisahl;Lf;fs; Nghd;wd)

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk;.fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk;.fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk;.fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk;.fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk;.

jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? FO ml;ltizia ,j;jiyaq;fj;jpy; jahhpj;J

tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjd; %ykhf kiof;fhl;L jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; ,irthf;fj;ijf; fw;f topf;fhl;Lf.


,iyntl;Lk; vWk;Gfs; madkz;lyf;fhl;bd; tptrhapfs; vdf; $w chpik nfhz;litfshFk;.

,it 100 mb caukhd kuq;fspy; Vwp> ,iyfisr; rpwpJ rpwpjhf ntl;Lfpd;wd. mtw;wpd;

cly; epiwiag;Nghd;W 50 klq;fhd ,iyj;Jz;Lfis jq;fs; ,y;yq;fSf;Ff;

nfhz;LtUfpd;wd. ,e;j ,iyj;Jz;Lfis epyf;fPo; $Lfspy; Gijf;fpd;wd. ,t;tpiyfspd; kPJ

gq;fR tsUfpd;wJ. vWk;Gfs; gq;fRf;fis czthff; nfhs;fpd;wd

Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiyf;fhLfspy; thOfpd;w kpfg;nghpa fhl;Lg;gpiwNkw;wh kdpjf;Fuq;fhFk;

(nfhhpy;yh) ,it Ml;rpahd Mzpd; topf;fhl;lYf;Fhpa r%ff; $l;L tho;f;ifAilad.

njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhl;bd; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Mrpahtpd; nghpa Vg;Gfs; (APC)Orangutan (Pango pygmaeus) Mgj;ij vjpHnfhz;Ls;sd.

nfhwpf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpd; (vyp) kpfg;nghpa mq;fj;jpduhd fgpnguh (Capybara) 75kg tiu

epiwAilaJ. mNkrd; gpuNjr kiof;fhLfspy;> Mw;wq;fiuapy; thOfpd;wd (njd; mNkhpf;fh)

eQ;Rila mk;Gj;jtisfspd; Njhy; cyfpNyNa kpff;$ba eQ;ir cUthf;Ffpd;wd. cs;ehl;L

kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLk; Nehf;fpw;fhf ,e;j eQ;ir mk;Gfspd; Edpapy; G+Rtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.

39

3SPOTLIGHT 3.1

Pus Wel (Entada pusaetha)

Lianas or woody climbers make up a significant proportion of thevegetation of Rainforests. They range from small vines that cling or claspto tree trunks to giant lianas that reach the treetops and hang down in midair between trees. Among several species encountered in Sri Lanka, PusWel (Entada pusaetha) is the largest and individuals with stems of 0.5 mdiameter are not uncommon. Pus Wel begin life as small self-supportingindividuals rooted in the ground and rely on other plants to reach the light-rich environment of the upper canopy. Like all lianas, it supports itself onother plants and uses relatively little energy for structural purposes.Instead, more resources are diverted to leaf production and shoot growth. Since it is rooted in soil throughout its life, noresources are extracted from supporting trees. Pus Wel plays an important role in forest dynamics. It suppresses thegrowth of some trees, allows forest regeneration and physically links trees together which, facilitates the movement ofarboreal animals from canopy to canopy . Pus Wel is commonly found near riverbanks and streams. Entada pusaetha isfound in abundance in the Sinharaja World Heritage Site.

mqiaje,a

jr®Id jkdka;r Ydl m%cdjka ie<lsh hq;= m%udKhla je,a úfYaI j,ska iukaÑ; fõ' jr®Id jkdka;rhl jDlaI l|ka u;ska by<g jr®Okh

jk b;d l=vd je,a úfYAI j, isg jkdka;r uOHfha mj;sk .ia w;r t,a,S jr®Okh jk fh`O je,a jr®. olajd mqΩ,a mrdihl je,a jr®.

fuys° ks¯laIKh l< yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r j, je,a úfYAI rdYshla yuqjk w;r mqiaje,a thska úfYAI ia:dkhl.kshs' fuu úYd,

je,a ógr 0'5 muK úYalïNhla iys; fõ' l=vd wjêfha° wdOdrhlska f;drj ke.S isák Ydl f,i mqia je,a mj;sk w;r jr®Okh jk úg

fjk;a Ydl j, wdOdrfhka wdf,dalj;a úhka ia:rh fj; .uka lrhs' fjk;a je,a jr®. fukau mqia je,ao ixOdrKh i|yd wvq Yla;shla jeh

lrkq ,nhs' ta fjkqjg m;% yd kj YdLd ksIamdokh i|yd jeä Yla;shla jeh lrkq ,nhs' mqia je,a tys Odrl Ydl j,ska lsis∫ fmdaIl øjHhka

,nd fkd.kakd w;r mfia mj;sk fmdaIH øjHh uq,a u.ska wjfYdaIKh lr .kq ,nhs' jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk .;sl;ajh flfrys mqiaje,a

b;d ;SrKd;aul ldr®hNdrhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' mqia je,a u.ska iuyr Ydl j, jr®Okh wvd, lrkq ,nk w;r jkdkaa;rh kej; jr®Okh ùu

i|yd wjia:dj ,nd fokq ,efí' tfiau rela jdiS i;a;aj úfYaI j,g úhka Ydl w;r ixprKh i|yd udOHhlao imhkq ,nhs' mqiaje,a .xÛd

bjqre yd †h myr wdY%s;j nyq,j yuqfõ'

ituQ;nrwpe;j Vwpfs;> kiof;fhl;bYs;s jhtuq;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. rpwpa

glhpfspypUe;J> kuj;jpypUe;J njhq;Fk; kuka Vwptiu fhl;bd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYs;s

fUjf; $ba mNdf ,dq;fSs; Puswel (Entada pusaetha) kpfg;nghpa VwpahFk; 05m tpl;lKk; nghJthdjy;y

Puswel rpwpa jd;idj;jhq;ff;$ba jdpadhf jiuapy; Muk;gpj;J. Vida jhtuq;fspy; Vwp> tpjhdg;gilia

milfpd;wd. Vida Vwpfs; Nghd;W NtW jhtuq;fis Mjhuj;jpw;fhf cgNahfpf;fpd;wd. rpwpjsT rf;jpia

mikg;G Nehf;fpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J mNef tsj;ij ,iy cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; Nthpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jd; tho;f;iff;fhyj;jpy; NtHfs; kz;zpDs; tsHfpd;wd. Mjhukspf;Fk; kuq;fspypUe;j

ve;jtpjkhd tsj;ijAk; cwpQ;Rtjpy;iy. Puswel fhl;bd; ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpagq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,J rpy

kuq;fspd; tsHr;rpia jLf;fpd;wJ. fhl;bd; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;F ,lkspg;gJld;> kuq;fis ,izj;J> tpjhdg;gil>

tpjhdg;gilAld; ,iztjhy; fhw;W tho; tpyq;FfSf;F cjTfpd;wJ. Puswel I Mw;Wg;gLf;if

ePNuhilfSf;fUfpy; nghJthff;fhzyhk;. Entado Entada pusaetha> rpq;fuh[htpy; ngUksT cz;L.

40

SPOTLIGHT 3.2

Rafflesia

The world’s largest flower Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) blooms in the rainforests ofSoutheast Asia, growing as a parasite of certain liana species. The Rafflesia flowermeasures up to about one metre in diameter. Being parasitic, the plant does not have rootsbut obtains nutrients from its host plant. The flower also has a unique scent of rotting meatthat attracts insects.

/*af,aishd YdlhmD:ßúfha mj;sk úYd,u mqIamh f,i ie,flk fhdaO /*af,aißhd ^Rafflesia arnoldii& Ydlho

.sksfldk †. wdishdkq l,dmfha jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j yuqfõ' fuu Ydlh tla;rd je,a úfYaIhla yd

mrfmdaIs f,i „j;a fõ' re*af,aIshd mqIamh ógrhl muK úIalïNhlska hqla; fõ' fuu Ydlh mrfmdaIs

„jk ú,dYhla fmkakqï lrk ksid uq,a fkdmj;sk w;r thg wjYH fmdaIl Odrl Ydlh u.ska ,nd

.kshs'

kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fs;

cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa g+thd wgPrpah Raffiesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) njd; fpof;fhrpa kiof;fhLfspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. xl;Lz;zpahf kukaNtwp ,dkhf cs;sJ. ,jd; g+ Miuf;Fhpa jpirapy; 1m tiu

tsUfpwJ. xl;Lz;zpahf tho;tjhy; ,jw;F Nth;fs; fhzg;glkhl;lhJ> Mdhy; ,J ,ize;Js;s tpUe;J

toq;fpapypUe;J jdf;Fj; Njitahd Nghriziag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ ,e;j g+ jdpj;Jtkhd thridahd

gOjile;j khkpr thridahy; g+r;rpfis fth;fpd;wd.

SPOTLIGHT 3.3

Blue Oakleaf Butterfly

The Blue Oakleaf butterfly (Kallima philarchus) is endemic to Sri Lanka and isnationally threatened. It can be sighted from lowlands to the higher hills, whereverthere is a heavy forest. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae and is relatively largein size. It is easily distinguishable from the other Kallima species found in theOriental Region due to its size and colour. The male is all blue and the female has ahint of white in the forewing band. The back of its wings is dull brown in colour. Itis subjected to seasonal dimorphism and is somewhat larger and paler in the dryseason, especially the female.

Its flight is fast and erratic and being a nymphalid, it has an affinity for sunlight.The Blue Oakleaf is very fond of rotting fruits and is most frequently seen during the fruiting season. The KnucklesForest range, Sinharaja and Kanneliya rainforest forest reserves are ideal locations to observe this beautiful butterfly.

Photograph: V. A. M. P. K. Samarawickrema

uy le<E fld<hduy le<E fld<hd iuk< úfYaIh cd;sl jYfhka ;r®ckhg ,laù we;s iuk< úfYaIhla fõ' my;rg isg l∫lrh olajd mj;ssk >k jkdka;r

wdY%s;j fuu úfYaIh jHdma;j we;' uy le<E fld<hd ksï*e,sfâ l=,hg wh;a jk idfmalaIj úYd, iuk< úfYaIhla fõ' Y¯r m%udKfhka yd

jr®Kfhka fuu úfYaIh wdishdkq l,dmfhka yuqjk fjk;a úfYaI j,ska fjkalr y≥kd .; yelsh' ms˙ñ iuk<hd iïmQr®Kfhka ks,a jr®Khla

.kakd w;r .eyekq iuk<hdf.a mshdm;a ;=< iq≥ meye;s ;Srhla mj;shs' fudjqkaf.a mshdm;a há m%foaYh w∫re ≥Uqre meyehla .kshs' tla tla

foaY.=K iD;=jg wkqj fudjqkaf.a Y¯r jr®Kh yd rEmdldrfha fjkialï we;s fõ' úh,s iD;=fõ yuqjk iuk<hka ^úfYaIfhkau .eyekq& idfmalaIj

úYd, fõ' mshdir ls u fõ.j;a yd iDcq jk w;r iQr®hdf,dalhg jeä leue;a;la olajhs' fuu iuk<hka l=Kqjk m<;=re hqI Wrdîug leue;a;la

olajk w;r jkdka;r j, m<;=re nyq, ld,fha° jeä jYfhka yuqfõ' kl,aia isxyrdch yd lkafk,sh fuu úfYaIh ks¯laIKhg iq≥iq ia:dk fõ'

ePy xf; ,iy tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rpePy xf; ,iy tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rpePy xf; ,iy tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rpePy xf; ,iy tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rpePy xf; ,iy tz;zj;jpg;G+r;rp

Oakleaf butterfly (Kallima philarchus) ,yq;iff;Fhpj;jhdJk; ,aw;ifahfNt Mgj;ij vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wJkhFk;.

jho; epyq;fspypUe;J caH kiyfs; tiu mlHe;j fhLfspy; fhzyhk;. ,J FLk;gk; Nymphalidae FLk;gj;ijr;NrHe;jJk;> mstpy; nghpaJkhFk;. ,jid Kallima ,dj;jpypUe;J> gUkd; > epwj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;.Mz; KO ePyepwj;jpYk; ngz; Kd; nrl;ilapy; nts;isg;gl;b nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. gpd; nrl;il nkd;fgpy

epwkhftpUf;Fk;. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Nfhyk; vd;gjw;fika ngz; cyHfhyq;fspy; nghpaJk;> ntspwpaJk; #hpa xsp

ehl;lKilajhfTkpUf;Fk;. ePy Xf; ,iy tz;zhj;jpg;G+r;rp mOfpa goq;fs; kPJ myhjpahd gphpak; nfhz;lJ.

goq;fhyq;fspd; NghJ rpq;fuh[h> nfd;ndypah kiof;fhLfspy; ,e;j mofhd tz;zhj;jpg;G+r;rpia

mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

41

4

Rainforests of the Worldf,`lfha jr®Id jkdka;r

cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs; 4

42

Rainforests of the World

A few thousand years ago, tropical rainforests covered as much as 12% of the land surface on earth,but today this extent has dwindled to less than 6%. Tropical rainforests occur between the latitudes

22.5° North and 22.5° South of the equator, between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. They arefound flanking the equator in South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania.

Like many other natural ecosystems on earth, tropical rainforests are becoming an increasingly scarceresource. The vast swathes of forest that carpeted the Earth’s land surface about five generations ago havenow been reduced to scattered fragments. Today, more than two-thirds of the world’s tropical rainforestsexist as fragmented remnants.

The larger rainforests are found in South America, Africa, Oceania (the islands around Australia), and Asia.The largest rainforests are in the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in WesternAfrica, and throughout much of Southeast Asia. Smaller rainforests are located in Central America,Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and other locations in the tropics.

South America

South America is home to the largest contiguous tropical rainforest in the world - the vast Amazonrainforest. The Amazon spreads across a large portion of South America, including Colombia, Ecuador,Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana. Over 40% of all the tropicalrainforests remaining in the world is in the Amazon. The Amazon forest covers the basin of the Amazon -the world’s second longest river. It is home to the greatest variety of plants and animals on Earth. Anastounding one fifth of all the world’s plants and birds and about one tenth of all mammal species are foundthere (See Spotlight 4.1).

Africa

In Africa, a belt of tropical rainforest spans the centre of the continent, running from Cameroon and Gabonalong the Atlantic coast to Kenya and Tanzania along the Indian Ocean. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). Someof the other countries with rainforests are, The Central African Republic, Congo, Zaire, and Madagascar.More than 80% of Africa’s rainforests are in Central Africa, and much of it is largely untouched. CentralAfrica also holds the world’s second largest area of rainforest. Relatively little is known about the region’shistory, and there are remarkably few excavated archaeological sites.

The rainforests of Central Africa are believed to originate from a number of small, isolated patches of forestcalled refugia that survived the dry African climate during the last Ice Age (Beazley and IUCN, 1990).These refugia, one of which was the highlands of eastern Zaire, are extremely old and support a wealth ofspecies. Twelve thousand years ago, when the climate became wetter, the refugia expanded and evolved asrainforests, re-colonizing the region. Today, Zaire is Africa’s richest country in terms of plants and animals,having more than 11,000 plant species, of which nearly one-third is endemic. With a grand total of 409species of mammals, it has almost 100 more than any other country on the continent. The forests of CentralAfrica are home to animals such as the Pygmy Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Okapis, and Forest Elephants. Thediscovery of the Suntailed Guenon (Cercopithecus solatus), a new species of primate in Gabon, and therediscovery of the eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in western Zaire, suggest that furtherexciting findings await discovery (Beazley and IUCN, 1990).

43

4Central America

The Central American region was once entirely covered with rainforests, but large areas have been clearedfor cattle ranching and sugar cane plantations. Like other major rainforests, the jungles of Central Americacontain many plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Central American rainforests are famedfor their large numbers of tropical birds, including different kinds of parrots. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,Honduras and Costa Rica are some of the Central American countries that are fortunate to possessrainforests.

Asia

The rainforests of Asia stretch from India, Sri Lanka and Burma in the west to Malaysia and the islands ofJava and Borneo in the east. Rainforests are also found in Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia,Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Brunei. In Southeast Asia the climate is hot and humid all year round whilst,mainland Asia has a subtropical climate with torrential monsoon rains followed by a drier period (SeeSpotlight 4.2). Refer Chapter 5 for details on Sri Lanka’s rainforests.

Teaching Strategy 4.1: Identifying the important rainforest areas

Locate on a globe and map the ‘tropical belt’ and important rainforest areas around it including Ameri-can rainforests, African rainforests, Australian rainforests and Asian rainforests.

Did You Know?

The tropics are the earth’s richest natural reserves. One fifth of all the birds and plants on Earthevolved in the Amazon Basin (Steinhart, 1984 in Rainforest Action Network).

Six to nine million indigenous people inhabited the Brazilian rainforest in 1500. It is estimated thatless than 200,000 were remaining in 1992 (Caufield, 1991).

It is estimated that 31 million hectares of rainforest are destroyed each year - that is an area largerthan Poland (Myers, 1992)

44

f,dalfha jr®Id jkdka;r

iyi% jr®I lsysmhlg tmsg w;S;fha mD:ßúfha iuia: N+ñfhka 12] m%udKhla jr®Id jkdka;r j,skawdjrKh ù mej;Sh;a wo th 6] wvq m%udKhla olajd my;g meñK we;' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rW;=re wlaIdxY 22'50 ;a yd ol=Kq wlaIdxY 22'50 ;a w;r lr®lgl yd ulr ksjr®;hka ;=, l=vd N=ñm%foaYhl jHdma;j we;' fuu jkdka;r ol=Kq weu˙ldj" wdishdj" wm%sldj yd Í◊hdj hk m%foaY

wdY%s;j ksjr®;k l,dmfha jHdma;j we;'

mD:ßúh u; mj;sk wfkl=;a iajNdúl m˙ir moaO;s fukau ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;ro l%ufhka ≥r®,N md˙i˙l iïm;la njg

m;afjñka we;' udkj mrïmrd lsysmhlg m%:u mD:ßúfha úYd, N+ñ m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrñka mej;=k ufyalaI jr®Id

jkdka;rhka jr®;udkfha úisreKq l=vd jkdka;r f,i mj;shs' wo mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska ;=fkka tll m%udKhla yqol,d

jkdka;r jYfhka mj;shs'

jr®Id jkdka;r úYd, m%udKhla ol=Kq weu˙ldj" wm%sldj" Í◊hdj ^íafÜ%,shdj wjg ¥m;a& wdishdfõ jHdma;j we;' ol=Kq

weu˙ldfõ weuika .xÛd fødaKsh wdY%s;j jr®Id jkdka;rh" wm%sldfõ fldxf.da .xÛd fødaKsh wdY%s; jr®Id jkdka;rh" .sksfldk

†. wdishdfõ jr®Id jkdka;r jr®;udkfha mj;sk úYd,;u jr®Id jkdka;r moaO;ska f,i y∫kajd †h yelsh' uOHu weu˙ldj"

uev.ialrh" bka†hdj" Y%S ,xldj" íafÜ%,shdj" yd fjk;a ksjr®;k m%foaYj, l=vd m%udKfha jr®Id jkdka;r jHdma;j we;'

ol=Kq weu˙ldj

mD:ßúfha mj;sk úYd,;u jr®Id jkdka;rh jk weuika jkdka;rh ol=Kq weu˙ldfõ msysgd we;' fldf,dïìhdj' blajfodarh"

fmare' fnd,súhd" n%is,h" fjksiqfj,dj" .hkdj" iq˙kdï iy m%xY .hkdj we;=<;aj ol=Kq weu˙ldfõ úYd, m%foaYhla wdjrKh

lrñka weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh mj;shs' jr®;udkfha mD;=úh u; mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska 40] la n%iS,shdkq jr®Id jkdka;r

j,g wh;a fõ' mD:Súfha mj;sk fojk oSr®>;u .x.dj fuu jr®Id jkdka;rh wdY%s;j msysgd we;' weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh

w;sYhska úúOdldr jQ i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI rdYshlg ksjyk ù we;' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r w;˙ka iqúfYaIs; fukau

iajNdj Or®ufha wmQr®j ryia w;suy;a ixLHdjla iÛjdf.k isák weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh ms<sn|j úfYaI úur®YKhla fuu

m˙Éf√ofha wjidkfha we; ^4'1 n,kak&'

uOHu weu˙ldj

w;S;fha° iïmQr®K uOHu weu˙ldkq m%foaYhu jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska iukaÑ;j mej;S we;' tfy;a jr®;udkfha° .j md,k ìï

yd Wla j.d ìï fya;=fjka jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska úYd, m%udKhla úkdY ù we;' fjk;a jr®Id jkdka;r fukau uOHu weu˙ldkq

jr®Id jkdka;r j, thgu wdfõksl jQ Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI w;s uy;a ixLHdjla jdih lrhs' uOHu weu˙ldkq jr®Id

jkdka;r ksjr®;k l,dmSh mlaIs úfYaI i|yd m%isoaO ia:dkhla jk w;r úfYaIfhkau .srjqka úfYaI i|yd fuu m%foaYh jeo.;a

fõ' fulaisfldaj" kslr.=jd" mekud" fydkavqrdia iy fldiag˙ld hk rgj,a fuu l,dmfha mj;sk ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r

mj;sk m%foaY fõ'

wm%sldj

wm%sldfõ ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ;Srh tys uOH m%foaYfha isg leureka yd .efndka yryd w;a,dka;sla fjr< ;Srh olajdo"

flkahdj yd gekaidkshdj isg bka†hka id.r fjr< ;Srh olajdo jHdma;j we;' óg wu;rj uOHu wm%sldkq ckrch" fldkaf.daj"

ihfr® iy uev.ialr® hk rgj, ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r yuqfõ' wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska 80] muK

m%udKhla uOHu wm%sldkq ckrchg wh;a jk w;r fuhska jeä m%udKhla ñksidf.a n,mEfuka wE;aj mj;shs' tfiau f,dalfha

mj;sk fojk úYd,;u jr®Id jkdka;rho uOHu wm%sldkq ckrchg wh;a fõ' fuu m%foaYfha b;sydih ms<sn|j mj;skafka b;d

w,am ±kqï m%udKhla jk w;r b;d wvq mqrd úoHd;aul lekSï m%udKhla is≥lr we;'

wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha jr®;udkfha mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r" wjidk whsia hq.fha° wm%sldjg uqyqK °ug is≥jQ úh<s foaY.=K

;;a;ajfhka miqj b;s˙jQ l=vd ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaY j,ska iïNjh ù we;s nj úYajdi flfr®' fuu jkdka;r j,ska

tlla f,i ie<flk kef.kyssr ihfr® Wiaaìï j, ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdkaa;r w;sYhska fm!rdKsl jkdka;r j,ska iukaÑ; jk

w;r wèl ffcj úúO;ajhlao mj;shs' óg jir 12000 muK fmr fuys foaY.=K ;;;ajh kej; f;;a iajNdjhg meñfKk

úg ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;ro kej; m%foaYh mqrd jHdma; úh' ihfr® rdcHh wm%sldkq rgj,a w;ßka ffcj úúO;ajh wêlu rg

45

4jk w;r Ydl úfYaI 11000 muK fuu jkdka;r wdY%s;j mj;sk w;r thska 1$3 m%udKhla fuu rgg wdfõksl fõ' ihfr®

rdcHfha jdih lrk 409 la jk laIsrmdhS úfYaI w;˙ka úfYaI 100 la wdfõksl fõ' uOHu wm%sldj l=re ÑïmkaÑ" f.d˙,a,d"

Tldmsia" le,E wm%sldkq w,shd wd° i;a;aj úfYaI j, jdiN+ñh fõ' .efndka m%foaYfhka fidhd.;a m%hsfïgdjl= jk ikafghs,aâ

.=hsfkdka ^Cercopithecus solatus& kj i;a;aj úfYaIhla jk w;r" ngysr ihfr® m%foaYfhka kef.kysr my;a ìï jdiS

f.da˙,a,d Wm úfYaIh ^Gorillas gorilla graueri& kej; fidhd.ekSu u.ska fuu jkdka;r wdY%S;j y∫kd fkd.;a „ù úfYaI

rdYshla jdih lrk njg úYajdi lrhs'

wdishdj

wdishdfõ ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ngys˙ka Y%s ,xldj" bka†hdj" yd ñhkaudrh olajdo kef.kys˙ka uef,aishdj" cdjd yd

fndar®ksfhda ¥m;a olajdo jHdma;j we;' tfiau .sksfldk †. wdishdkq rgj,a jk ldïfndach" ,d´ia" ;dhs,ka;h" úhÜkduh yd

nDDkhs rgj,o ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r yuqfõ' .sksfldk †. wdishdkq l,dmfha jir mqrdu WKqiqï" f;;a ld,.=Khla mj;sk

w;r wdishdkq uOH l,dmfha" w;rueo mj;sk fudaiï jr®Id foaY.=K ;;a;ajhka iys; Wm ksjr®;k foaY.=Khla mj;shs'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 4'1( jeo.;a jr®Id jkdka;r y∫kd .ekSu

mD:ßú is;shula u.ska ksjr®;k l,dmh yd tys mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaYhka y∫kd .kak' ^weu˙ldkq jr®Id jkdka;r"

wm%sldkq jr®Id jkdka;r" wdishdkq jr®Id jkdka;r&

Tn ≤k isáhdo@

mD:ßúfha mj;sk jvd;au jákd iajdNdúl ffcj iïm;a ksjr®;k m%foaYfha yuqfõ' mD:ßúfha ±kg jdih lrk mlaIs

úfYaI yd Ydl úfYaI j,ska 1$5 m%udKhla weuika jkdka;rfha yuqfõ'

1500 jr®Ifha° n%iS,shdkq jr®Id jkdka;r j, mdrïm˙l jdiSka ñ,shk 6'9 olajd m%udKhla „j;a jQ w;r 1992 jr®Ifha°

tu ixLHdj 200"000 olajd wvq ù we;'

jr®Ihl° jr®Id jkdka;r fylaghdr ñ,shk 31 m%udKhla úkdY lrkq ,nhs' fuu N+ñ m%udKh fm`,ka;hg jvd úYd,

m%udKhla h'

46

cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs;

rpy Mapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G g+kpapd; epyg;gug;gpd; 12 rj tPjj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l gFjp mad kz;ly

kiof;fhLfshy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;epyg;gug;ghdJ> 6% ,w;F Fiwe;Js;sJ.

kiof;fhLfshdJ flff;Nfhl;bw;Fk; kfuf;Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; Gtpapy; kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F tlf;Nf

22.50 mfyhq;fpw;Fk; njw;Nf 22.50 mfyj;jpw;F ,ilapy; rpwpa epyg;gug;ghf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,it Gtpapd; kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F ,U Gwq;fshd njd; mnkhpf;fh> Mrpah> Mgphpf;fh>kw;Wk; x\hdpah

Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. (cU: 1I ghh;f;f: cyfpd; madkz;ly fhLfspd; guk;gy;)

gy;NtW ,aw;if #ow;njhFjpfisg; Nghd;W> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSk; gw;whf;Fiwahd tskhf

mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;wd. Vwj;jho 5 re;jjpf;F Kd;G g+kpapd; epy Nkw;gug;ig %bapUe;j mad kz;ly

kiof;fhLfs; ,d;W rpwpa tdj;Jz;Lfshf Fiwf;;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;W cyfpd; 2/3 gFjpf;F mjpfkhd

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; mtw;wpd; vQ;rpa tdj;Jz;LfshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kiof;fhLfspy;

nghpa msT gug;ghdJ njd; mnkhpf;fh> Mgphpf;fh Mrpah >x\hdpah> (mT];jpNuypahit Rw;wpAs;s

jPTfs;) mNkrd; ejpg;gLf;if> Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; nfhq;Nfh ejpg;gLf;if> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd;

mNefkhd ,lq;fspYk; cs;sd. rpwpa kiof;fhLfs;>kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh> klf];fhh;> ,e;jpah. ,yq;if>

mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w gFjpfspYk; mad kz;lyj;jpd; NtWgFjpfspYk; cs;sd.

njd; mnkhpf;fhnjd; mnkhpf;fhnjd; mnkhpf;fhnjd; mnkhpf;fhnjd; mnkhpf;fh

;mNkrd; kiof;fhL - cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa njhlh;r;rpahd madkz;ly kiof;fhLfisf; nfhz;l ehL

njd; mnkhpf;fhthFk;. mNkrd; kiof;fhlhdJ nfhyk;gpah> <f;FNtlh;. ngU> nghyptpah. gpNurpy;>

ntdpRNtyh> fahdh> #hpdk;> gpuhd;rpa]; Fahdh Nghd;w ehLfis cs;slf;fpajhf njd;

mnkhpf;fhtpd; nghpanjhU gFjpapd; FWf;fhfg; gue;Js;sJ. Vwj;jho cyfpy; vQ;rpAs;s 40% khd

midj;J mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSk; gpNurpypy; cs;s mNkrdpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cyfpd;

,uz;lhtJ ePskhd mNkrd; fhLfs; ejpg;gLf;ifia %bAs;sd. mNkrd; fhLfs; g+kpapd; NgusT

jhtutpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fspd; ciwAshf cs;sJ. cyfpd; 1/5 jhtu> gwitapdq;fSld; Vwj;jho 1/10 ghYl;b ,dq;fSk; gpukpf ;Fk; tifapy; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpaf;fitf;Fk;

kiof;fhl;ilg;gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F mNkrd; kiof;fhl;ilg;gw;wpa Fwpg;igg;ghh;f;f.

kj;jpa mnkhpf;fhkj;jpa mnkhpf;fhkj;jpa mnkhpf;fhkj;jpa mnkhpf;fhkj;jpa mnkhpf;fh

Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa mnkhpf;f gpuNjrkhdJ> KOikahf kiof;fhLfshy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Mdhy; ngUk;gug;gpyhd tpyq;Fg;gz;izfs; fUk;G gaph;r;nra;if vd;gtw;wpw;fhf Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ. Vida kiof;fhLfisg; Nghd;W gy jhtuq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; nfhz;l

caph;gy;tifik nrwpe;j fhlhfNt ,f;fhLfs; mike;Js;sd. mad kz;ly gwitfSf;Fg; gpurpj;jp

ngw;w fhlhfj; jpfo;tJld; gy;NtW tifahd fpspfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nkf;rpNfh> epf;uFth> gdhkh

nfhd;^u];> nfh];lhhpf;fh Mfpa rpy kj;jpa mnkhpf;f ehLfs; ,k;kiof; fhLfis jk;trk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; ngUikia ngw;Ws;sd.

Mgphpf;fhMgphpf;fhMgphpf;fhMgphpf;fhMgphpf;fh

Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhl;bd; guk;gyhdJ fz;lj;jpd; kj;jpa gFjpAld; gug;gpAs;sJld; fkNuhdpy;

(Camaron) ,Ue;Jk; fNghdpy; ,Ue;Jk; mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiuNahu topahf nfd;dpah (Kenya)>lhd;rhdpahtpw;Fk; (Tanzania)> ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; topahf ePz;Ls;sJ. kj;jpa Mgphpf;f FbauR

nfhq;Nfh> irNuh> klf];fhh;> Mfpa gFjpfspYk; kiof;fhLfisf; nfhd;Ls;sd. Mgphpf;fh

kioNahuf;fhLfspd; 80% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhdit kj;jpa Mgphpf;fhtpy; fhzg;gLtJld;> kdpj rQ;rhuk;

mw;witahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J njhlh;ghd tuyhW Fiwe;jsNt mwpag;gl;Ls;sJld;

mfoha;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l Guhjdg; gFjpfs; Fwpg;gplf;$ba mstpy; mhpjhfNt cs;sJ.

,k;kj;jpa Mgphpf;ff; fhLfs; fle;j Gtpapd; gdptsh;j;j fhyg;gFjpfspy; cyh; Mgphpf;ff; fhyepiyapy;

epiyj;jpUe;jit. rpwpa vz;zpf;ifahd jdpg;gLj;jgl;l fhl;Lg;gFjpfshd hpgA [pah tpy; ,Ue;J

cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; hpgA+[pah fpof;F rhNuAk; (Zair) cah; epyq;fspy; xd;whdjhfTk; kpfTk;

goikahdjhfTk; fhzg;gLtNjhL jhtu ,dq;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;Fk; MjhukhfTk; cs;sJ 1200

tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G fhyepiy mjdpYk; Kd;dhd fhyj;ij tpl <ukile;j NghJ kiof;fhLfs;

47

4tphptile;J mg;gpuNjrj;ij kPs; fhlhf;fpAs;sJ. ,d;W Zair Mghpf;fhtpd; jhtu> tpyq;Ffisf;

nfhz;Ls;s nry;thf;fhd ehlhFk; ,J 11000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l jhtu ,dq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;

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ehLfistpl ,q;F mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa Mgphpf;fhtpd; fhlhdJ pygmy rpk;gd;rpfs;>

nfhhpy;yh> xf;fgP]; fhl;Lahidfs; Mfpatw;wpd; ciwtplkhf cs;sJ. suntailed guenon, Gjpa

Mjpahd Gabon ,dq;fs;> kPs;fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl; ,lkhfTk;> fpof;F jho;epy nfhhpy;yhf;fSf;F Nkw;F

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tplaq;fs; ,q;Fs;sjw;fhd mDkhdq;fs; fpilj;Js;sJ.

MrpahMrpahMrpahMrpahMrpah

Mrpahtpy; cs;s kiof;fhLfshdJ> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;if> gh;kh> Nkw;fpy; kNyrpah> fpof;fpy;

ahth jPTfs; NghdpNah tiu tpahgpj;Js;sJ. ,f;fhLfs; njd; fpof;fhrpa ehLfshd fk;Nghbah>

yhNth]; jha;yhe;J> tpal;dhk;> G&id> Mfpa ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. njd; fpof;fhrpahtpd;

fhyepiyahdJ tUlk; KOtJk; ntg;gkhfTk;> <ug;gjd; cs;sjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. mNjNtisapy;

Mrpahtpd; epyg;gFjpapy; cyh;fhyg;gFjpapidj; njhlh;e;J kpf mjpfkhd gUtf;fhw;Wld; $ba

kiotPo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;l mad kz;ly fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;

13667 jPTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;NjhNdrpah Archipelago MdJ g+kpapy; caphpay; hPjpahf

ngWkjptha;e;j ,lq;fshFk;. cyfpd;10 rjtPjkhd kiof;fhLfSk; Mrpahtpd; 40% ,w;F Nkyjpfkhd

kiof;fhLfSk; ,q;NfNa fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.

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gwitapdq;fisAk; (cyfpd; nkhj;j gwitapdq;fSs; 17% Mdit) 7000 kPdpq;fisAk;1000

,&lfthop> Ch;td ,dq;fisAk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Ks;se;jz;bypfisAk; 10000 kutpdq;fs;

cs;shd 20000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l jhtu ,dq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Gtpapay; hPjpahf Rl;bf;fhl;Lkplj;J

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; fhLfs; tptrhaj;jpw;Fk;> NtW NjitfSf;Fk; khw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;w NghJ ,J

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kiof;fhl;Lg; gug;Gf;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhL> Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhLfs;

Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;.


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6-9 kpy;ypad; cs;ehl;L kf;fs; gpNurpy; kiof;fhLfis thoplkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. 1992 ,d;

kjpg;gPl;bd;gb 200> 000 ,Ue;jhHfs;.

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mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

48

SPOTLIGHT 4.1

The Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest - the world’s largest rainforest, is also one of the most biologicallydiverse natural ecosystems on our planet. It has been described as the “Lungs of the Planet”because it provides the essential environmental service of continuously recycling carbondioxide into oxygen. It is estimated that over 20% of earth’s oxygen is produced in this area.(Beazley and IUCN, 1990)

The Amazon rainforest covers over 1.2 billion acres representing two-fifths of the SouthAmerican continent and is spread over nine countries, Brazil, Columbia, Peru,Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana. With 2.5 millionsquare miles of forest, the Amazon Rainforest represents over 40% of the totalrainforests left on the planet.

At the heart of this region lies the huge Amazon River, the second longest river in theworld. The Amazon River flows through the centre of the rainforest and is fed by at least1,000 tributaries, seventeen of which are over 1,000 miles long. The Amazon is by far thelargest river system in the world and over two-thirds of all the fresh water found on earth isin the Amazon basin’s rivers, streams and tributaries. The Amazon Basin was formed inthe Paleozoic period - between 500 and 200 million years ago.

The Amazon River carries massive amounts of silt from run-off from the rainforest floor.The large amounts of silt deposited at the mouth of the Amazon River have created the largest river island in the world,Marajo Island, which is roughly the size of Switzerland. In such a fresh water system, it is only to be expected that lifebeneath the water is as abundant and diverse as the plant and animal species in the surrounding rainforests. The Amazonis estimated to contain 2000 species of fish, ten times the number in European rivers, as well as numerous reptiles andmammals including the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inuunguis), the Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus), theGiant Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) and the Pink River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) or Boto. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990)

Biodiversity

The plant diversity in the Amazon Rainforest is the highest on earth. Scientists claim that one hectare (2.47 acres) in theAmazon forest may contain over 750 types of trees and 1500 species of higher plants. It is estimated that one hectare ofthe Amazon Rainforest contains about 900 tons of living plants. Altogether, it has the largest collection of living plantsand animal species in the world. The Andean mountain range and the Amazon Rainforest are home to more than half ofthe world’s species of flora and fauna. One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. Todate, some 438,000 species of plants of economic and social value have been registered in the region and many more areyet to be catalogued or even discovered.

Once a vast, pristine tract of tropical forest, the Amazon today is scarred by roads, farms, ranches and dams. Already,more than 20 % of the rainforests in the Amazon has been destroyed. This ocean of green - the largest rainforest on ourplanet, is being decimated like the others before it. Like many other rainforests already lost, the land is being cleared forlogging timber, large-scale cattle ranching, mining operations, road building, hydroelectric schemes, and for subsistenceagriculture by peasants and landless settlers.

weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh

mD:ßúh u; mj;sk úYd,u jr®Id jkdka;rh f,i i,lkq ,nk weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh ffcj úúO;ajh wêlu ia:dkhla f,io jeo.;a fõ'

weuika jr®Id jkdka;rh" “mD:úfha y˙; fmkyΩ” hk wkajr®: kdufhkao y∫kajkq ,nk w;r" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj Tlaiscka jdhqj njg

m˙jr®;kh ls¯fï úfYaIs; md˙i˙l ldr®hh i|yd odhl ùu fuhg fya;=j fõ' mD:ßúfha ksIamdokh jk Tlaiscka j,ska 20] m%udKhla i|yd

weuika ksjr®;k jkdka;rh odhl jk nj ;lafiare lr we;'

wlalr ì,shk 1'2 m%foaYhl me;sr mj;sk weuika jkdka;rh ol=Kq weu˙ld uyoaùmfha uqΩ ìï m%udKfhka 2$5 m%udKhla wdjrKh lrñka

mj;shs' fuu jkdka;rh n%iS,h" fldf,dïìhdj' blajfodarh" fmare' fnd,súhdj" fjksiqfj,dj" .hkdj" iq˙kdï iy m%xY .hkdj hk rgj,a

wdY%s;j jHdma;j we;' fuu jkdka;rh mD:ßúfha mj;sk uqΩ jr®Id jkdka;r m%udKfhka 50] ksfhdackh lrk w;r th jr®. ie;mqï ñ,shk 2'5

l m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrñka mj;shs'

weuika jkdka;rfha yoj; n∫ uOH m%foaYfha mD:ßúh u; mj;sk .xÛd j,ska fojk °r®>;u .xÛdj f,i ie,flk weuika .xÛdj msysgd we;'

weuika jkdka;rh uOH m%foaYfha msysgd we;s fuu .xÛdj wvq ;rñka m˙jdr .xÛd 1000 muK iukaú; jk w;r fuhska .xÛd 17la lsf,da ógr

1000 jvd †. m%udKhlska hqla; fõ' f,dalfha mj;sk úYd,;u .xÛd moaO;sh jk fuys mD:ßúfha mj;sk uqΩ ñ˙†h m%udKfhka 2$3 m%udKhla /°

mj;shs' weuika .xÛd fødaKsh óg jir ñ,shk 500 ;a ñ,shk 200 ;a w;r me,sfhdfidhsla hq.fha° iïNjh ,nd we;s nj fidhdf.k we;'

Source : www.unep.wcmc.org

AmazonRainforest

49

4

weuika .xÛdj u.ska" th fmdaIKh lrkq ,nk jr®Id jkdka;r ;=<ska tl;= lr .kakd ,o uv wxY+ka ±jeka; m%udKhla my,g f.k tkq ,nhs'

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ffcj úúO;ajhjla mej;sh yels nj úYajdi lrkq ,efí' weuika .x.dj wdY%s;j u;aiHh úfYaI 2000 muK yuqjk w;r th hqfrdamfha ishΩ

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lrhs'

ffcj úúO;ajh

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iudchShj jeo.;a jk Ydl úfYaI 438"000 m%udKhla fuu jkdka;rfhka fidhdf.k we;s w;r" ksrka;rfhka kj úfYaI fidhd .ksñka mj;shs'

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2

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Mw;Wj;jPtpid cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J kuhN[h jPT vdg;gLk; ,e;j ed; ePh;njhFjpapy; mjidr; #oTs;s

kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;gLk; jhtutpdq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;; Nghd;w ePUf;F mbapYk; caphpdq;fs;

mjpfsthfTk; gy;tifikAilatdthfTk; fhzg;gLtJ mjprakhdnjhd;wy;y. mNkrd; ejpapy; 2000 tifahd

kPd; ,dq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J INuhg;gpa MWfspy; fhzg;gLtijtpl gj;J klq;F

mjpfkhdjhFk;. mNjNghd;W ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd cdh;tdtw;iwAk; Amazonion Manatee (Trichechus inuunguis)fz;zhb mzpe;j ifkd; (Caiman crocodilus) nghpa anconda (Eunectes murinus) nkd; rpfg;G Mw;W nlhy;gpd;

(Inia geoffrensis) my;yJ boto Nghd;w ghYl;bfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sjhfTk; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (Beazley andIUCN, 1990).

caph;g; gy;tifikcaph;g; gy;tifikcaph;g; gy;tifikcaph;g; gy;tifikcaph;g; gy;tifik

Gtpapay; mjpAah;e;j jhtu gy;tifikia mNkrd; kiof;fhLfs; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. ,f;fhl;by; xUnff;lah;

(2.47 vf;fh ;)MdJ 750 tifahd kuq;fisAk; 1500 tifahd cah; tiff; jhtuq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;f$Lnkd chpik rhw;Wfpd;wdh;. mNkrd; kiof;fhl;by; xU n`f;lauhdJ Vwj;jhs 900 njhd;fs;

jpzpTila caph;j;jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,itahtw;iwAk; tpl cyfpd; mjp$ba

Continued from SPOTLIGHT 4.1

50

vz;zpf;ifahd jhtuq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; ,f;fhNl nfhz;Ls;sJ. Andean kiyj;njhlUk; mNkrd;

fhLfSk; cyfpd; miuklq;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhd jhtutpdq;fspw;Fk; ciwAshf cs;sJ. cyfpy; Ie;jpy; xU

gFjpahd gwitfs; mNkrd; fhl;bNyNa tho;fpd;wd. ,w;iwf;F 438000 nghUshjhu> r%f kUj;Jt

Kf;fpaj;JtKila jhtu ,dq;fs; ,d;Wtiu gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd ,d;Dk; gy ,dq;fs; ,d;Wk;

Ma;Tf;Fl;;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

xU fhyj;jpy; gpukhz;lkhd kiof;fhLfspd; %yr;Rtlhd mNkrdhdJ ,d;W tPjpfs; gz;izfs;> tpyq;F

rpidg;gLj;Jk; gz;izfs;> ePh;j;Njf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit mikf;fg;gLtjhy; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.

,d;W mNkrdpy; cs;s 20% ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kiof;fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,g;gRik rKj;jpukhdJ

Kd;gpUe;j Vida fhLfisg; Nghy ngUksT moptile;J tUfpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt mope;j Vida

kiof;fhLfisg; Nghy; ,e; epyKk; ntl;Lkuk;. gz;iz mikj;jy;> epy mfo;T. tPjpaikj;jy;> ePh;kpd;

cw;gj;jp> tptrha eltbf;if. FbNaw;wj;ij jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;why; Rj;jpfhpf;fg; gl;LtUfpd;wJ.

SPOTLIGHT 4.2

Rainforests in Indonesia

The Indonesian archipelago with its 13,667 islands is one of the most biologically valuable places on earth. Nearly 10%of the world’s rainforests and almost 40% of all the rainforests in Asia are found here. Indonesia covers only 1.3% of theworld’s land surface, but it is one of the richest areas of endemism and species diversity. The archipelago boasts of morethan 500 mammal species (nearly 200 of which are endemic), 1,500 bird species (17% of the world’s total avifauna),7,000 species of fish, 1,000 species of reptiles and amphibians, tens of thousands of invertebrates and more than 20,000plant species, including more than 10,000 tree species (Beazley and IUCN, 1990).

Despite its global significance, Indonesia is second only to Brazil in the tragic race to convert its forests to agriculturaland other uses. The annual rate of deforestation, from 1985-1997, was estimated at 1.7 million hectares. Nonetheless,extensive rain forests still survive on all the large islands, except Java. The threats faced by Indonesian rainforests arelogging, shifting cultivation and government sponsored development of tree plantations and the transmigrationprogramme (Beazley and IUCN, 1990).

bka≥kSishdfõ jr®Id jkdka;r

mD:ßúh u; mj;sk ffcj úúO;ajh jvd;a wêl ia:dkhla f,i bka≥kSishdjg wh;a ¥m;a 13"867 ye¢kaúh yelsh' mD:ßúfha b;s˙ ù we;s jr®Id

jkdka;r j,ska 10] muK m%udKhla bka≥ksishdjg wh;a fõ' bka≥kSishdj mD:ßúfha uqΩ f.dvìï m%udKfhka 1'3] l m%udKhla wdjrKh lrñka

mej;sh;a wdfõksl;ajh yd úfYAI úúO;ajh wêlu ia:dkhla f,i y∫kajd †h yelsh' fuu jkdka;r ;=< laIsrmdhska úfYaI 500 la ^wdikak

jYfhka úfYaI 200 muK wdfõKsl fõ&" mlaIs úfYaI 1"500 ^mD:ßúfha iïmQr®K mlaIs úfYaI w;ßka 17] m%udKhla&" u;aiHhka úfYaI 7"00

WrÛhka yd WNh „úka úfYaI 1000 yd" oi oyia ixLHd; wmDIaGjxYs úfYaIhka iy jDlaI úfYaaI 10"000 we;=<;aj Ydl úfYaI 20"000 muK

m%udKhla fuu jkdka;r j,ska yuqfõ'

bka≥kSishdkq jr®Id jkdka;r lDIsldr®ñl yd wfkl=;a fya;+ka u; úkdY ùu fojeks jkafka n%iS,shdkq jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ù hdfï fõ.hg

muKla fõ' bka≥kSishdkq l,dmfha jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ù hdfï fõ.h jr®Ihlg jr®. lsf,daógr 7"000 f,i ^jr®. ie;mqï 2700& ;lafiare

lr we;' ±j ,nd .ekSu i|yd jkdka;r úkdY ls¯u" fyaka f.dú;eka" rcfha wkq.%yh u; is≥lrk ±j Ydl j.d jHdmD;s yd ck;dj m†xÑ

lrùfï jevigyka bka≥kSishdkq jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYhg n,md we;s m%Odk ;r®ckhla fõ'

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; (archipelago) rpW jPTfshd 13667 jPTfs; cyfpd; caphpaypy; kpfg;ngWkjpkpf;f (caphpaypy;)

,lq;fshFk;. cyfpy; 10 rjtPjkhd kiof;fhLfSk; 40 rjtPjkhf Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfSk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; 1.3 rjtPjkhd cyfpd; jiuNkw;gug;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; cs;ehl;Lf;FhpaJk;>

,dg;gy;tifikAk; nrwpe;j gug;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 500 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l KiyA+l;b ,dq;fSk; (Vwj;jhs 200

cs;ehl;Lf;Fhpad) 15000 gwit ,dq;fSk; (cyf gwitfspd; njhifapd; 17%) 7000 kPdpdq;fSk;> 1000

,dq;fshd CHtdTk; <Ulf thOkpfSk; cs. 1 kpy;ypad; Ks;se;jz;LfspSk;> 20000 jhtu ,dq;fSk; 10000

ku ,dq;fSk; mlq;fyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (Beazkey & IUCN 1990)

gpNurpYf;F mLj;jjhf> ,e;NjhNdrpah ,uz;lhtJ ehlhff;fhLfis tptrhaj;jpw;Fk;> NtW NjitfSf;Fk;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Muha;r;rpapd; gb 1985-1997 fhyg;gFjpapy; fhlopj;jy; tPjk; 1.7 kpy;ypad; n`f;NlauhFk;.

[hth itj;jtpu vy;yh nghpa jPTfspYk;> gue;j msT kiof;fhLfs; cz;L. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; kiof;fhLfs;

tptrhaj;jpw;F khWgl;lhYk; murhq;fk; kuehl;Lif tpUj;jpiaAk;> FWf;fhd ,lg;ngaHr;rp jpl;lj;ijAk;

xOq;FgLj;jpAs;sJ (Beazkey & IUCN 1990).


51

Plants and Animals of the Rainforests

Stemonoporos kanneliyensis An endemic plant found in theKanneliya Forest Reserve fydr l=,hg wh;a fuu uekafodar Ydl úfYaIh

lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg wdfõ◊l fõ' nfd;ndypa kiof;fhl;bYs;s

cs;ehl;Lf;Fhpa jhtuk;

Photograph: Sarath Ekanayake

Kekiriwara - a plant of the genus Schumacheria - One of the fewgenera of plants restricted to Sri Lanka lels˙jrd ,yq;iff;Fhpa

,dtifj;jhtuq;fspy; xd;W.


Pagiantha dichotoma - An understory tree †úl≥re fPo;g;gil kuk;

Photograph: Naalin Perera

Memecylon spp. fldr ly úfYaIhla nkkprpNyhd; ,dk;

Photograph: Dilup Chandranimal

Nepenthes distillatoria nd∫rd neg;ge;j]; ,dk; nfhz;bj; jhtuk;

Photograph: Charmalee Jayasinghe

Rainforest tree with epiphytes wms Ydl iys; jr®Id jkdka;r Ydlhla

Nknyhl;bnfhz;l kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtukhFk;


52

Plants and Animals of the Rainforest

Giant wood spider (Nephila maculata) fh`O .ia ul=Ωjd

nghpa kur;rpye;jp


Camouflaged bark Moth .ia l|l jr®Kh iys; i<U úfYaIhla

kug;gl;ilapYs;s ngha;f;Nfhy mj;Jg;G+r;rp


Rainforest mollusc (Acavus spp.) with a green algal growth on itsshell jr®Id jkdka;rjdiS fud¨iald úfYaIhla kiyf;fhl;L ej;ij.

gr;ir my;fhtpd; tsHr;rpia Xl;bd; Nky;nfhz;l kiofhl;L

nkhy];fh


A bee hive found in Sinharaja isxyrdc jkdka;rfha ° yuqjQ ó johla

rpq;fuh[f;fhl;by; fhzg;gl;l Njd;$L

Photograph: IUCN Photo collection

The Blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) uy ks,hd ePy Nkhnkhd;

tz;zhj;jpg; G+r;rp

Photograph: Dhammithra Samarasinghe

Ant spp. - Pollinator of flowers of Syzygium spp.oU Ydlhl u, mrd.kh lrk l=yqUq úfYaIhla


53


Ahetulla (Ahaetulla nasutus) weyegq,a,d

Photograph: Mendis Wickreamsinghe

Green pit Viper (Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) m<d fmd<Ûd

Photograph: Mendis Wickremasinghe

Hump-nosed lizard (Lyriocephalus scutatus) lru,a fn`†,sud

Photograph: Sandun Perera

A tree frog spp. (Philautus spp.) rela ueä úfYaIhla kuj;jtis ,dk;


Kangaroo Lizard (Otocryptis wiegmanni) feeding on a leaf litterinsect mskqï lgqiaid fq;fhU Xzhd; cf;fypy; cs;s G+r;rpia

cz;ZfpwJ.


Banded mountain loach (Schistura notostigma) l∫lr wysrdjd


54


* The majority of rainforest species do not have Tamilnames.

Sri Lanka Jungle Fowl (Gallus lafayettii) j,s l=l=,d fhl;Lf;NfhopPhotograph: Gehan De Silva Wijeyratne

Sri Lanka Grey hornbill (Ocyceros gingalensis) wΩ lE≤;a;d

Photograph: Daniel Chirpich

Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (Urocissa ornata) leysfn,a,d

Photograph: Palitha Anthony

Black-naped hare a mammal found in tropical rainforests (Lepusnigricollis) ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk j,a ydjd fWg;G gplhpkapHf;nfhz;l Kay; - KiyA+l;bahf madkz;ly

kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.


Black-capped bul-bul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) ysia lΩ fldKavhd

fWg;Gj; njhg;gp nfhz;l Gy;-Gy; gwitfs;

Photograph: Gehan de Silva Wijeratne

55

5

Rainforests in Sri LankaY%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r

,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs; 5

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM55

56

Rainforests in Sri Lanka

Rainforests are found in the southwest part of Sri Lanka, at low and mid elevations, in several small andisolated patches. The elevation in this area extends from sea level to almost 1000 m in the western and

southern slopes of the central massif. Although the wet zone is about 1.25 million hectares in extent, the areaunder forest cover is only 8%, amounting to around 100,000 ha. During the past two centuries, most of thenatural forests in this region have been cleared for plantations of tea, rubber and coconut, rice paddies and

human settlements. At present, rainforests cover about 2% of the total land area of the country.

Sri Lanka’s rainforests are home to many endemic species as well as many plants and animals that are atrisk of extinction. More than 60% of the 306 tree species that are endemic to Sri Lanka are found only inthe lowland rainforests, and another 61 species are shared with the montane rainforests and dry forests. Ofthe twelve endemic floral genera of the island, eleven are confined to rainforests (Kenderick, 1989).

Heavy and well-distributed rainfall and the uniformly high temperature are characteristic features of therainforest climate. Generally, the mean annual rainfall is around 3000mm, but some places receive as muchas 5,000mm or more.

Fifty-five percent of Sri Lanka’s human population live in the southwest sector of the island, which is about20% of the total land area. Clearing of land for settlements, agricultural expansion and illegal logging, tosupport this population, are the most serious threats faced by Sri Lanka’s rainforests. Their heavilyfragmented nature, occurrence in isolated patches and the lack of well-defined forest reserve boundariesmakes their management a very difficult task. The over-collection of plants and animals for commercialuse, such as ornamental fish and medicinal plants, adversely affects the rainforests and leads to the rapiddepletion of their resources.

The best known tropical rainforest in Sri Lanka is the Sinharaja Forest Reserve - which is internationallyrenowned as a World Heritage Site. It is also the only natural World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka officiallynamed by UNESCO, at present. Other rainforest reserves in the island are the Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya complex (11,900 ha), Bambarabotuwa (5,600 ha), Morapitiya-Runakanda (6,900ha) andGilimale Eratna (5,000 ha).

The Sinharaja World Heritage Site

The legendary Sinharaja World Heritage Site is the last remaining extensive primary Lowland TropicalRainforest in Sri Lanka. Sinharaja is located in the Southwest Lowland Wet Zone of the island, (See figure5.2) between latitudes 60 21' and 60 26' North, and longitudes 800 21' and 800 34' East. It lies between thetributaries of the Kalu Ganga (in the North) and the Gin Ganga (in the South) and extends over theadministrative districts of Galle, Matara and Ratnapura, within the Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces.Sinharaja covers an area of about 11,187ha, spread over an elevation range of 200 to 1150m above meansea level. The terrain is generally rolling, with a series of ridges and valleys, whilst some parts of the Easternsection of the forest consist of flat plains. There are about nine prominent peaks ranging from 575m to1,170m of which the Northeastern peak of Hinipitigala is the highest.

The mean annual rainfall in Sinharaja varies between 3,600 and 5,000 mm. There is no distinct dry season andthe mean annual temperature ranges between 190C and 270C. The Sinharaja forest is one of the most importantwatersheds in the island, with several streams draining into the ‘Kalu Ganga’ and ‘Ging Ganga’ rivers.

The Sinharaja forest is rich in biodiversity, and is identified as a biodiversity ‘hot spot’ (see Spotlight 1.2).Its vegetation is mainly primary and secondary tropical lowland wet evergreen forest, with a few patchesof lower montane forest and grassland at the higher altitudes. These diverse vegetation types provide shelterto a rich composition of fauna, including a variety of vertebrate animals, and countless numbers of lesser-known invertebrate animals.

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57

5The vertebrate animals documented so far from Sinharaja represent about 50% of the native inlandvertebrate animals, of which 30% are endemic to Sri Lanka, whilst about 35% are considered nationallythreatened (Bambaradeniya et al., 2003).

Amongst the mammals in Sinharaja are the Leopard, the endemic Purple Faced leaf monkey, Black - napedhare, Fishing Cat and the Rusty Spotted Cat. Nearly half of the amphibian fauna of Sri Lanka are found atSinharaja. Sri Lanka has 23 endemic species of birds, and Sinharaja is a key site for the conservation ofmany of these species particularly the threatened Green-billed Coucal (Centropus chlororhynchus), whichis confined to the lowland rainforests of the wet zone and the Ashy headed Laughing Thrush (Garrulaxcinereifrons).

Over 80 species of plants in both primary and secondary forests in Sinharaja are reported to have food andmedicinal value. In addition, a number of species are collected from the forest for a variety of otherpurposes. Among the most sought after plant species, other than timber, are Caryota urens for its sugarysap, Calamus spp. for rattan cane, Coscinium fenestratum and Elettaria cardamomum for their medicinal/spice value and a host of orchids and other herbaceous plants for their ornamental value. Wild relatives ofclove, nutmeg, cinnamon, durian, mango, breadfruit and citrus have been recorded from the Sinharajaforest.

The landscape in the periphery of Sinharaja shows marked human influence in the form of tea and rubberplantations, rice fields, cinnamon cultivations and homesteads. About 40 villages are located around theforest reserve. Historically, most villagers have been dependent on a variety of forest products for theirdaily subsistence.

The main threats to Sinharaja, which pose continuing obstacles to the conservation of the forest areencroachments for subsistence farming, particularly along its southern boundary, clearing for thecommercial cultivation of tea, collection of fuelwood and other non-timber forest products, includingmedicinal plants, and mining for precious stones.

Between 1971 and 1977, the western part of Sinharaja was selectively logged, and timber species extractedfor the production of plywood. Continuous protests from nature conservationists finally succeeded insecuring a complete ban on logging in this forest in 1978, and an area of 8,500ha was declared as anInternational Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve. In 1985, the Forest Department established a liveboundary for the MAB reserve by planting Pinus trees. An additional 2,687 ha of Sub-Montane Forestlocated on the eastern side was included in the Sinharaja Reserve, expanding the total area to 11,187ha.This entire area was declared a National Heritage Wilderness Area in 1988 and subsequently UNESCOrecognized it as the first Natural World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka. The administration and management ofthe Sinharaja World Heritage Site is vested with the Forest Department of Sri Lanka. At present, Sinharajais the largest block of lowland rain forest in Sri Lanka, occupying approximately 0.2% of the total land areaof the island.

The forest is accessible by road for educational, research and tourism purposes (Spotlight 5.1). However,visitor pressure brings about problems such as the pollution to streams, damage to fragile habitats (includingridge tops), illicit collection of rare and ornamental plants, and the accumulation of litter.

The Kanneliya Forest Reserve

The Kanneliya Forest Reserve, which belongs to the Kanneliya, Dediyagala and Nakiyadeniya (KDN)forest complex, is a unique lowland rainforest in Sri Lanka. It is located in the Galle District, betweenlatitudes 60 10' and 60 18' North and longitudes 800 19' and 800 26' East. The average annual rainfall is about4,445 mm received mainly during the Southwest monsoon season (from mid May to end September) andthe mean monthly temperature is around 270 C.

The total extent of the Kanneliya Forest Reserve is 5,305.9ha. It comprises 5,108.2 ha of dense forest, 168.4ha of sparse forest and 29.3 ha of plantation forests. The natural vegetation of the entire KDN Complex is

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM57

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tropical lowland rainforests. Floristically and physiognomically, it is similar to the lowland rainforests ofMalaysia, with the characteristic multi-storied structure and diversity of species.

The KDN complex is ranked as the most important natural forest in the Southern Province for the protectionof headwaters of river systems, as it has the highest number of streams flowing though it (111 streams). TheKanneli Ela and Nannikita Ela catchments have a high proportion of steep slopes and high levels of forestcover indicating their superiority as catchments.

The KDN forest is located in Floristic Region 7, which comprises the outer range of the southern block ofhills. This is considered an area of exceptional endemicity, as some 17% of the wet zone lowland endemicflora is confined to the south-western front-range forests. The National Conservation Review conductedfrom early to mid 1990s revealed that the KDN forest complex is one of the eight contiguous forests thataccounts for a higher proportion of the woody plants and animal diversity in the island. This region hasbeen identified as the floristically richest area in South Asia.

The species richness and diversity of flowering plants is still relatively high in the Kanneliya forest,although a sizeable amount of resource value was destroyed by logging during the period 1968 -1988. Theprompt action taken during the latter part of that period, helped save this unique lowland rainforest fromdestruction.

Studies at Kanneliya revealed the presence of 301 species of flora, including trees, shrubs and herbs, out ofwhich 52% has been identified as endemic (Sinhakumara, 1994). Of these, 16 species are globallythreatened and 26 species are considered nationally threatened.

The Kanneliya forest harbours a variety of medicinal plants. Some of the commonly used medicinal plantsand trees are Beraliya (Shorea worthingtonii), Enasal (Elettaria cardamomum), Wenivelgeta (Cosciniumfenestratum), Kuda Hedaya (Lycopodium squarrosum), Maha Hedaya (Lycopodium phlegmaria), SandaRaja (Zeuxine regia), Wana Raja (Anoectochilus setaceus), Kokum (Kokoona zeylanica), Dummala (Shoreaspp.) and Hatawariya (Asparagus racemosus) to name just a few.

The Kanneliya forest reserve has a high diversity of animals. Recent studies in the area have recorded 122species of birds including the endemic Sri Lanka Green-billed Coucal - Centropus chlororhynchus and theSri Lanka Blue Magpie - Urocissa ornata. Amongst the mammals, 20 species have been recorded from theforest, including the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey -Trachypithecus vetulus and Mouse Deer -Tragulusmeminna. Sixteen amphibian species including the endemic Pygmy Tree Frogs (Philautus spp) and 39reptile species including the endemic Green Pit Viper - Trimeresurus trigonocephalus are also found inKanneliya. In addition, 46 species of butterflies e.g. the endemic Blue Oak Leaf Butterfly and 24 species offishes including the globally threatened Wilpita Rasbora - Rasbora wilpita and Barred Danio - Daniopathirana, are found in this unique lowland rainforest.

Kanneliya and the KDN forest complex can be accessed by a motorable road off the Udugama - Hinidumamain road (B156). The access road is motorable only up to the point where it reaches Nannikitha Ela, amajor tributary of the Gin Ganga. The stream maybe crossed to reach the Forest Department Office andVisitors Centre using a wooden bridge (Spotlight 5.2).

Did you Know?

Legend claims that the sinharaja rainforest was the last refuge of a mighty lion, no longer found inSri Lanka. Yet another claims that the forest was royal territory belonging to the kings.

The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adoptedby UNESCO in 1972 to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural andnatural heritages around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity

(See http://whc.unesco.org for further information). UNESCO is the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM58

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5Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r

Y%s ,xldfõ ks˙;†. l,dmfha my;a yd uOH Wkak;dxY m%foaY wdY%s;j tlsfklska yqol,d jQ jkdka;rmoaO;s rdYshla f,i jr®Id jkdkaa;r msysgd we;' Y%S ,xldfõ uOH l∫lrfha ngysr yd ol=Kq nEjqïolajd fuu jkdka;r jHdma;j mj;sk w;r fuu m%foaYfha Wi uqyq≥ uÜgfï isg ógr 1000 w;rm%udKhl fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha uqΩ N+ñ m%udKh fylaghdr ñ,shk 1'25 m%udKhla mej;sh;afuu l,dmfha jkdka;r wdjrKh fylaghdr 1"00000la tkï f;;a l,dmSh uqΩ m%udKfhka 8] lg

muKla iSud ù we;' miq.sh Y; jr®Ih foll ld,h ;=, ° f;a" rn∫" fmd,a" l=Tqre yd fjk;a ukqIHhjdiia:dk i|yd fuu l,dmfha mj;sk iajNdúl jkdka;r úYd, m%udKhla úkdY lrk ,°' jr®;udkfha

Y%S ,xldfõ uqΩ N=ñ m%udKfhka 2] la muKla f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r j,ska wdjrKh ù we;'

j|ù hdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqk° we;s Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshlg Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r jdi N+ñh ú we;' Y%S ,xldfõ

wdfõksl jDCI úfYaI 306 w;˙ka 60] m%udKhla fuu jkdka;r ;=, yuqjk w;r" óg wu;rj wdfõksl jDCI úfYaI 61l

m%udKhla f;;a l,dmhg wu;rj úh,s l,dmSh jkdka;r yd l∫lr jkdka;r wdY%s;jo yuqfõ' Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl Ydl .K

12 w;˙ka .K 11 lau jr®Id jkdka;r j, muKla yuqùuo iqùfYaIs fõ' ^flkaä%la"1989&' jir mqrdu fyd¢ka jHdmaa; jQ jr®Idj

yd taldld¯" idfmalaIj by, WIaK;ajhla mej;Su fuu m%foaYhg wdfõksl jQ úfYaIs; foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka fõ' fndfyda m%foaY

wdY%s;j jdr®Isl jr®Idm;kh ñ'ñ' 3000 g wêl jk w;r iuyr m%foaY wdY%s;j ñ'ó' 5000 fyda Bg;a wêl jr®Idm;khla

jdr®;d fõ'

Y%s ,xldfõ uqΩ N+ñ m%udKfhka 20] muKla f;;a l,dmfhka kssfhdackh jQj;a ck.ykhfhka 55] m%udKhla fuu l,dmfha

idkaø.; ù we;' lDIsldr®ñl lghq;= yd jdiiaa:dk ioyd jkdka;r t<s ls¯u" kS;s úfrdaë ≤j ,nd .ekSu wd†h jr®Id jkdka;r

j,g mj;sk jvd;a oreKq ;r®ckhka fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r l=vd yqol,d len,s f,i msysgd ;sîu;a" fuu jkdka;r

udhsï kshudldrfhka i<l=Kq lr fkd;sîu;a u; fuu jkdka;r ixrlaIK l<ukdlrK l%shdj,Ska fndfyduhla ksis wdldrfhka

lss¯ug fkdyels ù we;' Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI wêl f,i jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska bj;a ls¯uo fuu jkdka;r j, meje;aug ±ä

;r®ckhla ù we;' úis;=re u;aiHhka f,i wmkhkh i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS u;aiHhka wêl f,i tl;= ls¯u yd T!IO

f,i Ydl jr®. wêl f,i bj;a ls¯u fuhg WodyrK f,i ≤laúh yelssh'

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk jvd;a fyd¢kau okakd jr®Id jkdka;r jk isxyrdch f,dal Wreu N=ñhla f,io cd;Hka;r m%isoaêhg m;aj

we;' ;jo th hqfkiafl`j u.ska fuf;la m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk tlu iajNdúl f,dal Wreu N+ñh o fõ' Y%s

,xldfõ mj;sk wfk;=;a jr®Id jkdka;r w;r lkafk,sh - fo†h.,-kdlshdfoKsh ixlSr®Kh ^fylaghdr 11"900&" nUrfndgqqj

^fylaghdr 5"600&" fudrmsáh - rEKlkao ^fylaghdr-6"900& iy .s,Suf,a tr;ak ^fylaghdr 5000& jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kshs'

isxyrdc f,dal Wreu N=ñh

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;ak úYd,;u m%d:ñl jr®Id jkdka;rh fm!rdKsl isxyrdc f,dal Wreu N+ñh fõ' fuh fylaghdr 11"187 l N+ñ

m%udKhla wdjrKh lrñka mj;sk w;r tys Wkak;dxYh ógr 200 isg ógr 1150 w;r m%udKhla fõ' isxyrdch Y%S ,xldfõ

ks˙;†. f;;a l,dmfha W;=re wlaIdxY 60- 21

' isg 6

0 26

' iy kef.kysr foaYdfxY 80

0 21

' isg 80

0 34

' w;r msysgd we;' fuys

W;=re m%foaYfha lΩ .fÛa fm`Il YdLdjka msysgd we;s w;r" ol=Kq m%foaYfha .sx .fÛa fmdaIl YdLdjka mj;shs' isxyrdc jkdka;rh

r;akmqr" ud;r yd .d,a, hk †ia;%slal yd ol=Kq yd inr.uq m<d;a md,k m%foaYhka wdY%s;j msysgd we;'

l≥ jeá yd ksïk j,ska iukaú; nEjqï iys; N= úIu;d ,laIKhka isxyrdc jkdka;rh wdY%s;j ks¯laIKh l< yels w;r fuys

kef.kysr m%foaYfha ;eks;,d ≤l.; yelsh' fuu jkdka;rh wdY%s;j Wia l≥ uq≥ka 9 la ≤l.; yels w;r ^ógr 575 isg

1"170 olajd& W;=˙ka mj;sk ysksmsá., lkao Wiska jeäu ia:dkh fõ'

isxyrdcfha jdr®Isl idudkH jr®Idm;kh ñ' ó' 3600 isg ñ' ñ' 5000 w.hl mj;sk w;r úfYaIs; úh<s ld,hla fkd mj;shs'

jdr®Isl idudkH WIaK;ajh fi,aishia 190 isg 27

0 W;r m%udKhl fõ' isxyrdch u.ska lΩ yd .sx .Û fm`IKh ,nk w;r Y%S

,xldfõ m%Odk c, fmdaIl m%foaYhla f,io jeo.;a fõ'

isxyrdc jkdka;rh wêl ffcj úúO;ajhlska iukaú; jk w;r ffcj úúO;aj WKqiqï ia:dkhla f,i b;d jeo.;a fõ'

isxyrdcfha Ydl m%cdj m%Odk jYfhka m%d:ñl yd oaù;Shsl ksjr®;k my;rg f;;a iody˙; jkdka;r j,ska iukaÑ; jk w;r

fuys jvd Wia m%foaY wdY%s;j Wm l∫lr jkdka;r yd ;DK N+ó Ydl m%cdjka jHdma;j we;' fuys mj;sk tlsfklg fjkia Ydl

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM59

60

m%cdjka úúOdldr jQ mDIaGjxYs i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshla yd .kKh l, fkdyels ;rï jQ wmDIaGjxYS i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd

jdiia:dkhka ù we;' isxyrdc jkdka;rh ;=,ska Y%s ,xldfõ jdih lrk mDIaGjxYs „ùka f.ka 50] lg wdikak m%udKhla jdr®;d

lr we;s w;r thska 30] m%udKhla Y%s ,xldjg wdfõksl jk w;r 35] m%udKhla cd;sl f,i j|ùfï ;r®ckhg ,lajq úfYaI

f,i y∫kdf.k we;'

fldáhd" y≥ka †úhd" fld< †úhd yd Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl lΩ j∫rd isxyrdcfha jdih lrk laIsrmdhska úfYaI lsysmhla fõ' Y%S

,xldfõ yuqjk WNh „ù úfYaI w;˙ka 50] wdikak m%udKhla isxyrdcfhka jdr®;d fõ'

Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl mlaIs úfYaI 23 w;˙ka jeä úfYaI m%udKhla ixrlaIKh lss¯u i|yd isxyrdch jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka

;r®ckhg ,laj we;s mlaIS úfYaI jk ng weál=l=,d ^Centrepus chlorothynchus& yd ysi wΩ-wΩ fou,sÉpd ^Garrulaxcinereifrons& hk wdfõksl úfYaI wdrlaId ls¯u i|yd isxyrdc jkdka;rh jeo.;a fõ'

isxyrdcfha yuqjk Ydl úfYaI w;˙ka úfYaI 80 la muK m%udKhla T!IO yd wdydr f,i jeo.;a úfYaI f,i y∫kdf.k we;'

óg wu;rj Ydl úfYaI rdYshla fjk;a ldr®hhka i|ydo fhdod .kq ,nhs' ±juh fkdjk ksIamdok f,i jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska

m%fhdackhg .kakd Ydl úfYaI w;r maf,dhóh hqI ,nd .ekSu i|yd ls;=,a Ydlh;a" fõje,a ,nd .ekSu i|yd fõje,a úfYaI;a"

fjksje,a Ydlh T!IO f,i yd tkid,a l=Ωnvq i|yd fhdod .kshs' óg wu;rj Wvjeähd yd fjk;a me<Eá jr®. i|yd úis;=re

me<eá f,i wêl b,a¨ula mj;shs' lrdnq" id†lald" l=re∫' ¥˙hka" wU" fo,a iy foys jeks fNda. úfYaI j,g ióm m˙Kdñl

iñnkaO;djhla olajk Ydl úfYaIhka isxyrdc jkdka;rh wdY%s;j mj;shs'

isxyrdch wjg m%foaYhka fndfyduhla wêl udkj n,mEula iys;j mj;sk w;r f;a' rnr®" ù" l=re¥ wd° j.djka fukau .ïudk

rdYshlao fï wjg msysgd we;' .ïudk 40 muK isxyrdc jkdka;rh wjg mj;sk w;r fuu .ïudk j, „j;a jkakka jeä

m%udKhhla ;ukaf.a meje;au i|yd isxyrdcfhka ,efnk ksIamdok fhdod .kshs'

isxyrdchg mj;sk m%Odk ;r®ckh lDIsldr®ñl lghq;= i|yd jkdka;rh t<sls¯u jk w;r jkdka;rfha ol=Kq udhsfï fuu

;;a;ajh jvd W.%j ks¯laIKh l< yelsh' f;a jeks jdksc fnda. i|yd jkdka;r t<sls¯u" or i|yd jkdka;r Ydl øjH Ndú;d

ls¯u" T!IO we;=Ω ±juh fkdjk jdksc øjH tl;= lss¯u" ueKsla .e¯u wd†h fï w;r m%Odk fõ'

isxyrdcfha ngysr udhsu wdY%s;j 1970 isg 1977 ld,h ;=,° f;drd.;a ≤juh Ydl ;=kS ,E,s ksIamdokh i|yd bj;a ls¯u is≥

lrk ,°' fuhg tfrysj m˙ir ixrlaIlhka úiska wLKavj is≥lrkq ,enQ úfrdaO;d jHdmdr j, m%;sM,hla f,i 1978 jifr®

isxyrdc jkdka;rfhka ≤j fk,Su iïmQr®Kfhka keje;ajQ w;r fylaghdr 8500 N=ñ m%foaYhla “cd;Hka;r ñksid ffcjf.da,

rlaIs;hla ^MAB&” f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,°' 1985 jifr®°" jk ixrlaIK fomdr®;fïka;=j úiska i„ù jkdka;r udhsula

f,i mhskia j.dj isxyrdc udhsu m%foaY j, wdrïN lrk ,°' fuhg wu;rj Wm lªlr jkdka;rhla f,i isxyrdc

jkdka;rfha kef.kyssr udhsfï mej;=kq fylaghdr 2687 fldgila fuhg tla l, w;r tysoAS isxyrdc jkdka;rfha m%udKh

fylaghdr 11"187 olajd jeä úh' 1998 isxyrdc jkdka;rh cd;sl Wreu N=ñhla m%ldYhg m;a l, w;r thg iu.dój

hqfkiafldaj úiska th f,`l Wreu N=ñhla f,i kï lrk ,°' isxyrdc f,dal Wreu jkdka;rh md,kh jk ixrlaIK

fomdr®;fïka;= u.ska is≥ lrhs' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk úYd,;u my;rg f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;rh isxyrdch jk w;r th Y%s

,xldfõ uq¨ N+ñ m%udKfhka 0'2] la fõ' mr®fhaIK" wOHdmksl yd ixpdrl lghq;= i|yd isxyrdc jkdka;rfha mj;sk udr®.

lsysmhla fhdod .kq ,efí' tfy;a †h myrj,a wms˙is≥ ùu ixfõ° m˙ir moaO;s úkdY ùu" ≥r®,N úis;=re me<eá tl;= ls¯u"

le,s li, tl;= ùu wd° wys;lr ;;a;ajhka ixpdrlhka meñfKk m%foaYj, ksÍlaIKh l, yelssh'

lkafk,sh ixrlaIs; jkdka;rh

lkafk,sh fo†h., iy kdlshdfoKsh jkdka;r ixlSr®Khg wh;a lkafk,sh jkdka;rh Y%s ,xldfõ mj;sk ;j;a iqúfYaIs;

my;rg ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhla fõ' fuu jkdka;rh W;=re wlaIdxY 60 10' iy 6

0 18 iy kef.kysr foaYdxY 80

0 19' iy

800 26' w;r .d,a, †ia;%slalh ;=, msysgd we;' fuu m%foaYfha idudkHfhka jdr®Isl jr®Idm;kh ñ'ñ' 4"445 jk w;r jeäu

jr®Idm;khla uehs udih ueo Nd.fha isg iema;eïnr® ui wjidkh olajd mj;sk ks˙;†. fu`iï foaY.=Kh u.ska ,efí' fuu

jkdka;rh ;=, mj;sk uOH jdr®Isl WIaK;ajh fi,aishia 270 muK fõ'

lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg wh;a iïmQr®K N=ñ m%foaYh fylaghdr 5"305 jk w;r thska fylaghdr 5"108 '2 la >k jkdka;r j,ska

o fylaghdr 168'4 újD; jkdka;r j,ska yd fylaghdr 29'3 la jk j.d j,skao iukaÑ; fõ' lkafk,sh-fo†hd.,-kdlshdfoKsh

jkdka;r ixlSr®Kfha mj;sk iajNdúl jkdka;r or®Yh my;rg f;;a l,dmSh jr®Id jkdka;r f,i y∫kajd fokq ,efí'

lkafk,sh jkdka;rfha úfYaI úúO;ajh Ydl m%cdfõ jHqyh yd ldhlr®óh ,laIKhkag wkqj th u,hdishdfõ mj;sk jr®Id

jkdka;r j,g iudk fõ'

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM60

61

5fuu jkdka;rh i;=j mj;sk †h oyrj,a 111 y∫kdf.k we;s w;r" tneúka th ol=Kq m<df;a mj;sk jeo.;aa .xÛd fmdaIl

m%foaYhla f,i kï lr we;' kkaksls; we, yd lkafk,sh we, wdY%s;j wêl nEjqula ^>20]& iys; jkdka;r m%foaYhka mj;sk

w;r jkdka;rfha úYd, m%foaYhlska fuu we< udr®. fm`IKh ,nk neúka b;d wÛkd c, fmdaIl m%foaYhla f,io kï lr we;'

lkafk,sh-fo†h.,-kdlshdfoKsh ixlSr®Kh Y%S ,xldfõ jDlaI,;d l,dm wxl 7 ys msysgd we;s w;r l∫lrfha ol=Kqq udhsfuka

msg; mj;shs' fuu l,dmh Y%S ,xldfõ wêl ffcj úúO;ajhla iys; l,dmhla f,i y≥kajk w;r my; rg f;;a l,dmhg

wdfõksl Ydl w;ßka 17] l muK m%udKhla fï m%foaYh wdY%s;j ks˙;†. jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, yuqfõ' 1990 uq,a Nd.fha° is≥

lrkq ,enQ cd;sl ixrlaIK úur®YKfha° fuu jk ixlSr®Kh Y%S ,xldfõ ldIaGÍh Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI wêl m%udKhla

jHdma;j we;s m%foaY wfgka tlla f,i y∫kdf.k we;' fuh ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha Ydl úúO;ajh wêlu l,dmhla f,io

kï lr we;' 1968 isg 1988 olajd ld,h ;=,° fuu jkdka;rh ;=, ≤j lemSu is≥ lrkq ,enqj;a fuu jkdka;rfha Ydl

úúO;ajh ;ju;a idfmalaIj by, m%udKhl mj;shs'

lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=, is≥ lrkq ,enQ m¯laIKhl° Ydl' m¥re yd me,Eá jr®. 301 y∫kdf.k we;s w;r thska 52] l

m%udKhla wdfõksl úfYaaI fõ' ^isxyl=udr" 1994& fuu úfYaI w;˙ka úfYaI 16la wka;r®cd;slj j| ù hdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqk md

we;s w;r úfYaI 26 la cd;sl jYfhka j|ù hdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqk md we;'

lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=, T!IO Ydl jr®. rdYshla yuqfõ' tajdhska iuyrla kï fnr,sh" tkid,a" fjksje,a' l=vd yevhd" uyd

yevhd" i|rdc" jkrdc" fldl=ï" ≥ïu," yd;jd˙h hk Ydl fõ'

lkafk,sh jr®Id jkdka;rfha i;a;aj úúO;ajh o wêl w.hla .kshs' uE;l° lreKq ,enQ wOHkhlg wkqj mCIs úfYaI 122

fuu jkdka;rfhka jdr®;d ù we;s w;r" Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl ≥r®,N mCIs úfYaI folla jk ng weá l=l=<d iy leysfn,a,d fï

w;r fõ' CISrmdhs úfYaI 20 la lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=<ska yuqù we;s w;r Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl lΩ j∫rd yd óñkakd fï

w;r fõ' fuu jkdka;rfha WNh „ù úfYaI 19 la jdr®;d jk w;r" fuhg wdfõksl rela ueähka (Philautes spp) úfYaIo

wh;a fõ' Wr. úfYaI 39 la fuu jkdka;rfha yuq ù we;s w;r" YS% ,xldjg wdfõksl m<d fmd<Ûd fï w;r fõ' óg wu;rj Y%S

,xldjg wdfõksl uy le,E ks,hd we;=Ω iuk< úfYaI 40 la o u;aiH úfYaI 24 la o jdr®;d ù we;' wka;r®cd;sl jYfhka

j|ùhdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqk md we;s m;srK id,hd iy ú,amsg okaähd hk u;aiH úfYaIhka o fuu jkdka;rfha jdih lrhs'

Wvq.u-ysks∫u udr®.h u.ska lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg m%fõY úh yelsh' jdykhla u.ska kkaksls; we, wdikakfha mj;sk jk

ixrCIK fomdr®;fïka;=j olajd muKla .uka l<yels w;r t;eka isg jkdka;rh ;=<g md .ukska msúish hq;=h'

Tn ≤k isáhd o @

mqrdjD;a;hkag wkqj isxyrdc jr®Id jkdka;rh ;=< úYd, isxyfhl= jdih lr we;' ;j;a iuyr mqrdjD;a;hkag wkqj

isxyrdc jkdka;rh Y%S ,xldfõ rc;=udg wh;a jQ rdclSh N+ñ m%foaYhla ù we;'

1972 jr®Ifha° wdrïN lrk ,o tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wOHdmksl" úoHd ixialD;sl ixúOdkfha (UNESCO) iïuq;sh uÛska

ñksidg jeo.;a ixialD;suh yd iajNdúl Wreuhka wdrCId ls¯ug lghq;= lrkq ,efí'

(http://whc.unesco.org)

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:45 PM61

62

,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs;

,yq;ifapd; njd;Nky; gpuNjrq;fspy; jho; kw;Wk; kj;jpa cauq;fspy;> rpwpa kw;Wk; jdpj;jPTfshf

kiof;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;jpa kiog;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;Fr;rhpTfspy;

,k;kiof;fhLfs; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1000 kPw;wh; tiu gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. <utyaj;jpd; (wetzone) gug;G 1.25 kpy;ypad; n`f;lah;fshapUg;gpDk; $l kiof;fhLfspd; gug;gsT 100.000 nff;lh;

msNt (epyg;gug;gpd; 8%) cs;sJ Njapiy> ,wg;gh;> njq;F kw;Wk; new;gaph;r;nra;iffSf;fhfTk;

kdpj FbapUg;GfSf;fhfTk;; fle;j ,U Ew;whz;Lfshfg; ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;if tsq;fs;

mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;NghJ nkhj;j ehl;L epyg;gug;gpy; 2% kl;LNk kiof;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfs; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa mopAk; mghak; nfhz;l gy jhtu kw;Wk;

tpyq;fpdq;fspd;; tPlhFk;. cjhuzkhf> ,yq;ifapy; cs;s cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa 306 ku ,dq;fspy;

60% ,f;Fk; Nkyhdit> ,yq;ifapd; rpW epy kiof;fhLfspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kw;w 61

,dq;fSk; ,yq;ifapd; kiy kiof;fhLfspYk; tuz;l fhLfspYk; rkkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,j;jPtpd; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa 12 tif jhtu ,dq;fspy; 11 tiffs; kiof;fhLfspNyNa cs;sd.

(Kedrick>1989) ,g;gFjpapd; tpNrl fhyepiyj; jd;ik ed;F gug;gg;gl;l caH kioAk; vy;yh

,lq;fspYk; xNukhjphpahd mjpf ntg;gKk; jhd;. ngUk;ghyhd ,e;j tdj;jpy; tUlkioahdJ 3000

kpy;yp kPw;whpy; ,Ue;J 5000 ky;yp kPw;wh; tiu my;yJ mjw;F NkNy (rpy ,lq;fspy;) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; 20% jj;ij nfhz;Ls;s ,g;gFjpapy; 55% ,yq;ifapd; kdpj ,dj;njhif

fhzg;gLfpwJ. tptrhaj;jpw;fhf fhlopj;jy;> FbNaw;wq;fs;> kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhjkhf kuk; flj;jy;

Nghd;wit ,yq;ifapy; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; kiof;fhLfSf;Fg; nghpaNjhh; mghakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,d;

ehl;bd; kiof;fhLfs; mq;nfhd;Wk;> ,q;nfhd;Wkhfr; rpjwpfhzg;gLtjhYk;> jdpj;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhYk;>

mtw;iwg; guhkhpg;gjpy; gy rpukq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhl;L vy;iyfs;

,y;yhikAk; ,e;j rpukq;fis mjpfhpj;jpUf;fpwJ. kiof;fhLfspy; FtpAk; gy tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtu

,dq;fs; (kPd; tsh;g;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLgit> %ypiff;Fzq;fSf;fhf tsh;f;fg;gLgit)

kiof;fhLfSf;F NkYk; mr;RWj;jy;fisf; nfhLf;fpwJ.

,yq;ifapd; cyf gpurpj;jp ngw;w mad kz;ly kiof;fhlhdJ rpq;fuh[h fhlhFk; ,J cyf

kuGhpik ];jykhfg; Ngh; ngw;wJ. jw;NghJ UNESCO thy; ,J cyfpd; XNu ,aw;if cyf kuGhpik

]jykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,j;jPtpYs;s kw;w kiof;fhLfs; fz;Nzypa njbafy - ehfpnjdpa

fhLfs; (11>900 nff;Nlah;))> gk;gunghl;Lt (5>600 nff;Nlah;) nkhugpba - Udfz;l (6>900 nff;Nlah;)

kw;Wk; fpypkNy ,uj;d (5>000 nff;Nlah;).

rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kuGhpik ];jyk;.rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kuGhpik ];jyk;.rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kuGhpik ];jyk;.rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kuGhpik ];jyk;.rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kuGhpik ];jyk;.

rpq;fuh[> ,yq;ifapd; MjpapypUe;J vQ;rpAs;s ntspaf Muk;g jho;epy madkz;ly kiof;fhlhFk;.

,J mz;zsthf 11>187 n`f;N;lah; gug;ig %bAs;sJld; fly; kl;lj;jpd; Nky; 200-1150m cah;e;J

gue;Js;sJ. rpq;fuh[ tdkhdJ ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; njd; Nky; jho;epy <utyaj;jpy; tlf;Nf 60 21' - 60 26'mfyhq;fpw;Fk; fpof;Nf 800 21' - 800 34' nel;lhq;Ffspw;Fkpilapy; mike;Js;sJ.,J fOfq;ifapd;

fpisahWfspw;Fk; ,w;Fk; (tlf;fpy; [Pd; fq;iff;Fk; (njw;fpy;) ,ilapy; mike;jpUg;gJld; njd;

rg;uf%t khfhzq;fSf;fpilapy;> eph;thf khtl;lq;fshd fhyp> khj;jiw> ,uj;jpdGhp cs;shf

tphptile;Js;sJ. nghJthf ,e; epyg;gug;ghdJ njhlh;r;rpahd NkLfisAk; gs;sj;jhf;FfisAk;

cila khWfpd;w rPuw;w epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; fhl;bd; fpof;Nf rpy gFjpfs;

jl;ilahd epyq;fisf;nfhz;Ls;sd. Vwj;jho 575m - 1170m tiuahd xd;gJ cah;thd cr;rpfs;

mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; fpdpgpl;bfytpd; tlfPo; cr;rpNa kpfTk; caukhdjhFk;

rpq;fuh[htpd; tUlhe;j ruhrhp kiotPo;r;rpahdJ 3>600 - 5>000 mm ,ilapy; NtWgLfpwJ. tUlhe;j

ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 190c - 270 c ,jw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLtJld; Fwpg;ghf mq;F tuz;l fhyk;

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

gy;NtW rpw;Nwhilfs; Nrh;fpd;w fOfq;ifAk; [pd; fq;ifAk; nfhz;bUg;gJld; rpq;fuh[ tdNk

,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;. rpq;fuh[ tdk; caph;gy;tifikfis mjpfk;

nfhz;bUg;gJld;> cyfpd; caph;gy;tifik (Hot spots) nrwpT kpf;f ,lkhf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. rpq;fuh[tdj;jpd; jhtu ,dq;fshdJ> gpujhdkhf> Muk;g> ,uz;lhk; epiy ntg;g <uj;jho; epy vd;Wk;

gRikahd fhl;ilAk; rpwpajsT jho; kiof;fhl;Lg; gFjpfisAk; cah;epyj;jpYs;s Gy;epyj;ijak;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g ; gy;tifik nghUe ;jpa gaph ; tiffshdJ tpyq;F th ;f ;fq ;fspd ;

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63

5cs;slf;fq;fspw;Fk; gy;NtW tifahd Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;Ffspw;Fk; mhpjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s

vz;zw;w Ks;se;jz;bypfspw;Fk; thoplj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. rpq;fuh[h tdj;jpy;> ,Jtiuf;Fk;

fz;lwpag;gl;l tpyq;Ffspy; 50%; Mdit cs;sf Ks;se;jz;L tpyq;Ffshf tpsq;FtJld; mtw;Ws;

30% Mdit ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;Lf;FhpaitahFk;. mNj Ntisapy>; 35% Mdit NjrPa hPjpahf

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;;sfpAs;sjhff; fUjg;gl;Ls;sd.

rpq;fuh[ tdj;jpy; cs;s ghYl;bfs;> rpWj;ij> cs;ehl;Lf;Fhpa Cjh epwKila ,iyf; Fuq;Ffs;>

kPd; nfst;tpg; G+idfs; JUg;Gs;spAila g+idfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sd. Vwf;Fiwa

,yq;ifapd; miuklq;F <&lfthopfs; caph;fs; rpq;fuh[htpNy fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifahdJ

23 cs;ehl;Lf;Fhpa gwitapdq;fisr; nfhz;bUg;gJld; rpq;fuh[ tdkhdJ> ,g; gy;NtW tifahd

,dq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; %yg;gFjpahfTk;> Fwpg;ghf <utyaj;jpd; jho;epy kiof;fhLfSf;F chpj;jhd

mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shfpAs;s Green- bileed coucal (Centropus chlororhynchus) rhk ;gy ; tz;z

jiyiaf;nfhz;Ls;s rphpf;Fk; thrush (Garrulax cinereifrons) vd;gtw;wpw;Fk; ghJf;fhg;G ,lkhf

mike;Js;sJ. Kjy; epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rpq;fuh[ fhLfspy;> 80 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl; jhtu

,dq;fs; czT kw;Wk; kUe;Jtj; jd;ik nfhz;Ls;sjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpq;fuh[h cyf kuGhpik ikak; Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Jizf;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; 80 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

jhtu ehHfspdhy; Nghriz kw;Wk; kLj;jy; ngWkjpfs; mlq;fpapUg;gjhf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jw;Fk; Nkyhf fhLfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; mjpfsthd jhtu ehHfspdhy; gy;NtWgl;l gad;ghLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jhtuq;fSf;F mLj;jg;gbahf> ku gad;ghl;il jtpHj;J mjpfstpyhd

Njitiaf;nfhz;Ls;s jhtukhf fpj;Js; (Caryota urens) mjd; ghzpf;fhfTk; Calamus mjd;

fUk;gpw;fhfTk; (Rattan cane) Coscinium Fenestratum kw;Wk; Elettarig cardamomum vd;gd mjd; kUj;Jt

kw;Wk; thridj;jputpa ngWkjpf;fhffTk;> xHf;fpl;Lfs; kw;Wk; ,ju G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; vd;gd mjd;

myq;fhu ngWkjpf;fhfTk; fhl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

fuhk;G> rhjpf;fha;> Vyf;fha;> ^hpad;> kh. <ug;gyh> kw;Wk; Njrpf;fha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; thd; jha;j;

jhtutpdq;fshy; (Wild relatives) rpq;fuh[ fhl;bypUe;J gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpq;fuh[hf; fhl;ilr; #oTs;s epyg;gug;ghdJ> Njapiy> ,wg;gH gapHr;nra;iffs;. tay; epyq;fs;>

Vyf;fha; gapHr;nra;if kw;Wk; tPLfisf;nfhz;L mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f kdpj Mjpf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,J ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdj;ijr; #o;e;J Vwj;jho 40 fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wf;fhye;njhl;L>

ngUk;ghyhd fpuhkthrpfs; jkJ md;whl gad;ghl;bw;fhf gy;NtWgl;l fhl;L tpisg;nghUl;fisNa

rhHe;jpUe;jdH.

rpq;fuh[h tdj;jpw;Fg; gpujhd Mgj;jhf tpsq;FtJ Fwpg;ghf mjd; njw;F vy;iyg;Gwj;jpy;>

tptrhaj;jpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mj;JkPwy;fNs tHj;jf gapHr;nra;iff;fhf fhLfis mopj;jy; Fwpg;ghf

Njapiyg; gapHr;nra;iff;fhf> tpwF Nrfhpg;gpw;fhf kw;Wk; kuq;fsw;w fhl;L tpisg;nghUl;fSf;fhf

%ypifj; jhtuq;fSs; kw;Wk; tpiykjpg;gw;w fw;fs; mfo;jy; cs;spl;l nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf

fhl;ilg; guhkhpg;gjw;nfjpuhd njhlHr;rpahd Mgj;J Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

1971 kw;Wk; 1977 f;fpilapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; rpq;fuh[htpy; Nkw;Fg;gFjp NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;L kuq;fs;

jwpf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;F ngwg;gl;l kutpdq;fs; nkd;gyif (Plywood) jahhpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.,aw;if ghJfhtyHfspd; kuk; jwpj;jy; nraw;ghLfSf;F vjpuhd njhlHr;rpahd vjpHg;gpd; fhuzkhf

1978 Mk; Mz;L kuk; jwpj;jYf;nfjpuhd jil Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L 8500 n`f;NlaH gug;G rHtNjr kdpj

capHf;Nfhs ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrkhfg; (Man and Biosphene Reserve) gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ 1985 ,y; MabghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjr vy;iyapy; igd]; (Pinus) kuq;fis el;L xU capUs;s vy;iyia

tdj;jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fpaJ. ,jw;Fk; Nkyjpfkhff; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s 2687 n`f;NlaH

gug;Gila Jiz kiyf;fhl;ilAk; (Sub montane forest) cs;slf;fg;gl;L rpq;fuh[h ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;

tphpthf;fg;gl;L nkhj;jg;gug;gsT 11187 n`f;Nlauhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,k; nkhj;jg;gug;gsTk; 1988 ,y; Njrpa

kuGhpik Wilderness (National Heritage wildness Area) gug;ghf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jidj;njhlHe;JUNESCO ,jid ,yq;ifapd; Kjd;ik ,aw;if Njrpa kuGhpik ikakhf (Natural World HeritageSite) mq;fPfhpj;jJ. rpq;fuh[h (cyf muGhpik ikaj;jpd; (SWEHS) ,id) epHtfpj;jYf;fhd khw;Wg;

Nkyhz;ik nrYj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;G ,yq;if tdj;jpizf;fsj;jplk; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ

,j;jPtpy; nkhj;jg;gug;gstpd; Vwj;jho 0.2% gug;gsitf;nfhz;L> ,yq;ifapy; vQrpAs;s jho;epy

kiof;fhl;bd; kpfg;nghpa myfhf rpq;fuh[h tdk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh Njitfisf;fUjp fhl;bw;Fs; nry;tjw;fhfg; ghijfs; ahTk; jw;NghJ

guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;G 5.1 Ig; ghHf;f) vt;thwhapDk;> rpw;Nwhilfs; khriljy;> El;gkhd

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64

thoplq;fSf;fhfg; ghjpg;G (kiyAr;rp cl;gl) mhpjhd kw;Wk; myq;fhu jhtuq;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;>

Fg;ig NrHjy; Nghd;wd ,f;fhl;ilf; fhz tUgtHfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

fd;dypa tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;fd;dypa tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;fd;dypa tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;fd;dypa tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;fd;dypa tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;

fd;dypa fhl;Lg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrkhdJ fd;dypa njjpahfy kw;Wk; ehfpah njdpa (KDN) fhl;L$l;likg;igr;NrHe;j gpuj;jpNahfkhdNjhH ,yq;ifapd; jho;;epy kiof;fhlhFk;. ,J fhyp khtl;lj;jpy;

60 10’ kw;Wk; 60 18’ tlq;F mfyhq;fpw;Fk;> 800 19’ kw;Wk; 800 26’ fpof;F nel;lhq;fpw;Fkpilapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gug;gpd; ruhrhp Mz;L kiotPo;r;rp 4.445mm MfTs;sJ Kf;fpakhfj; njd;Nky;

gUt kiof;fhyk; (Nk eLg;gFjp Kjy; nrg;nlk;gH ,Wjp tiu) ruhrhp khjhe;j ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho

270C Mf fhzg;gLk;

fd;dypa tdj;jpd; nkhj;jg;guggsT 5>305.9 n`f;NlauhFk; ,jpy; 5108.2ha gug;gsT mlHj;jpahd

tdkhfTk;> 168.4ha gug;gsT rpwpjsT tdkhfTk;> 29.3ha gug;gsT gapHr;nra;if tdkhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. KDN $l;likg;gpd; ,aw;ifj; jhtutpdkhfTk; madkz;ly jho;epy kiof;fhlhFk;

jhtuq;fisAk;; (Floristically) kw;Wk; ngsjpfjd;ikapYk; (Physiognomically) ,f;fhlhdJ gy

mLf;FfisAk;> jhtutpdq;fspd; gy;tifikAk; nfhz;L> kNyrpahtpd; jho;epy kiof;fhLfis xj;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfstpyhd rpw;Nwhilfisf; (111) fhl;bDs; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk; mit

Mw;Wj;njhFjpfSf;Fg; gpujhd toq;fshf ,Ug;gjdhYk; njd;khfhzj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd ,aw;if

tdkhf ,g;gug;G fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fd;dypa vy;y kw;Wk; ed;dp fpl vy;y ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fisr

mjpfstpyhd epiyf;Fj;jhd gug;Gfisf; (>20m) nfhz;bUg;gNjhL rpwe;j ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fis

Rl;bf;fhl;lf;$ba tpjj;jpy; mjpf tPjhrhuj;jpy; fhl;ilr; nrwpthff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

KDN fhlhdJ jhtutpd gpuNjrk; (Florist region) 7 ,y; mike;Js;sJ mjpy; ntsptPr;rpy; mike;j

njd;kiyg;gFjpAk; mlq;Fk;. ,J 17% khd <utya jho;epy cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa njd;Nky; g+f;Fk;

jhtuq;fs; fhLfspy; fhzg;gLtjhy; gpuj;jpNaf cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa ,dq;fisf; nfhz;l (Exceptionalendemicity) XH gpuNjrkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

kj;jpa 1990 fspy; elhj;jg;gl;l Njrpa guhkhpg;G kW Ma;T %ykhf ,j;jPtpy; mjpstpyhd kuq;fs;

kw;Wk; tpyq;F gy;tifj; jd;ikf;nfhz;l vl;Lf; (contiguous) fhLfspy; xd;whf KDN fhl;L Complextpsq;Ftjhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gpuNjrkhdJ njw;fhrpahtpNyNa jhtu tdg;G kpFjpahf

fhzg;gLk; XH gpuNjrkhf milahsq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1968-1988 fhyg;gFjpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT fhl;L tsq;fs; kuq;fis jwpg;gjd; %yk; mopf;fg;gl;lhYk;

nfd;dypa fhl;bd; jhtu tsKk; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; gy;tifj;jd;ikAk; xg;gPl;lstpy; ,d;Wk;

mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfd;dypatpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;ifapd; %ykhf kuq;fs;> nrbfs; kw;Wk; g+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs;

cs;slq;fshf 301 jhtu tiffspy; (Flora Spp) 52% Mdit cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpadthf (endomic)milahsq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. (Sinhakumara 1994). Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpy;> 16 jhtutpdq;fs; cyfyhtpa

h Pjpapy ; moptpw ;Fw ;glf;$badthfTk; (Themreatened) 26 jhtutpdq;fs; Njrpa h Pjpapy ;

moptpw;Fl;glf;$badthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nfd;dypa fhlhdJ gy;NtWgl;l %ypj;jhtuq;fSf;F ciwtplkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJg;

gad;ghl;bw;F cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; %ypj;jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; kuq;fshf Beraliya (Mq;fpyj;jpy;) RaramosusNghd;w rpy mlq;Fk;.

nfd;dypa fhl;Lg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpf gy;tifik nfhz;l tpyq;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mz;ikf;fhy Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf ,g;gug;gpy; 122 gwitapdq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy;

,yq;ifapd; cl;gpuNjrq;fSf;Fhpa gr;ir epw nrhz;ilAila Coucal (Green billed coucal Contropuschlororhynchus) kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; ePy nkf;gp (Sri Lanka Blue magie - Uroussa ornata) Tk; mlq;Fk;

ghYl;btiffspy; 20 ,dq;fs; ,f;fhl;bypUe;Nj gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; ,sQ;rptg;G

KfKila ,iyf;Fuq;F (Purple facedx leaf monkey - Trachpitheus Vetulus) kw;Wk; vypkhd; (Mouse Deer- Tragulus meminna) Tk; mlq;Fk;. gpf;kp kuj;jtis (Sharpsnout pygmi tree frog - Philautus nasutue)cs;slq;fshf <Ulftho; ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa gr;ir tphpad; (Green pit viper -Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) cs;slq;fshf 39 CHtd vd;gd nfd;dypatpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,jw;Fk; Nkyhf 46 tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp ,dq;fs; (cjhuzk;: cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpa ePy Xf; ,iy

tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp) kw;Wk; cyfshtpa Mgj;Jf;Fs;shfpapUf;Fk; tpy;gplh uh]; Nghuh (Globally threat-

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65

5ened wilpilta Rasbora - Rasbora Wilpita kw;Wk; Barned Danio (Danio Pathirana) vd;gd cs;slq;fshf 24

kPdpdq;fs; ,e;j gpuj;jpNafkhd jho;epy kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nfd;dypa kw;Wk; KDN fhl;Lf; $l;likg;ig cLfk - `pdpJk gpujhd tPjp (B156) apypUe;J gphpAk;thfdq;fs; nry;yf;$ba ghij %ykhf mila KbAk;. ,g;ghijahdJ [pd; fq;iff;F ePiu

thsq;ff;$ba fpis Mwhd ed;dpfpj Xil tiuf;Fk; thfdj;jpy; nry;yKbAk; kug;ghynkhd;iw

cgNahfpj;J ,t;Nthiliaf; fle;J jpizf;fs mYtyfj;ijAk; ghHitahsH ikaj;ijAk;

milaKbAk;.

cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh?

Guhzfhy $w;Wg;gb. rpq;fuh[ tdkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; ,Wjpahf fhzg;gl;l ty;yikAila

rpq;fnkhd;wpd; Gfyplkhf fhzg;gl;lJ.

1972 ,y; UNESCO My; gpuNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l cyf fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; ,aw;iw kuGhpik

ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; cyfk; KOtJk; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; ,aw;if kuGhpikia

milahsq;fhZjy;> ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis ,t;nthg;ge;jk;

Cf;fg;gLj;jfpd;wJ. Nkyjpf tpguq;fSf;F http://whc.unesco.org Ig; ghHf;f UNESCO vdg;gLtJIf;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu epWtdkhFk;.

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66

SPOTLIGHT 5.1

Sinharaja Trail Map isxyrdch ;=, udr®. is;shu rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk;rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk;rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk;rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk;rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk;

The map above shows several recommended trails through Sinharaja Forest that can be accessed through the entry pointsto the forest. Details of these trails can be obtained from the Forest Department Offices located at the entrances.

isxyrdc jkdka;rhg we;=Ω ùu i|yd ksr®foaY lr we;s udr®.hka lsysmhla by; is;shu u.ska olajd we;' by; udr®.hka ms<sn| úia;r tu

udr®. j,g we;=Ω jk ia:dkfha msysgd we;s jk ixrCIK fomdr®;fïka;=fõ ldr®hd,hka fj;ska ,nd .; yelsh'

NkNyfhl;lg;gl;Ls;s glk; rpq;fuh[ fhl;bDs; Eioaf;$ba gy topfisf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l ghijapy;

tpguq;fs;> Eiothapy;fspYs;s fhl;Lj;jpizf;fs fhhpahyaj;jpy; fpilf;Fk;.

A Kudawa Conservation Centre (KCC) l=vj ixrlaIK uOHia:dkh

B Jeep track from KCC to the KRS l=vj ixrlaIK uOHia:dkfha isg l=vj mr®fhaIK uOHia:dkh olajd „ma r: udr®.h'

C Mulawella peak uq,dje,a, l∫ uq≥k

D Kudawa Research Station (KRS) l=vj mr®fhaIK uOHia:dkh'

E Gal-len-yaya. .,a f,ka hdh

F Sinhagala peak isxy ., l∫ uq∫k

G Pitadeniya Conservation Centre (PCC) msgfoksh ixrlaIK uOHia:dkh

H Pitadeniya ticket counter msgfoksh m%fõYm;a ljqΩj

I Track from Mederipitiya to PCC fufo˙msáh isg msgfoksh ixrlaIK uOHia:dkhg m%fõY udr®.h

J Kohila Aramba fldys, wrU

K Kekuna Ella lel=k we,a,

L Pathan-oya Ella m;ka Th we,a,

M Duwili Ella (Kosmulla) ¥ú,s we,a, ^fldia uq,a,&

N Morningside Conservation Centre (MCC) fudakska ihsâ ixrlaIK uOHia:dkh

O Natural Pool iajNdúl c,dYh

P Duwili Ella (Morningside) ¥ú,s we,a,

1 Wathurawa-Mulawella j;=rdk-uq,dje,a,

2 From KRS to giant Nawanda tree l=vj mr®fhaIK uOHia:dkfha isg fhdaO kjo .i olajd

3 From Sinhagala trail to Gal-len-yaya isxy ., jk ux fm; isg .,a j,ka olajd

4 Sinhagala trail from Kudawa l=vj isg isxy ., olajd

5 Kohila aramba trail fldys, wrU ux fm;

6 Kekuna Ella & Pathan-oya Ella trail lel=k we,a, yd m;ka Th we,a, ux fm;

7 Sinhagala trail from Pitadeniya msgfoksh isg isxy ., olajd ux fm;

8 Duwili Ella trail from Denuwakanda fokqjlkao isg ¥ú,s we,a, olajd uxfm;

9 Duwili Ella trail from MCC fudkskaihsâ ixrlaIK uOHia:dkfha isg ¥ú,s we,a, olajd uxfm;

10 From MCC to the natural pool fudkskaihsâ ixrlaIK uOHia:dkfha isg iajNdúl c,dYhg

11 Trail from Kosmulla via Duwili Ella to Siththara gal lena (cave) fldiauq,a, isg ¥ú,s we,a, yryd iS;d .,a f,k

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:46 PM66

67

5SPOTLIGHT 5.2

Kanneliya Trail Map lkafk,sh i|yd msúiqï udr®.h fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk;fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk;fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk;fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk;fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk;

The above figure shows access routes to the KDN forest complex. Several recommended trails are also shown. FurtherDetails of these trails can be obtained from the Forest Department Office located at the entrance.

by; we;s is;shu u.ska lkafk,sh jkdka;rh i|yd msúish yels udr®.hka olajd we;' ;jo jkdka;rh ;=< mj;sk jk uxfm;a lsysmhlao fuys°

i|yka lr we;' fuu jkdka;r msúiqï ia:dkfha we;s jk ixrlaIK fomdr®;fïka;= ldr®hd,hla u.skaa jeä≥r f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsh'

tyg;gf;fKs;s glk; fd;dypa fhl;Lj; njhFjpf;Fhpa ghijiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gy mDkjpf;fg;gl;l topfSk;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; Nkyjpf fhl;Lg;ghij gw;wpa tpguq;fs; EiothapypYs;s fhl;L ,yhf;fhtpd; fhhpaj;jpy;

fpilf;Fk;.

1' Plant Nursery me, ;jdk

rpWjhtuq;fs;

2' Interpretation CentreixrlaIK uOHia:dkh

tpsf;fkspf;Fk; ikak;

3' Natural Pool iajNdúl c,dYh

,aw;ifj;jlhfk;

4' Bat Cave jjq,a .=ydj

ntsthy; Fif

5' Kabbale Peak lene,a, l∫ mduq,

fngNy cr;rp

6' Anagimale Waterfall wk.s u, we,a,

mdfpkNy ePH tPo;r;rp

7' Eco lodge m˙ir ksjyk

#oy; tPL - Ecolodge

8' Millagaha Dola ñ,a,.y we,a,

kpy;yq;fNlhth

9' Naran-gas Water Fall Dola kdr.ia

we,a, ehud; - thA ePHtPo;r;rp

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:46 PM67

68

Figure 5.3Location of Kanneliya lkafk,sh jr®Id jkdka;rfha msysàu

fd;dypa mikT

KANNELIYAGALLE

Figure 5.2Location of Sinharaja isxyrdc jr®Id jkdka;rfha msysàu

rpq;fuhIh mikT

RATNAPURA

SINHARAJAGALLE

Figure 5.1The distribution of patches of distribute and relatively undistributedrainforests in south western lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka (Adaptedfrom Aston and Gunatilleke, 1987) Y%S ,xldfõ ks˙;†. f;;a l,dmfha jr®Id

jkdka;r j, jHdma;sh ,yq;ifapd; njd;Nky; jho; epy <utya

kiof;fhl;bd; guk;gy;

Chapter 5 5/26/05, 3:46 PM68

69

6

The Importance of Tropical Rainforestsksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, jeo.;alu

mad kz;lyf; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;lyf; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;lyf; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;lyf; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;lyf; fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 6

70

The Importance of Tropical Rainforests

Tropical rainforests are a world like no other. Their importance to the global ecosystem and humanexistence is indisputable. Unparalleled in biological diversity, tropical rainforests offer a rich source ofmedicinal plants, high yield foods and myriads of other useful forest products. They are an importanthabitat for animals and sustain as much as 50% of the species on our planet, including a number of

unique indigenous cultures. Tropical rainforests play a fundamental role in regulating global weather,maintaining regular rainfall, serving as watersheds and preventing floods, droughts, and erosion. They

store vast quantities of carbon while producing a significant amount of the world’s oxygen.

Diversity

Although tropical rainforests only cover 6% of the earth’s land area, they are home to more than 50% of itsspecies. They shelter 90% of non-human primates, 40% of all birds of prey, 80% of the world’s insects andover 60% of all known plants. In tropical forests the distribution of some species are restricted to particularareas. They are not found elsewhere in the forest. In this context, the destruction of even small extents offorest could result in the extinction of such restricted species. If such extinctions involve keystone species,species who help support the entire community and whose extinction would consequently lead to theextinction of other forms of life, the entire balance and diversity of the ecosystem could be lost. It isessential therefore to safeguard every inch of our rainforests in order to preserve this wealth of biologicaldiversity. The vast diversity of genetic resources contained in the forests is the common heritage of allhumankind and may well prove to be vitally important for the future welfare of the human race.

Regulation of the global climate

Rainforests play a critical role in regulating the global climate. They absorb carbon dioxide, a gas partlyresponsible for global warming, and serve as carbon sinks. Tropical rainforests absorb more carbon dioxidethan any other terrestrial ecosystem, and hold vast reserves of carbon in their vegetation. Maintaining theregularity of rainfall, and the oxygen-carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere, are further contributions ofrainforests. However, when rainforests are burnt or the trees are cut and left to decay, the stored carbon isreleased into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO

2). Destruction of rainforests is thus a huge factor

contributing to the greenhouse effect.

Protection against soil erosion

The thick stratified cover of vegetation in rainforests breaks the fall of rainwater and allows it to reach theground layer gently, thus preventing run-off at erosive velocities. This helps the rain to seep down into theground slowly and maintain the water content in the litter and soil at saturation point. Not only are thewatersheds protected from soil erosion, marine ecosystems such as coral reefs are, as a consequence,protected from harm by sediment washed down to sea.

The consequences of logging rainforests are clear - uncontrolled run-off will wash away the shallow topsoil, silt up waterways and cause flash floods. The eroded soils and the reduced rainfall in the aftermath oflogging will greatly reduce the chances of forest regeneration. Even when forests are ‘selectively logged’(only a few of the most valuable trees are removed for their timber) the forest becomes hotter and drier, andmuch more prone to catastrophic fires. Natural, unlogged rainforests very rarely catch fire.

71

6

Teaching Strategy 6.1: Who uses what?

Make a list of all the possible direct and indirect users of tropical rainforests. Under each user, list whathe/she uses the forest for and what he/she would like the forest to have. Also evaluate the negative andpositive consequences of these uses. For example: Forest tribes - forests provide virtually everything,Tourist - would like to see waterfalls, plants and animals preserved for observation, Farmer - would liketo maintain watershed protection.

Educational value

Rainforests are important field laboratories to study and understand aspects related to biology, ecology andenvironmental science. The rainforest is a flagship ecosystem that could facilitate promoting and inculcatingthe value of conservation amongst the general public.

Aesthetic and spiritual value

The wonder and spiritual importance of the rainforests to people who live in and around them, is profound.They are also important for so many others who just enjoy a visit during holidays, for relaxation andrecreation purposes. Rainforest are popular tourist destinations. If sustainably managed, eco-tourism inrainforests could make an important contribution to the tourist industry and boost the country’s economy.

The serene atmosphere in a rainforest has inspired the establishment of many monasteries within the forest.The aesthetic and spiritual riches enshrined in rainforests cannot be priced.

Medicinal value

Rainforests are considered nature’s own pharmacy. The high species diversity of rainforests makes them ahighly prized source for new medicinal drugs. Most of these medicines were first discovered and used byindigenous people who live in and around the forests. Medicinal plants from rain forests are very preciousbecause they rarely survive any other environment. About one-fourth of all the medicines we use today,originate from rainforest plants. Some examples are, Curare, derived from a tropical vine in South Americanrainforests, used as an anaesthetic; Quinine, extracted from the cinchona tree, used to treat malaria; and therosy periwinkle found in Madagascar, yields an anti-leukaemia drug.

Similarly, the rain forests in Sri Lanka are storehouses of ‘green’ medicine. Coscinium fenestratum(Weniwel), Kokoona zeylanica (Kokum), Anoectochilus setaceous (Wanaraja), Balanophoa fungosa(Jatamakuta), Canarium zeylanicum (Kekuna), Psychotria sarmentosa (Gonika), Nepenthes distillatoria(Bandura), Tinospora cordifolia (Rasakinda), Urandra apicalis (Uruhonda) and Garcinia hermonii (Madol)are some of the rainforest plants that are used in the ayurvedic system of traditional medicine.

Food diversity

Apart from being an invaluable source of medicines, rainforests are a primary source of plants ofagricultural value. Many of the food plants that are now commonly cultivated worldwide, originated in therainforests. These include bananas, avocadoes, pineapples, peanuts, oranges, papaya, lemon, pepper,coconut, sugarcane and cassava - all products of South American rainforests.

The wild relatives of many cultivated tropical crops are found in rainforests. As modern agriculture isvulnerable to pests, disease and changes in climate, genes from wild plants are used to fortify modernvarieties. This procedure to increase the stress tolerance levels of modern varieties is likely to becomeincreasingly important in the future. A variety of wild edible plants and plant products can be found in SriLankan rainforests. Shorea cordifolia (Beraliya), Shorea distichta (Beraliya), Vateria copallifera (Hal),

72

mushrooms (Lenahathu), Caryota urens (Kithul) and Costus speciosus (Thebu) are some of the food plantsthat are found in our rainforests.

Other economically useful products

In addition to medicines and food, rainforests provide us with canes, bamboos, grasses and wood, all ofwhich are useful in making houses and other structures, as well as many fibres and resins. The kapok treeproduces silky, water resistant fibres used as a filler in a number of products, such as life belts, pillows,upholstery and insulators. Latex extracted from the bark of the Hevea rubber tree, is used in making tyresfor cars, trucks and heavy equipment.

In 1985, a study conducted by the University of Peradeniya in several villages in the buffer zone ofSinharaja forest, listed 197 wild species useful to the communities (McDermott, 1990). Among the long listof forest products commonly used by villagers are fuel wood and timber, sugar palm or ‘Kithul’(Caryotaurens), rattan (five species of Calamus), Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and the medicinal liana‘Weni Wel’ (Coscinium fenestratum), Bamboo (Ochlandra stridula), fruits and leafy vegetables.

A source of fresh water

Evapotranspiration from tropical rainforests helps cloud formation. Rainforests attract rain clouds. In turnthe clouds deposit their water on the rainforest as rainfall. Hence, the rainfall in a rainforest is often morethan 2,500 mm per year. It has been proven that an area that loses its rainforests also loses an importantsource of fresh water. Where forests have been cleared, rainfall may decline and, without a tree cover, theground becomes hot and dry. In Amazonia, this has been shown to have ‘knock-on’ effects by making thesurrounding areas drier, thus making them vulnerable to deterioration. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990)

Home to indigenous communities

Indigenous or native people, have lived in tropical forests for thousands of years. Scientists have uneartheda 12,000 year-old human habitation in the Amazon basin, and found 39,000 year-old artefacts from caves inthe jungles of Borneo. It is estimated that as many as 50 million tribal people may be living today withinthe world’s tropical forests (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). For these people, the forest is their home, theirspiritual base, and their source of food and clothing (Spotlight 6.1). They use every part of the forest in asustainable manner. Although most Sri Lankan rainforests are not inhabited by indigenous communities, inmany instances the villagers who live around rainforests depend on them for their sustenance.

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6

Teaching Strategy 6.2: Moral Dilemma - Classroom discussion

When evaluating the values of a rainforest we come across many dilemmas. These are often not easy toresolve. Have a classroom discussion about this. One example is given.

Perera is a farmer living in the periphery of a rainforest. He has very little land of his own and no formaleducation or outstanding skills which will allow him to find a job. He earns his living to support his wifeand two children by clearing parts of the rainforest and growing seasonal crops. Through this he earnsjust enough money to feed and educate his family. However, recently the adjacent rainforest which heuses for his farming was declared a protected area. If caught clearing the forest/farming in it, Perera willface charges. Should he give up farming in the rainforest or not?

Discussions should revolve around

Is it alright for Perera to continue clearing the forest for farming?

What happens if there are many people in the area in Perera’s situation?

What alternative options does Perera have?

See if you can come to an agreement on whether one value should take priority over another.

Did You Know?

Vincristine, extracted from the rainforest plant, Periwinkle, is one of the world’s most powerfulanticancer drugs. It has dramatically increased the survival rate for acute childhood leukemia (Taylor,1998)

Most medicine men and shamans remaining in the rainforests today are 70 ears old or more. When amedicine man dies without passing his arts on to the next generation, the tribe and the world losesirreplaceable knowledge about medicinal plants gathered over thousands of year (Taylor, 1998)

74

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, jeo.;a lu

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,g iudk l< yels lsisjla ñysmsg fkdue;' mD:ßúfha m˙ir moaO;s j,meje;au i|yd iy ñksidf.a meje;au i|yd b;d wêl odhl;ajhla ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r u.skaimhkq ,nhs' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk woaú;Sh ffcj úúO;ajhg wu;rj T!IO" wêlM,odjla iys; fnda. jr®. we;=,;aj w;s uy;a ixLHdjla jQ jkdka;r wdY%s; ksIamdok jr®. rdYshlafuu jkdka;r u.ska ñksidg imhd fokq ,efí' ksjr®;k jeis jkdka;r i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshlf.a

meje;au i|yd w;sYhska jeo.;ajk w;r mD:ßúh u; jdih lrk i;a;aj úfYaI w;˙ka80]lf.a muK jdiia:dkh fõ' óg wu;rj tla tla jkdka;r moaO;s j,g wdfõksl jQ mdrïm˙l

ixialD;shla iys; ck ldKavdhïo jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j ≤l.; yelsh'

mD:ßúfha foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh md,kh ls¯fï uQ,sl ldr®hh Ndrh jr®Id jkdka;r u.ska is≥ lrkq ,nk w;r óg wu;rj jr®Idj

md,kh ls¯u" c, fmdaIl m%foaYhla f,i l%shd lr .x j;=r yd kshÛh md,kh ls¯u yd mdxY= Ldokh je,elaùu jeks jeo.;a

md˙i˙l l%shd rdYshlg fuu jkdka;r odhl fõ' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r u.ska ldnka w;s úYd, m%udKhla .%yKh lr .kakd

w;r" b;d by, Tlaiscka m%udKhla jdhqf.da,hg uqody˙kq ,nhs'

ffcj úúO;ajh

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r mD:ßúfha uq¨ f.dvìï m%udKfhka 6] muK ìï m%udKhla wdjrKh lrñka mej;sh;a" mD:ßúfha jdih

lrk uq¨ „ùkaf.ka 80] lg wêl m%udKhla i|yd jdiia:dkh ù we;' fuu jkdka;r ;=< mD:ßúfha jdih lrk ish¨u

m%hsfïgdjka úfYaI w;˙ka 90] lao" udxY NlaIl mlaIs úfYaI w;˙ka 40] lao" lDñka úfYaI w;˙ka 80] lao" y∫kdf.k we;s

Ydl úfYaI w;˙ka 60]lao yuqfõ' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j yuqjk iuyr „ù úfYaI l=vd m%foaY j,g muKla

wdfõksl jk w;r wfkl=;a m%foaY j, olakg fkd,efí' tneúka jr®Id jkdka;rhl b;d iqΩ m%foaYhla úkdY ls¯fuka mjd

iuyr „ù úfYaI mD:ßúfhka ioygu j|ù hdfï yelshdjla we;' tneúka mD:ßúh u; mj;sk ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId ls¯u

i|yd fuu jkdka;r wdrlaId ls¯u b;d jeo.;a fõ' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, mj;sk cdk iïm;a ñksia jr®.hd i;=j

mj;sk fmd≥ iïm;la jk w;r th ñksidf.a wkd.; iqNisoaêh Wfoid wdrlaId lr .; hq;=h' ^jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk

ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn|j jeä wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug 3 m˙Éf√ofha jr®Id jkdka;rj, Ydl yd i;=ka ms<sn| fldgi n,kak&

mD:ßúfha foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka md,kh ls¯u

mD:ßúfha foaY.=Kh md,kh ls¯u i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r b;d jeo.;a ldr®h Ndrhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' jr®Id jkdka;r u.ska

mD:ßúh WKqiqï ùfï l%shdj,shg n,mdk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu is≥ lrk w;r ldnka ixÑ;hla f,io

jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrkq ,nhs' mD:ßúh u; mj;sk fjk;a ´kEu fN!ñl m˙ir moaO;shlg jvd jeä m%udKhlska

ldnkavfhdlaaihsâ jdhqj .%yKh ls¯ug ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,g yelshdjla we;' ;jo jr®Id jkdka;r j, Ydl jeiau

;=, w;s úYd, ldnka m%udKhla .%yKh lr we;' tneúka jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl mq¨iaid ±uqjfyd;a fyda lmd ±ófuka miq

úfhdackh ùfuka ldnka úYd, m%udKhla ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj f,i jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia jkq we;' y˙;d.dr wdprKhg

n,mdk fojk m%Odku fya;=j jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYh f,i y∫kdf.k we;'

mdxY= Ldokh je,elaùu

jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk >k Ydl wdjrKh u.ska jr®Id jkdka;rh ;=,g m;s; jk jr®Id c,fha fõ.h wvd, lrk w;ru

tu c,h jeä m%udKhla jkdka;rh ;=,u rojd ;eîu is≥lrhs' fuu l%shdj,sh ksid jr®Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk u;=msg mdxY=

ia:rh fidod hdu wju lrhs' tu.ska mdxY= Ldokh u.ska fldr,a mr jeks id.˙l m˙ir moaO;s j,g frdka uv tl;= ùu

fndfyda ≥rg wvqjk w;r" tjeks m˙ir moaO;s wdrlaId ùuo is≥fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY l, miq" ta wdY%s;j mj;sk u;= msg

mdxY= ia:rh jr®Idj iuÛ .idf.k f.dia .xÛd we< fod, wd†fhys ;ekam;a fõ' thg fya;=j jkafka fõ.fhka m;s; jk jr®Id

c,h .%yKh l< yels ;rï jk wdjrKhla ;j ≥rg;a b;s˙j fkdmej;Su jk w;r fuu fya;=j ksid 2003 jifr® Y%S ,xldfõ

f;;a l,dmfha iuyr m%foaY j, we;s jQ wdldrfha laIKsl .x j;=r ;;a;ajhka we;s úh yelsh' wjidkfha° fuu m%foaYfha

u;=msg mia ia:rh fndfyda ≥rg wvqjk w;r ,efnk jr®Id m%udKho wvq ùu ksid jr®Id jkdka;r kej; we;sùfï yelshdjo

fndfyda ≥rg wvq ù hkq we;' oej jr®. ,nd .ekSu i|yd f;`rd.;a Ydl bj;a ls¯fï l%ufõohka wkq.ukh ls¯fï° jr®Id

75

6jkdka;r jvd WKqiqï yd úh<s ;;a;ajhg m;ajk nj fidhd f.k we;s w;r tjeks m%foaY wdY%s;j <eõ .sks we;sùfï jeä

wj∞kulao mj;shs' ≤j lemSu is≥ lrkq fkd,enq jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j <eõ .sks we;s fkdfõ'

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 6'1( jr®Id jkdka;r Ndú;hg .ekSu

jr®Id jkdka;r yd tajdfha ksIamdokhka Rcqj yd jl%dldrj Ndú;hg .kakd lKvdhï j, ,ehsia;=j;a ms<sfh, lrkak'

tfiau by; tla tla Ndú; lKavdhï hgf;a" Tjqka l=ula i|yd jkdka;rh Ndú;d lrkafkao@ yd l=uk ksIamdokhla

jkdka;rh ;=,ska ,nd .kshso@ hk lreKq ,ehsia;= .; lrkak' tfiau jkdka;r Ndú;fha° we;sjk hym;a yd whym;a

;;a;ajhka meye†,s lrkak'

W∞( jkdka;r jdiS f.`;%slhska - Tjqkaf.a iEu wjYH;djhlau jkdka;r ;=<ska imqrd .kshs'

ixpdrlhska - jkdka;rh ;=< mj;sk †h we,s" Ydl yd i;=ka ks¯CIKh lrhs'

f.dúhka - c, fm`Yl m%foaYhla f,i jeo.;a fõ'

wOHdmksl jeo.;alu

mdie,a yd úYaj úoHd, YsIHhka i|yd „j úoHdj" md˙i˙l úoHdj jeks úIhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels lafIaa;%

úoHd.drhla f,i jr®Id jkdka;r jeo.;a fõ' tfiau idudkH ck;dj ixrlaIK l%shdj,shka i|yd keUqre l< yels "“OcOd¯

m˙ir moaO;shla” f,io jr®Id jkdka;r Ndú;d l, yelsh' wfkl=;a iajNdúl m˙ir moaO;s fukau jr®Id jkdka;ro

ixpdrlhka jeä jYfhka meñfKk m%foaYhla jk w;r uOHu yd ol=Kq weu˙ldkq jr®Id jkdka;r ixpdrlhka w;r jvd;a

ckm%sh ù we;' jvd fyd¢ka l,ukdlrKh lrkq ,nk jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; ixpdrl lr®udka; jev igyka u.ska m˙irhg

ydkshla fkdlr rfÜ wdr®:ßlh iS>%fhka by, ±óug lghq;= l< yelsh'

fi!kaor®hd;aul yd ixialD;sluh w.h

jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< yd ta wjg jdih lrk ck;dj ;=< jkdka;rh ms<sn| úfYaIs; jQ ne£ula yd mQckSh ;;a;ajhla mj;shs'

jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< ixpdrh lrk ndysr mqoa.,hka mjd tjeks ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j ≤k isàu jeo.;a fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r u.ska

,nd fok ishΩu fiajdjka i|yd ñ,la kshu ls¯fï yelshdjla ke;' jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk ixialD;sluh yd iajNdj

fi!kaor®hd;aul w.h ms<sn|j o ñ,la kshu l, fkdyels fõ'

U!Iëh w.h

jr®Id jkdka;r" “iajNdj Or®ufha T!IOd.drh”" hk wkajr®: kdufhkao y∫kajkq ,efí' jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, mj;sk wêl ffcj

úúO;ajh ;=< b;d wêl jákdlula iys; T!IO jr®. rdYshla we;' fujeks T!IO jr®. rdYshla jr®Id jkdka;r yd ta wjg

jdih lrk mdrïm˙l ck;dj úiska Ndú;d lr we;' fuu jr®Id jkdka;r jdis T!IO Ydl úfYaI fndfyduhla jkdka;rfhka

msg; m˙ir ;;a;ajhka ;=< jr®Okh fkdjk ksid tys w.h ;j;a jeä fõ' wm jr®;udkfha Ndú;d lrk T!IO jr®. j,ska

y;frka tll m%udKhl iïNjh jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, is≥ ù we;'

ol=Kq weu˙ldkq jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS je,a úfYAIhlska ,nd .kakd l=rdfr® T!IOh ksr®úkok lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrk w;r

iskafldakd Ydlfhka ,nd.kakd l=hskSka" uef,a˙hd frda.h i|yd T!IOhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs' uev.ialrfha jr®Id jkdka;r

Ydlhla jk ñkSu,a Ydlfha ,shqflañhd frda.h ur®Okh l< yels T!IO wvx.= fõ' ksjr®;k l,dmfha yuqjk Ydl úfYaI 1400

wêl m%udKhl ms<sld frda. ioyd m%;sldr l< yels T!IO jr®. y∫kdf.k we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r j,o T!IO f,i Ndú;d l, yels Ydl jr®. rdYshla we;' fjksje,a ^Cosciniumfenestratum&" fldl=ka ^Kokoona zeylanica&" jkrdc ^Anoectoechilus setaceus&" f.dksld ^Psychotria sarmentosa&"

nd∫rd ^Nepenthus distillatoria&" rils| ^Tinospora cordifolia&" W!re fydv ^Urandra apicalis& yd ufvd,a ^Garciniahermonii& T!IO f,i Ndú;d lrk Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j yuqjk Ydl úfYaI lsysmhla fõ' fuu Ydl jr®.

fndfyduhla mdrïm˙l wdhqr®fõo T!IO jr®. f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

wdydr úúO;ajh

T!IO j,g wu;rj" lDIsldr®ñlj jeo.;a Ydl úfYaI rdYshla jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j we;' wdydr f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nk

Ydl fndfyda m%udKhla jr®Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl úfYaI fõ' iuyr m<;=re úfYaI" ó me◊ yd l=Ω nvq úfYaI ish,a,lau jr®Id

76

jkdka;r wdY%s; Ydl ksIamdok fõ' flfi,a" w,sfmar" wkakdis" rglcq" fodvï" .ia,nq" foys" .ïñ˙ia" fmd,a" Wla yd leijd wd°

fnda. jr®. ish,a,u ol=Kq weu˙ldkq jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j iïNdjh ù we;'

fndfyduhla ksjr®;k l,dmSh fnda. jr®. j, jk.; or®Yhka jr®Id jkdka;r j, yuqfõ' jr®;udkfha mj;sk lDIs ldr®ñl

fnda. jr®. rdYshla m<sfndaOlhka" frda. yd foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka u; ≥r®j, ;;a;ajhg m;a fjñka mj;sk neúka tu fnda.

jr®. jeä †hqKq ls¯u i|yd tu fnda. j, jk.; or®Yhka j, cdk fhd∞ .; yelsh' 1990 oYlfha° ol=Kq weu˙ldkq Wla

lr®udka;h" frda.hla ksid jekfiñka ;snQ wjia:djl° cdjd m%foaYfha jk.; Wla m%fNaohlska ,nd.;a cdk u.ska tu frda.hg

m%;sfrdaê Wla m%fNaohla ìyslr frda.hg idr®:lj uqyqK °ug yels úh' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r j,o wdydrhg .; yels Ydl

úfYaI rdYshla yuqfõ' fnr,sh (Shorea cordifolia) fnr,sh (Shorea distichta) y,a (Vateria copallifera) y;= jr®.

^f,ak y;= &" ls;=,a (Caryota urens) yd f;nq (Costus speciosus) fuhska õfYaI lsysmhla fõ'

jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk fjk;a wdr®:ßluh f,i m%fhdackj;a ksIamdok

ksjdi yd fjk;a ksIamdokhka i|yd .; yels fõ je,a" WK jr®." ;DK úfYaI yd ≤j wd†h jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska ,nd .kshs' óg

wu;rj fjk;a îc jr®." fl¢ jr®. yd friska jr®.o jr®Id jkdka;r ksIamdokhka w;r fõ' ol=Kq weu˙ldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r

j,ska ,nd.kakd lmq Ydlfhka ,nd .kakd c,hg m%;sfrdaê fiao jeks ;ka;= úúO ksIamdokhka i|yd fhdod .kshs' rnr® Ydlho

jr®Id jkdka;r jdis Ydlhla jk w;r" fuhska ,nd .kakd rnr® ls˙ u.ska r: jdyk i|yd ghr® we;=Ω ksIamdokhka rdYshla

lrkq ,nhs' fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h u.ska" 1985 jifr®° isxyrdc jkdka;rfha fm%˙; l,dmfha .ïudk j, is≥lrkq ,enQ

m¯laIKhl° tys .ï jeishka úiska úúO wjYH;d i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakd jkdka;r jdiS Ydl úfYaI 197 la y∫kd .kakd ,°

^uelavfudÜ" 1990& fuu Ydl úfYaI w;r" ≤j yd or f,i m%fhdackhg .kakd Ydl úfYaI rdYshlao" ls;=,a ^Caryota urens&"fõje,a (Calamus spp.), tkid,a (Elettaria cardamomum), fjks je,a (Coscinum fenestratum), yd nïnq úfYaIo

(Ochlandra stridula) mj;shs' óg wu;rj wdydrh i|yd Ndú;d lrk M, jr®. yd m;% jr®.o rdYshla fõ'

ms˙is≥ c,h ,nd .kakd m%Njhla f,i

jr®Id jkdka;r Ydl m;% u.ska is≥jk W;aiafõok l%shdj,sh ksid jdhqf.da,hg c, jdIam w;s úYd, m%udKhla tl;= jk w;r

fuu.ska j<dl=Ω we;s ùu is≥fõ' fuh jr®Idj we;s ls¯u i|yd odhl fõ' by; fya;=j ksid jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j jdr®Isl

jr®Idm;kh fndfyda úg ñ' ñ' 2500 g jeä w.hl mj;shs' jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ùu;a iuÛ ,nd.; yels c, m%udKh;a

iS.%fhka wvqjk nj ;yjqre lr we;s lreKla fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ls¯fuka miqj jr®Idm;kh wvqùu yd tys Ydl

wdjrKh ke;s ùfuka miq fmd<fõ úh<s nj jeä ùu is≥jk wdldrh m¯laIK u.ska fmkajd ° we;' weufidakshdfõ° lrkq ,enQ

m¯laIK j,° jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY l, m%foaY j,g wdikakj we;s m%foaYhka l%ufhka úh<s njg m;aùu yd ydhkhg ,laùu

fmkajd ° we;' wm%sldfõ iuyr m%foaY j, mj;sk kshÛh yd M,odj wvqùu jeks ;;a;ajhkag fya;=j jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYh

nj úiajdY lrkq ,nhs'

mdrïm˙l m%cdjkaf.a jdi N=óka f,i

úúOdldr jQ mdrïm˙l ck iuQyhka fyda f.`;%sl m%cdjka jr®Id jkdka;r iuÛ jir oyia .Kkla mQrd „j;a ù we;' weufi`ka

ksïkfha jir 12"000 merKs ckdjdi yd fndar®ksfhda jkdka;r j,ska jir 39000 merKs .,a wdhqO úoHdhka úiska fidhdf.k

we;' jr®;udkfha ñ,shk 50 wdikak f.da;%sl m%cdjka jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j „j;ajk nj wkqudk lrkq ,nhs' jr®Id jkdka;r

Tjqkag ksjykla fukau wdydr we∫ï wd†h ,nd fok w;r tu f.da;%sl jdiSka jkdka;rfha iEu fldgilau ;sridr f,i Ndú;d

lrkq ,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j mdrïm˙l ck;dj jdih fkdlrk kuq;a jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; .ï jeishka

rdYshla ;ukaf.a meje;au i|yd jkdka;r u; hemSu is≥ lrhs'

77

6

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 6'2(

f.dúhd yd jkdka;rh w;r mj;sk iodld,sl .eg¨j - mka;s ldur idlÉPdj

jr®Id jkdka;r j, jákd lu ;lafiare ls¯fï° úúO .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhkag uqyqk °ug is≥fõ' fujeks .eg¨ úi°u

myiq fkdfõ' fï ms<sn|j mka;s ldurfha° idlÉPd l, yels w;r ta i|yd WodyrKhla my; olajd we;'

mqxÑ nKavd jr®Id jkdka;rhla wi, „j;a jk f.dú uyf;ls' Tyq i;=j mj;sk j.d l, yels ìï m%udKh b;d l=vd jk

w;r ia:ßr /lshdjla fidhd.ekSu i|yd wjYHh jk wOHdmk uÜgula fyda /lshd mqyqKqjla Tyq i;=j fkdmj;shs' Tyqf.a

„ú;h mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jkdka;rh ;=, fyaka f.dú;eka is≥lrhs' fuu.ska Tyqf.a mjqf,a idud‚lhka fmdaIKh ls¯ug yd

wOHdmkh ,nd °ug m%udKj;a uqo,la muKla Tyqg Wmhd .; yels fõ' tfy;a uE; ld,fha° Tyq fyaka f.dú;ek i|yd

Ndú;d lrk jkdka;rh ixrlaIs; m%foaYhla f,i kï lr we;' tneúka kej; Tyq jkdka;rh ;=, f.dú;eka ls¯u fyda

jkdka;rh t<s ls¯u kS;sfhka ovqjï ,eìh yels jrola fõ' Tyq jkdka;rfha is≥ lrk f.dú;eka lghq;= keje;aúh hq;=o@

tfia ke;fyd;a mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=o@

idlÉPdfõ° my; lreKq j,g uQ,sl;ajh †h hq;=h'

1' mqxÑ nKavd Tyqf.a j.d lghq;= wLKavj is≥lrf.k hdu idOdrK l%shdjlao@

2' mqxÑ nKavdf.a ;;a;ajfha ñksiqka úYd, m%udKhla fï wjg „j;a jkafka kï l=ula is≥fõo@

3' mqxÑ nKavdg .; yels úl,am l%shd udr®.hka mj;So@

4' by; i|yka .eg¨fõ° m%uqL;ajh ,nd†h hq;af;a l=uk mdr®Yajhgo@

Tn ≤k isáhdo @

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydlhla jk ñkS u,a me<Eáfhka ,nd .kakd úkal%siaáka kï T!IOh ms<sld j,g Ndú;d lrk T!IO

w;˙ka wêl l%shdld¯;ajhla iys; ixfhda.hla fõ' fuu T!IOh fidhd.ekSfuka miq <ore ,shqflañhd frda.Ska úYd,

m%udKhlf.a „ú; fírd.ekSug yels ù we;'

jr®Id jkdka;rj jdih lrk f.da;%sljdiSkaf.a fj≤≥rka wjqre≥ 70 lg jvd jhia.; jQjka fõ' fuu fj≤≥rka úiska

Tjqkaf.a ≤kqu B<Û mrmqr fj; ,nd fkd≥kfyd;a jir oyia .kKla merKs T!IO jr®. rdYshla ñksidg wysñ jkq we;'

78

mad kz;ly fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mad kz;ly fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU cyfkhFk;. g+Nfhs #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; kdpj caph;mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU cyfkhFk;. g+Nfhs #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; kdpj caph;mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU cyfkhFk;. g+Nfhs #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; kdpj caph;mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU cyfkhFk;. g+Nfhs #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; kdpj caph;mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU cyfkhFk;. g+Nfhs #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; kdpj caph;

tho;f;iff;Fk; ,tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G msg;ghpajhFk;. ,f;fhLfs; <Lnra;a Kbahjtho;f;iff;Fk; ,tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G msg;ghpajhFk;. ,f;fhLfs; <Lnra;a Kbahjtho;f;iff;Fk; ,tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G msg;ghpajhFk;. ,f;fhLfs; <Lnra;a Kbahjtho;f;iff;Fk; ,tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G msg;ghpajhFk;. ,f;fhLfs; <Lnra;a Kbahjtho;f;iff;Fk; ,tw;wpd; ghJfhg;G msg;ghpajhFk;. ,f;fhLfs; <Lnra;a Kbahj

caph;gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mad kz;ly fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f kUj;Jt ,ay;Gilacaph;gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mad kz;ly fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f kUj;Jt ,ay;Gilacaph;gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mad kz;ly fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f kUj;Jt ,ay;Gilacaph;gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mad kz;ly fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f kUj;Jt ,ay;Gilacaph;gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mad kz;ly fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f kUj;Jt ,ay;Gila

jhtuq;fs; caph; tpisr;riy mspf;ff;$ba czTj;jhtuq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cgNahfkpf;fjhtuq;fs; caph; tpisr;riy mspf;ff;$ba czTj;jhtuq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cgNahfkpf;fjhtuq;fs; caph; tpisr;riy mspf;ff;$ba czTj;jhtuq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cgNahfkpf;fjhtuq;fs; caph; tpisr;riy mspf;ff;$ba czTj;jhtuq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cgNahfkpf;fjhtuq;fs; caph; tpisr;riy mspf;ff;$ba czTj;jhtuq;fs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cgNahfkpf;f

jhtuq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;F gpujhdkhd thoplj;ij toq;FtNjhly;yhky;>jhtuq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;F gpujhdkhd thoplj;ij toq;FtNjhly;yhky;>jhtuq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;F gpujhdkhd thoplj;ij toq;FtNjhly;yhky;>jhtuq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;F gpujhdkhd thoplj;ij toq;FtNjhly;yhky;>jhtuq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;F gpujhdkhd thoplj;ij toq;FtNjhly;yhky;>

,g;Gtpapd; Ik;gJ rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd jhtutpdq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.,g;Gtpapd; Ik;gJ rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd jhtutpdq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.,g;Gtpapd; Ik;gJ rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd jhtutpdq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.,g;Gtpapd; Ik;gJ rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd jhtutpdq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.,g;Gtpapd; Ik;gJ rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd jhtutpdq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.

,j;Njhly;yhky; gy;tifahd jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd. rPuhd kiotPo;r;rpia,j;Njhly;yhky; gy;tifahd jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd. rPuhd kiotPo;r;rpia,j;Njhly;yhky; gy;tifahd jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd. rPuhd kiotPo;r;rpia,j;Njhly;yhky; gy;tifahd jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd. rPuhd kiotPo;r;rpia,j;Njhly;yhky; gy;tifahd jdpj;Jtkhd fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd. rPuhd kiotPo;r;rpia

guhkhpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. nts;sk>; twl;rp> kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;G> Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fguhkhpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. nts;sk>; twl;rp> kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;G> Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fguhkhpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. nts;sk>; twl;rp> kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;G> Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fguhkhpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. nts;sk>; twl;rp> kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;G> Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fguhkhpj;jy;> ePh; epiyfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. nts;sk>; twl;rp> kw;Wk; kz;zhpg;G> Nghd;wtw;wpw;F

jilahf nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;L> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; g+Nfhs fhyepiyiajilahf nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;L> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; g+Nfhs fhyepiyiajilahf nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;L> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; g+Nfhs fhyepiyiajilahf nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;L> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; g+Nfhs fhyepiyiajilahf nraw;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;L> mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs; g+Nfhs fhyepiyia

guhkhpg;gjpy; mbg;gilahf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd; ngUk;gq;F xl;rprid ntspapLk;guhkhpg;gjpy; mbg;gilahf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd; ngUk;gq;F xl;rprid ntspapLk;guhkhpg;gjpy; mbg;gilahf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd; ngUk;gq;F xl;rprid ntspapLk;guhkhpg;gjpy; mbg;gilahf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd; ngUk;gq;F xl;rprid ntspapLk;guhkhpg;gjpy; mbg;gilahf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it Gtpapd; ngUk;gq;F xl;rprid ntspapLk;

mNjNeuj;jpy;>; ngUkstpyhd fhgidj; Njf;fp itf;fpd;wd.mNjNeuj;jpy;>; ngUkstpyhd fhgidj; Njf;fp itf;fpd;wd.mNjNeuj;jpy;>; ngUkstpyhd fhgidj; Njf;fp itf;fpd;wd.mNjNeuj;jpy;>; ngUkstpyhd fhgidj; Njf;fp itf;fpd;wd.mNjNeuj;jpy;>; ngUkstpyhd fhgidj; Njf;fp itf;fpd;wd.

gy;tifikgy;tifikgy;tifikgy;tifikgy;tifik

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs;. Gtpg;gug;gpd; 6% rjtPjj;ij nfhz;bUg;gpDk; mit 50 rjtPjj;jpw;F

Nkw;gl;l Gtp ,dq;fspd; Gfyplkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it 90 rjtPjkhd kdpj ,dk; jtph;e;j

Kd;Njhd;wpfisAk; gpiwNkw;whf;fisAk; (primate) 40 rjtPjkhd gwitapdq;fisAk; cyfpd; 80

rjtPjkhd G+r;rpapdq;fisAk; 60 rjtPjj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l mwpag;gl;l jhtuq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis rhh;e;j XH ,dkhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLtjdhy;

fhl;bd; xh; gFjp mopTf;Fs;shFk; gl;rj;jpy; mt;tpdk; g+z;NlhL mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mifahy;

,t;Taphpd; gy;tifikiar; nrhj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L kiof;fhLfisg; guhkhpj;jy;

mtrpakhFpwJ. fhLfspYs;s kugpay; tsikfs;ahTk; kdpjtpdj;jpd; kuGhpik kl;Lkd;wp

kdpjtpdj;jpd; vjph;fhy ed;ikf;Fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whf epWtg;gLfpwJ.

g+Nfhs fhyepiy xOq;fhf;fy;g+Nfhs fhyepiy xOq;fhf;fy;g+Nfhs fhyepiy xOq;fhf;fy;g+Nfhs fhyepiy xOq;fhf;fy;g+Nfhs fhyepiy xOq;fhf;fy;

(Global climate) g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljYf;F (Global Worming) Xh; fhuzpahf fUjg;gLk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L

thAit mfj;JwpQ;rp fhh;gd; thq;fpahfr; (carbon sink) nraw;gl;L g+Nfhs ntg;gj;ij xOq;fikj;jypd;

fhuzkhf> kiof;fhLfs; xh; Kf;fpakhd gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd. Gtpapd; Vida epyj;jpw;Fhpa

#ow;nwhFjpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhky;> madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs; ngUkstpyhd fhgdPnuhl;irl;il

mfj;JwpQ;Rfpd;wd. Mifapdhy; ,it ghhpa mstpy; fhh;gidj; jhtutpdj;jpy; Njf;fpitj;Js;sd.

Mifapdhy; kiof;fhLfis jPapLk; NghNjh my;yJ kuq;fisj; jwpj;J mOftpLk;NghNjh (decay)fhh;gdhdJ fhgdPnuhl;irl;lhf tspkz;lyj;jpy; tplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gr;ir tPl;Lj; jhf;fj;jpw;F

,uz;lhtJ ngUk; fhuzpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. (NfhgPy;L kw;Wk; nfjhpd;: ‘kiof;fhLfs;’)

kz;zhpg;Gf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;Gkz;zhpg;Gf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;Gkz;zhpg;Gf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;Gkz;zhpg;Gf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;Gkz;zhpg;Gf;nfjpuhd ghJfhg;G

kiof;fhLfspy; tpjhdk; neUf;fkhff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; kioePh; nkJthf tbe;J epyj;jpDs;

nry;y;fpd;wJ. ,J ed;dPh; toq;fiy Nkk;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. NkYk; kioapd; Ntfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp

epy Nkw;gil kz; fOtg;gl;L fliy nrd;wiltijj; jLf;fpd;wJ. ,J ePh ;epiyfis

kz;zhpg;gpypUe;J ghJf;fhg;gJld; gtsg;ghiwfs; Nghd;w fly; #ow;nwhFjpfs; kz; fOtg;gl;L

mjdhy; Vw;gLk; milaw;nfhs;sypUe;Jk; Vida ghjpg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk; ghJf;fhf;fpd;wd. mjdhy;

tpisAk; kiof;fhLfspd; kuq;fisj; jwpf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ Jz;lhLk; NghJ> kiotPo;r;rpapdhy;

kz;zpd; Nkw;gil fOtg;gl;L xilfs; kw;Wk; MWfspy; milaw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ePiu jLf;Fk; nghwpahf

fhLfs; nraw;glKbahjgl;rj;jpy;> topj;NjhLk; ePh; ngUk; nts;sj;ij cUthf;fpd;wJ. ,JNt 2003k;

Mz;L ,yq;ifapy; ngUk; nts;sk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhaike;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf Fiwthd

kiotPo;r;rpAk; Fiwthd Nkw;gil kz;Zk; fhzg;gLifapy; fhL kPnsOr;rpailtjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk;

kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhl;Lkuq;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Lj; jwptpf;fg;gLk; NghJ (rpy

ngWkjp kpFe;j kuq;fs; mjd; cah;e;j juj;jpw;fhf mfw;wg;gLfpd;wd). fhlhdJ ntg;gkpFjpaile;Jk;

cyh;e;Jk; fhzg;gLtNjhly;yhky;. jPg;gw;wf;$ba re;jh;g;gk; kpFe;jjhAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifahd

jwpf;fg;glhj kiof;fhLfs; kpf mhpjhfNt jPg;gw;wf;$bajhAs;sd.

79

6

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.1: ahH vjid cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH?fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.1: ahH vjid cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH?fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.1: ahH vjid cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH?fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.1: ahH vjid cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH?fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.1: ahH vjid cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH?

kiyf;fhLfSk;> mjd; cw;gj;jpfisAk; NeuhfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; ghtidf;F vLf;Fk;

ghtidahsHfs; gl;bay; xd;iw jahHgLj;jTk;. mg;gl;baypy; mtHfs; kiyf;fhLfis vjw;fhfg;

ghtpf;fpd;whHfs;? mJNghy; ve;j cw;gj;jpfis kiyf;fhLfs; Clhfg;ngw;Wnfhs;fpwhHfs;?

,itfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jf.

kiyfhLfspd; ghtidapd; Clhf Vw;gLk; gyhgyd;fis tpghpf;fTk;.

cjhuzk;: tdthopfs; - vy;yhj; NjitfisAk; fhLfs; Clhfg; G+Hj;jp nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.

cy;yhr gazpfs; - fhLfspy; cs;s ePHtPo;r;rp> jhtu tpyq;Ffis mtjhdpg;gH.

tptrhapfs; - ejp cw;gj;jp gpuNjrj;ij Kf;fpakhf epHtfpj;jy;.

fy;tprhh; ngWkjpfy;tprhh; ngWkjpfy;tprhh; ngWkjpfy;tprhh; ngWkjpfy;tprhh; ngWkjp

ghlrhiy kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof khzth;fs; caphpdtpay;> #oypay; kw;Wk; #oy; rhh;e;j fw;iffis

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd gpujhdkhd kz;ly Ma;T $lq;fshf (Field Laboratory) kiof;fhLfs;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it flagship njhFjpahfr; nraw;gl;Lg; nghJkf;fspilNa fhLfis guhkhpg;gjw;fhdKf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Cf;fg;gLj;JtJld; mtw;wpd; ngWkjpia kf;fspilNa gjpaitf;fpwJ. ,ju

,aw;if #ow;nwhFjpfisg; Nghd;Nw kiof;fhLfs; [duQ;rfkhd Rw;Wyhj;jyq;fshff;> Fwpg;ghf

kj;jpa kw;Wk; njd;dhgphpf;f ehLfspy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd kiof;fhLfs; kPs cgNahfpf;fj; jFe;jthW

guhkhpf;fg;gbd; #oy; - Rw;Wyh Kd;ndLg;Gfisj; juKaHj;jp Rw;Wyhj;Jiwf;Fg; gq;fspg;ig

toq;fKbAk.; ,jd; %yk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jKbAk;.

nghOJNghf;Fk; Md;kPf gad;ghLk;nghOJNghf;Fk; Md;kPf gad;ghLk;nghOJNghf;Fk; Md;kPf gad;ghLk;nghOJNghf;Fk; Md;kPf gad;ghLk;nghOJNghf;Fk; Md;kPf gad;ghLk;

kiof;fhl;Lf;Fs;NsAk; mjidr;#oTk; tho;gth;fspd; nghOJ Nghf;fplkhfTk;> Md;kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j ,lkhfTk; kiof;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vk;kpy; gyUf;F tpLKiwapy; nrd;W

fspg;GWtjw;fhdNjhh; Kf;fpa ,lkhAk; ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kiof;fhLfs; %ykhf mikag;ngWk;

tsq;fis ftdj;jpnyLf;Fk; NghJ mjw;fhdNjhh; kjpg;gPl;bid toq;FtJ kpff;fbdkhFk;.

Mifapdhy; vkJ kiof;fhLfspy; Md;kPf kjpg;gPlhdJ fzf;fpylq;fhJ.

kUj;Jtg; gad;ghLkUj;Jtg; gad;ghLkUj;Jtg; gad;ghLkUj;Jtg; gad;ghLkUj;Jtg; gad;ghL

kiof;fhLfs; ,yq;ifapd; kUe;Jf;filahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gue;Jgl;l ,dgy;tifikahdJ Gjpa

kUe;JtiffSf;F kpfg;ngUk; tug;gpurhjfkhf mike;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghyhd ,j;jifa kUe;Jf;fs;

fhLfspYk;> mtw;iwr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; goq;Fbapduhy; fz;lwpag;gl ;L

cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; %ypifj;jhtuq;fs; Vida fhyepiyfspy;

caph;tho Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; kpfTk; ngWkjptha;e;jitahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ehk; gad;gLj;Jk;

kUe;Jtiffspy; Vwj;jho ehd;fpy; %d;W gq;F kiof;fhl;bypUe;Nj ngwg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf

njd;dhgphpf ;fh kiof;fhLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; FuhNuh (curare) vdg;gLk; madkz;ly

fhLfSf;FhpaNjhh; nfhbtifahdJ (vine) kaf;f kUe;jhf (anesthetic) cgNahfg;gLfpd;wJ

mNjNghd;W rpd;Nfhdh (cinchona) vdg;gLk; kuj;jpypUe;j ngwg;gLk; Fapidd; (quinine) vdg;gLk;

kUe;jhdJ kNyhpah Nehia Fzg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. klf];fhhpy; fhzg;gLk; ,sQ;rptg;G epw

nghptpq;fpy; periwinkle ,uj;jGw;W Neha;f;nfjpuhd kUe;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mNjNghd;W> ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gLk; kiof;fhLfs; ‘gr;rpiy’ %ypiffspd; ,Ug;gplkhAs;sd Coscinium fenestratum (Njd;nfhb)>Kokoona zeylanica (Kokun), Anoectochilus setaceous (Wanaraja), Balanophora fungosa (Jatamakuta),Canarium zeylanicum (Kekuna), Psychotria sarmentosa (Gonika), Nepenthes distillatoria (Bandura), Tinosporacordifolia (Rasakinda), Urandra apicalis (Uruhonda) and Garcinia hermonii (Madol) Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; vkJkiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jhtuq;fspy; gy MAs;Ntj Kiwapy; ghuk;ghpa %ypiffshf

cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

czTg;gy;tifikczTg;gy;tifikczTg;gy;tifikczTg;gy;tifikczTg;gy;tifik

%ypifapd; msg;ghpa Cw;whf fhzg;gLtjw;fg;ghy;> kiof;fhLfs; tptrha Kf;fpaj;Jtkpf;f

jhtuq;fspd; gpujhd toq;fyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cyfpy; gy ghfq;fspy; cgNahfj;jpYs;s gy;NtW

80

tifahd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; czTg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd kiof;fhLfspypUe;Nj cUntLj;jd.

fhl;bYs;s gotiffs;> Njd;> kw;Wk; thridg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd kiof;fhl;bypUe;Nj ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

thio mtfhNlh> md;dhrp>Njhil>gg;ghsp> vYkpr;ir>Nghd;w gotiffs; kw;Wk; epyf;fliy> kpsF>

njq;F> fUk;G> kuts;sp Nghd;wtw;wpd gpwg;gplkhfj; njd; mnkhpf;fh kiof;fhLfNs tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

gy;tifahd gaph;j;jhtuq;fspd; thd;tifj;jhtuq;fs;; kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd

gaph;nra;ifahdJ g+r;rp jhf;Fjy;> Neha;fs; fhyepiy khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F vspjhf cl;gLfpd;w

fhuzq;fshy>; thd;tif jhtu kugZf;fisf; nfhz;L etPd gaph; th;f;fq;fs; jpwd;kpf;fitahf

Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ,j;jifa Nehf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf thd;tifj; jhtuq;fs; vjph;fhyj;jpy;

mjpfhpj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jdthff; fhzg;gLk;. 1920k; Mz;Lfspy;> njd;dhgpf;fhtpd;

fUk;Gg;gaph;fs; Neha;jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;L mopTw;w Ntisapy; [hth ehl;bypUe;J ngwg;gl;l kugZf;fs;

fUk;G njhopw;Jiwia moptpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wpaJ. gy;tifahd cz;zj;jf;f thd;tdj;;jhtuq;fs;.

kw;Wk; jhtu tpisnghUl;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Shorea cordifolia(Beraliya), Shoria disticha (Beraliya), Vattaria copellifera (Hal), Mushrooms (fhshd;), Kerankoku, Caryotaurens (jpg;gpyp) kw;Wk; Costus specious (Thebu) vd;gd ek; kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpy jhtuq;fshFk;.

nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;jtkpf;f ,ju tpisnghUl;fs;nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;jtkpf;f ,ju tpisnghUl;fs;nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;jtkpf;f ,ju tpisnghUl;fs;nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;jtkpf;f ,ju tpisnghUl;fs;nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;jtkpf;f ,ju tpisnghUl;fs;

tPLfs; mikg;gjw;F cjtf;$ba gpuk;G> %q;fpy;> Gy;tiffs;> kw;Wk;kuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

kiof;fhLfs; ekf;F toq;FtNjhL> %ypiffs; nfhl;ilak;> ehh; kw;Wk; Fq;fpypak; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;

kiof;fhLfs; toq;Ffpd;wd. njd;dnkhpf;fhtpYs;s nfnghf; (kapok) vdg;gLk;. kuj;jpypue;J ngwf;$bagl;L Nghd;w> ePh; vjph;f;Fk; jd;ikAila ehuhdJ caph;fhg;G cilfs;> jiyaizfs;> tPl;Lg;

ghtizg; nghUl;fSf;Fhpa nkj;ij my;yJ ciwfs; kpd;flj;jh ciwfs; cs;spl;l nghUl;fs;

jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fhh;fs;> buf;Ffs; kw;Wk; ghuJf;F thfdq;fSf;fhd rf;fuq;fis

jahhpg;gjw;F ,wg;gh; kuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kug;ghy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; rpq;fuh[tdj;jpd; jhq;fy; tyaj;jpy; (buffer zone) fhzg;gLk;

fpuhkq;fspy; 1985 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Xh; Ma;tpd; %ykhf kdpj rhfpaj;jpw;F cgNahfKs;s 197

thd;tif ,dj;jhtuq;fs; gl;bayplg;gl;lJ. fpuhkthrpfshy;; nghJthf cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk; ePz;l

gl;baypy;> tpwF kuf;Fw;wpfs; fpj;Js; (Caryota urens)> ul;ld; (Ie;J tif Calamus)> Vyf;fha

(Elettaria cardamomum)> Njd;nfhb (Coscinium fenestratum) %q;fpy (Ochlandra stridula)> goq;fs; kw;Wk;fPiutiffSk; mlq;Fk;.

ed;dPh; Cw;Wed;dPh; Cw;Wed;dPh; Cw;Wed;dPh; Cw;Wed;dPh; Cw;W

kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtu kw;Wk; kuq;fspd; ,iyfspy; Vw;gLk; Mtpahjy; (evapo-transpiration) kioNkfq;fs;Vw;gLtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. mjidj; njhlh;e;J kiotPo;r;rp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. rpwg;ghd kiotPo;r;rpia

toq;ff;$ba kioNkfq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; kiof;fhLfs; cjTfpd;wd. Mifapdhy;

kiof;fhLfspd; ruhrhp kiotPo;r;rp xU tUlj;jpw;F 2500 kpkP ,w;Fk; mjpfkhAs;sJ. kiof;fhLfis

,of;Fk; xU gpuNjrk;> mjd; gpujhdkhd ed;dPh; Cw;Wf;fisAk; ,og;gjhf ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ.

vq;nfy;yhk; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wdNth> mq;nfy;yhk; kiotPo;r;rp Fiwtilfpd;wJ. kuq;fspd;wp

jiuahdJ ntg;gkhfTk; cyh;e;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,itahTk; ghpNrhjidfs; %ykhf

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mhpNrhdpahtpy;> ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfshy; Jz;lg;gl;Lf; fhl;ilr;#oTs;s gpuNjrq;fs;> cyh;e;J>

rpijtiltjw;F VJthAs;sjhf fhz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mgphpf;fhtpy; fhlopg;ghdJ fhyepiy khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;jp twl;rpf;Fk;> gaph;r; nra;ifj; Njhy;tpf;Fk; fhuzkhaike;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

goq;Fb r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;goq;Fb r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;goq;Fb r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;goq;Fb r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;goq;Fb r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gplk;

Mjpthrpfs; my;yJ goq;Fbapdh; gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mad kz;lyf; fhLfspy; trpj;J

te;jdh;. mNkrd; ejpjPuj;jpy; 12>000 Mz;Lfs; goikahd kdpj thoplq;fisf; nfhz;like;jpUe;jd.

Nghh;dpad; fhl;by; fhzg;gLk; 39>000 Mz;Lfs; goik tha;e;j FiffspypUe;J nraw;ifj; Njhw;wq;fs;

(artifact) mfo;e;J vLf;fg;gl;ld. kjpg;gpl;bd;gb cyfpd; mad kz;ly fhLfspy; ,d;Wk; 500

,yl;rj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l goq;Fbapdh; tho;fpd;wdh;. (The Last Rainforest 1990) ,th;fSf;F tdNk

tPlhfTk; mth;fspd; Md;kPf ikakhfTk;> czT cil vd;gtw;wpd; Cw;whfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

81

6fhl;bd; xt;nthW gFjpAk; ,th;fs; kPs cgNahfpd;wdh;. ,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhLfspy; goq;Fbapdhpd;;

r%fj;jpdh; thohtpbDk;> kiof;fhLfisr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; trpf;Fk; fpuhkthrpfs; mth;fspd;

caph;tho;f;iff;F kiof;fhLfisNa rhhe;Js;sdh;.

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.2:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.2:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.2:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.2:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 6.2:

jpUj;jkhd tFg;Gf; fye;Jiuahly; kiof;fhl;bd; ngWkhdj;ij kjpg;gpLk; NghJk; mNdf

epiyikfs; njspthFk;. ,it ,yFthdjy;y tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLq;fs;. xU cjhuzj;Jld;

fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpAq;fs;.

tptrhapahd ngNuuh kiof;fhl;bd; Rw;Wtl;lj;jpy; tho;fpd;whH. ,tUf;Fr; rpwpa epynkhd;W

nrhe;jkhfTs;sJ. ,tUf;F ft;tpawpNth> ntspf;fhl;lf;$ba jpwd;fNsh ,y;yhikapdhy; njhopy;

Njl Kbatpy;iy. ,tH kiof;fhl;bd; gFjpiar; Rj;jg;gLj;jpg; gUtfhyg; gapHfisAk; fhg;ghw;

ciof;fpd;whH. mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; FLk;gj;jpd; cztpw;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; kl;Lk;

NghJkhdJ. jw;NghJ mtH gapHr;nra;iff;F cgNahfpj;j mUfpYs;s kiof;fhl;Lg;gpuNjrk;

ghJfhg;G tiyakhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhl;il mopj;J tptrhak; nra;tJ gpbgl;lhy;

ngNuuh nghyp]; jz;lidf;Fs;shFthH.

mtH kiof;fhl;by; tptrhak; nra;tij tpl;LtpLthuh? ,y;iyah?

fye;Jiuahly; Row;rp kakhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

1. ngNuuh njhlHe;J fhl;il mopj;J tptrhak; nra;tJ rhpah ?

2. ngNuuhtpd; epiyikapy; me;j gpuNjrj;jpy; gyH fhzg;gbd; vd;d epfOk; ?

3. vd;d khw;W topiag; ngNuuh ifahsyhk;?

4. xU ngWkhdk; mLj;j ngWkhdj;jpYk; ghHf;f Kjd;ik tfpg;gjw;fhd Kbit vLf;f Kd;tu

KbAkh vdg;ghHf;f.


Vincristine kiof;fhl;Lj; jhtuj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Periwinkle vd;gJ cyfpYs;s

kpf typikahd Gw;W Neha;f;nfjpuhd kUe;jhFk;. ,J fz;L gpbj;j fhyk; njhl;L Foe;ijfspd;

,Yf;Nfkpah Nehapd; jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; tPjj;ij mjpfhpj;jjhf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

mNef kUj;JtHfSk;> Shamanas k; 70 Ew;whz;Lfshf my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhf tho;Nthuhf

epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

kUj;Jt kdpjd; jd; fiyfis mwpit mLj;j re;jjpf;Fr; nrYj;jhky; ,we;jhy; cyfk;

Mapuk; tUlq;fSf;F kPl;f Kbahj kUj;Jtjhtuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpit ,of;Fk;.

82

SPOTLIGHT 6.1

Can traditional lifestyles be maintained?

In IndonesiaSource: Berkmuller (1992)

The natives of the Indonesian island of Siberut need to work only the equivalent of 22 days peryear to harvest their requirement of Sago palm, which is the source of starch, their staple food.They regard every tree as being inhabited by a soul, and a tree is felled only after a ceremonialapology for the damage that might be done. The Durian tree is another important source of foodfor the native people. The tree matures slowly and takes ten years to produce a full harvest offruit. Commercial loggers cut down Durian trees, even though the market value of the fruit,over the time taken to replace a tree exceeds the timber value. While it is difficult to exclude outside influences entirely,checking the commercial exploitation of forests would enable those who wish to do so, to maintain their traditional wayof life.

And in Sri Lanka . . .

The sap of the Kitul palm (Caryota urens) is the most lucrative commercial product for Sinharaja rainforest villagers. Ithas been so for many generations. The sap is utilised for the production of jaggery, treacle and toddy (an alcoholicbeverage for local consumption). The sap, obtained by tapping the inflorescence, is boiled to produce treacle and jaggery.In producing toddy, the sap is fermented with natural yeasts. Other non-wood kitul products include the sago-like pith, avaluable food, and kitul fibre extracted from the leaves.

Kitul tapping has a long history in Sri Lanka. It is a community-wide livelihood activity with nearly all involved eitherfull or part-time. It is also a caste-based activity. The Hakuru caste makes its living from this cottage industry whichmakes a considerable contribution to the rural economy. Both men and women are engaged in this work. Men tap theinflorescence and collect the sap, while women boil the treacle and produce the jaggery.

In most of the wet zone forests, kitul products are estimated to generate over 70 percent of Non-Wood Forest Productincome for village communities.

mdrïm˙l „jk rgdj md,kh l<yelso@

bka≥kSishdj

bka≥ksishdkq ¥m;la jk isfnrï yS jdih lrk mdrïm˙l jdiSka Tjqkaf.a m%Odk msIaG wdydrh f,i ;d, jr®.hg wh;a jk ief.da Ydlh u.ska

,nd .kakd msá jr®.hla Ndú;d lrhs' ta i|yd Tjqkag jirlg jeh l, hq;= jkafka †k 22 muK ld,hla fõ' Tjqkaf.a úYajdihg wkqj iEu

Ydlhla wdY%s;ju wd;auhlao „j;a fõ' tneúka Ydlhla ìu fy,Sug m%:u is≥jk úkdYh ms,sn|j iudj wh°u i|yd W;aijhla mj;ajkq ,efí'

¥˙hka Ydlho mdrïm˙l jdiSkag wdydruh f,i jeo.;a jk Ydl úfYaIhla fõ' fuu Ydlhg M, ≤¯u i|yd jir 10 la muK .; fõ' ¥˙hka

M, i|yd fj<ofmdf<ys mj;sk jákd lu tys ,S j, mj;sk jákdlug jvd jeä jqj;a ,S fjf,kaoka fuu Ydl lmd oukq ,efí' ndys˙ka

meñfKk n,mEï iïmQr®Kfhka je,elaúh fkdyels jqj;a ;ukaf.a mdrïm˙l „jk rgdj ms<sn|j Wkka≥ jk ck;djg fï ms<sn|j ksrka;r

ie,ls,af,ka isáh yelsh

Y%S ,xldj

isxyrdch wjg .ïjdiSka mdrïm˙lj Ndú;d lrk jvd;a jdksc jákdlula iys; ksIamdokh ls;=,a Ydlfhka ,nd .kakd maf,dhñh hqIh fõ'

fuu.ska ls;=,a me◊ yl=re yd rd ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí' ls;=,a Ydlfha mqIam uxc¯h ;e,Sug Ndckh lr fuu maf,`hóh hqIh ,nd .kq ,efí'

fuu hqIh r;a lr me◊ yd yl=re ,nd .kq ,efí' ;jo iajNdúl hSiaÜ u.ska meiùug Ndckh ls¯fuka rd ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí' óg wu;rj

ls;=,a msá" ls;=,a fl¢ wd° ksIamdokhkao ,nd .kshs' ls;=,a Ydlfhka wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd °r®. b;sydihla mj;shs' ls;=,a hqI ,nd.ekSu yd

yl=re ksIamdokh lrk ckhdf.ka ie≥ï ,;a yl=re kï l=,hla ,xldfõ mj;sk w;r Tjqka .%dóh wdr®:ßlhg úYd, jYfhka odhl;ajhla olajhs'

ñksiqka úiska ls;=,a mqIam uxc¯h ;e,Sug Ndckh lr maf,dhuh hqI ^f;,s–c& ,nd .kakd w;r ldka;djka úiska yl=re ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs'

fuu wdodhu Tjqkaf.a „ú;h mj;ajd .ekSug b;d fyd¢ka iEfya' iuyreka ls;=,a lr®udka;h wu;r wdodhï udr®.hla f,i is≥ l,;a fndfyda

.%dóh ck ms ila ;ukaf.a „úldj f,i ls;=,a lr®udka;h is≥ lrhs' Y%S ,xldfõ ls;=,a ksIamdokh is≥ lrk jr®Id jkdka;r wjg .ïjdiSka úiska

Ndú;d lrk ≤juh fkdjk jkc ksIamdok j,ska 70] m%;sY;hla i|yd ls;=,a odhl jk nj fidhd f.k we;'

rk;gpujha tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;j KbAkh?rk;gpujha tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;j KbAkh?rk;gpujha tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;j KbAkh?rk;gpujha tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;j KbAkh?rk;gpujha tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;j KbAkh?

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; NrgpWw; (Siberut) jPtpYs;s cs;ehl;L kf;fs; xU tUlj;jpd; 22 ehl;fs; cztpw;fhf>

khg;nghUs; gphpj;njLg;Gf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Sago palm I mWtilnra;fpd;wdH. ,J khg;nghUis cw;gj;jp

nra;fpd;wJ. mtHfs; cztpw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; xt;nthU kuKk; capHg;ghdnjd;Wk; ek;gp nghJ rk;gpujha

kd;dpg;Gf; Nfhuypd; gpd;dNu kuj;ij ntl;Lfpd;wdH. cztpw;F Jhpad; kuKk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. ,e;j

83

6

kuk; 10 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dNu goq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk;. goq;fisg; ngwtpahghhpfs; Jhpad; kuj;ij

ntl;Lfpd;wdH. Mdhy; mhpkuj;jpd; ngWkjpia tpl mJ jUk; goj;jpd; tpiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpDk; $l

kutpahghhpfs; Jhpad; kuq;fisj; jwpj;J tpw;fpd;wdH.

,yq;ifapy;,yq;ifapy;,yq;ifapy;,yq;ifapy;,yq;ifapy;

rpq;fuh[ kiof;fhl;bYs;s fpuhkthrpfs; fpj;Js; kuj;jpypUe;J (Caryota Urens) fpj;Js; ghzp. kJrhuk;

vd;gtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdH. G+e;Jziu ntl;bf;fpj;Js; rhw;iwg; ngWfpd;wdH. fpj;Js; rhw;iwr; #lhf;fp>

fpj;Js; ghzp. fpj;Js; vd;gtw;iw cw;gj;jpahf;Ffpd;wdH. ,aw;if kJtq;fspdhy; rhW nehjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ

fs;S ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ikatpioaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kh czthfTk; mj;Jld; ,iyapypUe;J fpj;Js;

ehHngwg;gLfpd;wJ. fpj;Js; kuj;ij ntl;Ljy; vd;gJ ,yq;ifapd; ePz;lfhy tuyhW nfhz;lJ. cs;ehl;Lg;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; fpj;Js; ntl;Ljy;> fpj;Js; cUthf;fYk; gq;F nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; fpj;Js;

cUthf;fy; nra;Kiwapy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wdH.

Mz;fs; G+e;Jziuj; jl;b (ntl;b) rhw;iwr; Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH. ngz;fs; nfhjpf;fitj;J> fpj;Js; jahhpf;fpd;wdH.

,r;nray; KiwfspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gzk;> mtHfspd; rhjhuz tho;f;if Kiwf;Fg; NghJkhAs;sJ. rpyH

KO Neu NtiyahfTk; nra;fpd;wdH. <u tyaf; fhLfspy; fpj;Js; cw;gj;jp fpuhkj;jpdhpd; td;ikaw;w fhl;L

cw;gj;jpapd; 70 rjtPjk; vd kjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


85

7

Threats to Tropical Rainforestsksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk ;r®ckmad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs; 7

86

Threats to Tropical Rainforests

Rainforests have been evolving for millions of years. They contain plants and animals that livenowhere else on earth. When a rainforest is destroyed, so are the plants and animals that live

within it. A rainforest cannot be replaced. Once it is destroyed it is gone forever. When the web ofinterdependence is broken, plants and animals have no way to rebuild their complex communities.

Once destroyed, they will only be memories of our past.

Rain forests are subject to natural as well as anthropogenic threats. Whilst most rainforests are able torecover from natural threats such as droughts, storms and fires, human pressures often damage theforests permanently making recovery next to impossible. Some of the main threats to the world’srainforests are discussed in this chapter.

Natural pressures

Throughout their existence, tropical rainforests have been affected by natural forces like fires,droughts, and storms. These events occur at random and can damage large tracts of rainforest.However, the damage caused by natural phenomena is generally different from that caused by humanactivities: usually, the totality of the forest is not destroyed and parts of the ecosystem are able tofunction. From the surviving remnants of the ecosystem, the forest is usually able to regenerate. Withina few years, the forest diversity can often return to pre-disturbance levels.

Fire

Despite the highly humid environment, forest fires do occur naturally in rainforests. Generally, smallforest fires destroy the ground vegetation, shrubs, saplings and smaller trees, while the larger canopyspecies are spared. Fire has an effect of clearing the forest floor and weaker trees, and stimulating newgrowth. Natural fires normally do not occur in Sri Lankan rainforests.

Drought

Droughts, especially recurrent droughts, render the forest more susceptible to fire and disease. Droughtmay be induced by human activities like deforestation, or a natural phenomenon like El Niño, whichperiodically causes drought in Asian and American tropical rainforests. It initially weakens canopyplants by reducing local humidity and rainfall. In a prolonged drought, the leaf litter dries up killingthe decomposers and harming the nutrient recycling system within the forest.

Tropical storms

Storms can cause extensive damage in the rainforest through tree falls. Generally, tree falls andresulting light gaps comprise an essential element in the forest life cycle. However, tree falls due tostorms can cause large-scale devastation of the forest. When a canopy or emergent tree falls, dozens ofneighbouring trees, linked together lianas, are brought down with it. A healthy forest can recover frommoderate storm damage in a matter of months or years. The ‘light gaps’ are quickly colonized and soonfilled by canopy trees, while the fallen matter is decomposed and reabsorbed back in to the system.Larger tropical storms, such as hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons, can cause substantial damage torainforests and recovery may take decades or even centuries. The heavy rainfall that occurred in thewet zone of Sri Lanka in 2003 caused considerable damage to Sinharaja and Kanneliya rainforestsmainly through floods and landslides.

87

7Man-made pressures

Logging

Logging is one of the main causes of rainforest destruction in the world. Despite improved loggingtechniques and greater international concern for rainforests, unsustainable logging of tropicalrainforests continues. Logging firms, are rapidly moving into some of the last remaining undisturbedforest areas in the world. These timber companies seek new areas in developing countries to meet thedemand for tropical wood products like industrial round wood, chopsticks, furniture, wood chips,decor, and paper pulp.

These tropical logging operations generally fail to safeguard timber stocks for future harvests and toprotect logged-over forest from fire, biodiversity loss, over-hunting, and subsequent conversion foragriculture or pasture. In Sri Lanka, the Sinharaja Forest was under severe threat from logging in the1970’s for the local plywood industry. Concerted action by conservationists helped to save the forestfrom destruction. However, at present some illegal logging activities are taking place at moderate levelsin scattered rainforests in the south western part of Sri Lanka.

Forest Fires

Man-made forest fires are frequent today. The fires are mainly caused by intentional ignition or theaccidental spreading of fires from nearby pasturelands and agricultural fields. Degraded and overlogged forests are more likely to catch fire. A forest that has been burnt even once, is more likely todegenerate and die out. This is largely because the initial burning, however small, thins out the canopy,allowing more desiccating sunlight to reach the forest floor.

Commercial Agriculture

Rainforest lands have acidic, nutrient-poor soils. They are not suitable for cultivating annual crops.Nevertheless, rainforest lands are still being cleared for commercial agricultural projects. Many ofthese convert to low grade cattle grazing lands after the accumulated organic matter and plant debrisbreakdown.

Forest dwellers use traditional slash and burn techniques to clear land. But commercial agriculturalistsoperate on a much larger scale, and instead of burning a few acres burn thousands of hectares. Apartfrom destroying large areas of rainforest and depleting its rich biodiversity, their practices areextremely wasteful. For example, when they burn forests, trees with high timber value are rarelyremoved in advance. This results in the waste of valuable resources for both forest dwelling animalsand communities, as well as the agriculturists.

In Sri Lanka the spread of tea cultivation in the peripheral areas of rainforests has become a majorthreat to the survival of rainforests. Ironically, some of the most economically successful tea plantationsare in rainforest areas as the wet climate is conducive to tea cultivation. The economic demand for teaand inadequate law enforcement has destroyed a lot of the rainforests in Galle, Matara and Ratnapuradistricts.

Hydroelectric projects

Large-scale hydroelectric projects have resulted in the widespread loss of forests, in recent years.Besides inundating large tracts of rainforest and destroying wildlife, the dams destroy aquatic habitatsand affect fish populations, displace indigenous peoples, and add more carbon to the atmosphere fromrotting submerged wood. For example, in Sri Lanka, the Kukuleganga hydropower project in themiddle of a rainforest has devastated some important tracts of forest.

88

Pollution

Forests around the world are increasingly affected by air and water pollution from industrial andcommercial activities. Besides the pollution caused by oil spills, toxic by-products, and miningaccidents, rainforests are seriously degraded by air pollution. The dumping of trash and human wasteinto tributaries from overcrowded cities has also resulted in serious pollution in many tropicalrainforests.

Subsistence activities

A substantial amount of deforestation of tropical rainforests is caused by subsistence activities at alocal level, by people who use the forest resources for their survival. Although slash-and-burnagriculture has been practiced for centuries by indigenous people, it was carefully carried out on asmall-scale and in rotation so as to ensure some degree of sustainability. In the past, the clearings wereleft idle for 50 to 100 years, for the forest to recover and once again provide fertile land for cultivationand useful timber. However, as today, large numbers are engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture in anon-rotational manner, the practice no longer allows the ecosystem to function, and the fields do nothave time to return to secondary forest as they do after natural disturbances. The clearing cycles arebecoming shorter, and sometimes the forest scrub is cleared again in 5 to 8 years. Eventually, the forestis replaced by plants such as tough grasses which can tolerate the short cycles.

In Sri Lanka, the destructive exploitation of some economically valuable non-timber forest productssuch as Veniwel (Coscinium fenestratum), Dorana (Dipterocarpus glandulosus) and Cane (Calamusspp.) has badly affected the resource regeneration which may impact future stocks. Many rainforestsites, abandoned following chena cultivation, are now completely covered with Kekilla fern(Gleichenia linearis) preventing rainforest regeneration. This fern forms a hardy herbaceous groundcover that can keep the forest at bay.

Extraction of petroleum

The extraction of petroleum is responsible for deforestation, degradation, and destruction of landsacross the globe. During oil extraction toxic by-products are released into local rivers poisoninghumans, animals and plants.

With careful management and planning, oil could be extracted from rainforests in a moreenvironmentally friendly manner. However, as this is costly in terms of time and money, governmentsof developing countries do not adopt such procedures. Instead, governments opt to sell concessions toforeign companies who exploit the oil reserves with little consideration for the environment ortraditional forest dwellers. When the companies pull out after oil reserves decline or political problemsarise, they often leave a devastated landscape.

Fuelwood and building material

The extraction of fuel wood and building material is responsible for much of the deforestation causedby settlers. The demand for fuel wood is immense. For example in 1999, about 1.4 million tonnes offuel wood were produced world wide, which is about 5% of the world’s total energy requirement(world energy council 2005).

In Sri Lanka illegal felling of trees for timber has always been a threat to the periphery of protectedareas where human settlements are dense. Usually, such ‘edge forests’ are of inferior quality afterremoval of valuable timber trees.

89

7Mining

Many of the planet’s rainforests lie over rich mineral deposits. The extraction of minerals is generally adestructive activity that badly affects the rainforest, its inhabitants, and people living downstream. Thearea around the mine, especially in open-pit mining, is cleared of trees, and roads are constructed toprovide access to the site. Unfortunately, this also opens up remote and inaccessible areas of the forest.Certain areas in the Ratnapura district where good rainforests are located have been degraded due tothe illegal mining of gems.

Commercial extraction of species

Many species of forest plants and animals are illegally extracted for commercial trade. For instance,many species of orchids, ferns and aquatic plants are collected for the trade in ornamental plants.Colourful freshwater fish inhabiting the streams of rainforests as well as butterflies are exploited forthe ornamental pet trade. The unsustainable extraction of these non-timber forest products candestabilize the delicate rainforest ecosystem.

Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

Invasive alien species are those non-native (non-indigenous or exotic species) that, when introducedoutside their natural range have the capability to exceed their limits imposed on them by humans. Theygrow rapidly, completely vigorously and in the absence of their natural predators, push out nativespecies and alter ecosystems. They have the potential to cause damage to the environment, humanhealth, livelihoods and the economy. Hairy clidemia (Clidemia hirta) is one such IAS causing problemsin rainforest in Sri Lanka.

Teaching strategy 7.1: Debating the issues of rainforest destruction

Organize debates on issues related to the destruction of rainforests. Suggested topics are:

Exploitation of rainforest organisms. Is it a necessary evil? Tea cultivation in rainforest regions - Survival necessity or unnecessary destruction?

Did you Know?

While you were reading the above, approximately 149 acres of rainforest were destroyed. Withinthe next hour aproxinmately 6 species will become extinct (Peters et al., 1989)

Twenty percent of the world’s tropical forests were cleared in just 30 years time between 1960-1990 (Bryant et al., 1997)

90

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk ;r®ck

jr®Id jkdka;r jir ñ,shk .Kkl ld,hla ;=< m˙Kduh fjñka mj;sk w;r mD:ßúfha wka ljrm˙ir moaO;shlaj;a ≤lsh fkdyels jQ m%udKhl ffcj úúO;ajhla fï ;=, idkaø.; ù mj;shs' jr®Idjkdka;r úkdY ùfï° ta ;=< jdih lrk Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaIo j|ù hdu is≥fõ' jr®Id jkdka;rj, wvqj msrùh yels fjk;a m˙ir moaO;ska mD:ßúh u; fkdmj;shs' jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ls˙u hkq"

i|ygu th ñysu;ska ;=rka ls¯uls' jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk w;s uy;a yd ixlSr®K jQwka;r®iïnkaO;d cd,h ìo ≤uqjfyd;a tys jdih lrk Ydl fyda i;a;aj úfYaI j,g th kej;f.dvke.Sfï yelshdjlao fkdmj;S' jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY lr ≤uqjfyd;a wkd.; f,dalhg jr®Idjkdka;r hkq w;S; isysjgkhla muKla jkq we;' tneúka jr®Id jkdka;r wdrlaId lr .ekSfï

j.lSu wm u; mj;shs'

jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ùu flfrys iajNdúl ;r®ck fukau ñksid úiska ksr®udKh lrkq ,nk ;r®cko n,mdkq ,nhs' fndfyduhla

jr®Id jkdka;r j,g kshÛ" l=Kdgq yd ,eõ .sks jeks iajNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka jk ydksh m%;sia:dmkh l, yels jqj;a" ñksidf.ka

jk ydkSka kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .; fkdyels fõ' mD:ßúh u; mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r j,g we;s ;r®ck fuu

m˙Éf√oh u.ska idlÉPd lr we;'

iajNdúl ;r®ckhka

jr®Id jkdka;r mD:ßúh u; we;s jQ od isg kshÛh" iq<x yd <eõ .sks jeks iajNdúl jHikhkag uqyqK foñka mj;shs' fujeks

;;a;ajhka wyUq f,i is≥jk w;r tuÛska tljr jr®Id jkdka;r úYd, m%udKhla úkdY úh yelsh' tfy;a jr®Id jkdka;rl

iajdNdúlj is≥jk wdmodjkaf.a ;;a;ajh ñksidf.a n,mEfuka is≥jk jHikhkaf.ka fjkia fõ' iajNdúl jHikhka fndfyda≥rg

jkdka;rfha tla fldgilg muKla iSud jk w;r jkdka;rfha b;sss˙ jQ fldgi tys l%shdld¯;ajh mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nhs' fufia

b;s˙ jQ jkdka;r fldgi u.ska kej; jr®Id jkdka;r we;s lrkq ,nhs' jir lsysmhla wejEfuka miqj jkdka;rh úkdYhg

fmr ;snQ ;;a;ajhg m;afõ'

,eõ .sks

jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, f;;a iajNdjhla mej;sh;a iajNdúl ,eõ .sks fuu jkdka;r wdY%s;j we;s úh yelsh' l=vd m%udKhl ,eõ

.skakla u.ska há frdamKfha mj;sk Ydl" l=vd .ia yd m%frdayKh jk îc wd° fldgia úkdY jk w;r fndfyda úg úhka ia:rfha

Ydl úkdY fkdù mj;shs' fuu ,eõ .sks u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r íï ia:rh ms˙is≥ ls¯u;a" ≥r®j, Ydl bj;a ù kj Ydl we;s úug

wjia:dj ,nd °u;a iss≥fõ' Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, iajNdúl ,eõ .sks we;s fkdfõ'

kshÛh

jr®Id jkdka;rhl we;s jk kshÛhka u.ska tys fi!LH ;;a;ajh ≥r®j, úh yels w;r tys m%:ßM,hla f,i ,eõ .sks yd úúO

frda. jr®. jkdka;rh ;=, me;ssr hd yelsssh' kshx ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu flfrys ñksia l%shdldrlï jeä jYfhka n,mdkq ,nk

w;r" óg wu;rj t,aksfkda jeks iajNdúl foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka u.ska kshÛhka we;s úh yelsh' ^wdishdkq yd ol=Kq weu˙ldkq

rgj, t,aksfkda ixisoaêh u.ska kshx ;;a;ajhka we;s lrkq ,nhs'& kshÛh ksid jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; idfmalaI wdr®ø;djh

wvqùu yd jr®Idj wvqùu is≥jk w;r tys m%;sM,hka f,i úhka ia:rfha Ydl ≥r®j, ùu is≥ fõ' kshÛh jeä ld,hla mj;sk úg

fmd<j u;=msg †rdhñka mj;sk fld<frdvq ia:rh úh<sug Ndckh ùu yd tu ia:rfha isák úfhdaclhka ñh hdu is≥fõ' fuys

m%;sM,hla f,i jr®Id jkdka;rhl fmdaIK øjH m%;spl%slrKh ùfï l%shdj,sfha ldr®hlaIu;djh fndfyda ≥rg wvqjkq ,efí'

Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha m%udKh wvq fjñka úh<s l,dmSh foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh jeä jYfhka jr®Okh fjñka mj;sk nj

uE;l° lrkq ,enQ m¯laIK u.ska ikd: ù we;' fuh mD:asúh WKqiqï ùfï l%shdj,sh yd ta wdY%s;j is≥jQ foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùu

u; is≥jk nj úYajdi lrkq ,nhs' úh<s foaY.=Khka ;=, jr®Id jkdka;r j, meje;au wjodkug ,lajk ksid Y%S ,xldfõ fuu

m˙ir moaO;s j, meje;au ;r®ckhg Ndckh fjñka mj;shs'

91

7ksjr®;k l=Kdgq

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j we;s jk l=Kdgq fya;=fjka úYd, Ydl jr®. fmr,Su is≥ jk w;r tu.ska fuu m˙ir moaO;s j,g

úYd, ydkshla is≥úh yelsh' flfia kuq;a jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, .ia fmr,Su ksid we;s jk újD; wjldYhka fuu m˙ir moaO;s

j, „jk pl%fha fldgila fõ' úhfka fyda fkre ia:rfha mj;sk tla Ydlhla fmr,Su iu.u ta yd je,a wd†h u.ska ne° mj;sk

;j;a Ydl ≥isï .Kkla fmr<sug Ndckh fõ' l=Kdgq j,g miqj jr®Id jkdka;r j, is≥lrkq ,enQ m¯laIK j,° fmr,s ;snQ

Ydl úYd, m%udKhla fukau wmsYdl yd úYd, .ia j, w;= len,so b;d úYd, m%udKhla ks laIKh lr we;' tfy;a idfmalaIj

Wiia ;;a;ajfha mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;rhlg" idudkHfhka udi lsysmhla fyda jirla we;=<; idudkH m%udKhl l=Kdgqjla u.ska

we;sjk úkdYhka h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a l< yelshs' fuys° we;s jk wjldYhka úhka ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl jr®Okh ùu u.ska

wdjrKh lrk w;r fmd<jg m;s; jQ Ydl fldgia b;d blaukska úfhdackh ù kej; jkdka;r moaO;sh ;=<g wjfYdaIKh lr

.kq ,nhs' tfy;a b;d ≤ä iq<s iq,x u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r j,g is≥jk ydksh kej; h:d;;a;ajhg m;aùug oYl lsysmhl isg

Y; jr®I lsysmhla olajd ld,hla .; jkq ,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmh wdY%s;j 2003 jifr® we;s jQ wêl jr®Id ;;a;ajh

ksid we;sjQ .xj;=r yd kdhhEï u.ska isxyrdc yd lkafk,sh hk jr®Id jkdka;r j,g ie<lsh hq;= ydkshla is≥ úh'

ñksid úiska ksr®udKh lrk ,o ;r®ckhka

≤j ,nd.ekSu

mD:ßúfha jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY jk m%Odk l%uhla f,i ≤j ,nd .ekSu ye¢kaúh yelssh' jkdka;r j,ska ≤j ,nd .ekSu i|yd

jeä †hqKq l, ;dlaIKsl l%fudamdhka yd jr®Id jkdka;rhka wdrlaId lr .ekSu ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r wjOdkhla mej;sh;a

;sridr fkdjk f,i jr®Id jkdka;r ;=,ska ≤j ,nd .ekSu wLKavj is≥ lrkq ,nhs' ol=Kq weu˙ldfõ BYdk †. fkdhs≥,a jr®Id

jkdka;r ;=< ^iq˙kdï $.hkdj& ≤j iud.ï iS>%fhka l%shd;aul ùu wdrïN lr we;' n%iS,shdkq weufidaka jkdka;r ;=<o ≤j

,nd .ekSu wdrïN lrñka we;s w;r" 1996 jir jk úg fldkaf.da føda◊h" ol=Kq meismsla l,dmSh rgj, úfYaIfhka mekud"

ksõ.skshd yd fid,uka ¥m;a rgj, yd uOHu weu˙ldfõ wlalr ñ,shk 30 l jkdka;r m%udKhla ±j i|yd fhdod f.k ;snqks'

weu˙ldkq iud.ï úiska ;uka i;=j mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r ≤j ,nd .ekSu i|yd ixydrh lr Tjqkaf.a lr®udka; tkï .Dy

NdKav" ,S l+re" ±j" úis;=re NdKav yd m,ama ksIamdokh i|yd kj ±j ìï fidhd †hqKq fjñka mj;sk ksjr®;k l,dmSh rgj,

kj f.d≥re ìï fidhd meñfKñka we;'

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r j,ska ≤j ,nd .ekSfï fufyhqï j,°" wkd.;fha°;a fuu jkdka;r j,ska oej ,nd .; yels m˙†

;sssridr f,i ≤j fk,d .ekSsug fy` ,eõ .sks j,ska fuu ±j fk,k ,o jkdka;r wdrlaId lr .ekSug wiu;a ù we;s w;r ta

w;r;=r° ffcj úúO;aj ydhkh ùu" wêl f,i ovhï ls¯u wd° ;;a;ajhkago fuu jkdka;r uqyqK fokq ,nhs' wjidkfha°

±j fk<sug Ndckh l, ìï lDIsldr®ñl ìï fyda .j md,k ;DK N=ñ njg m;a jkq ,efí' 1970 oYlh ;=,° foaYsh ;=kS ,E,s

lr®udka;h i|yd isxyrdc jkdkaa;rh ;=<ska wêl f,i ±j ,nd .ekSu is≥ lrk ,°' tfy;a m˙irfõ°ka úiska is≥lrk ,o

wLKav b,a,Sï j, m%;sM,hka f,i isxyrdc jkdka;rh wdrlaId ls¯u ioyd mshjr .kakd ,°' tfy;a Y%S ,xldfõ ks˙; †. f;;a

l,dmSh yqol,d jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, uOHu m˙udKfhka wkjir ±j fy,Su ;j ≥rg;a is≥jkq ,efí'

,eõ .sks

.j md,k ;DK ìï fyda lDIsldr®ñl ìï wdY%s;j we;s jk .sks ;eîï wyUq f,i me;s¯fuka fyda ñksid úiska ´kElñka is≥lrk

.ssks ;eîï u.ska ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j ,eõ .sks we;sùu ks¯laIKh l< yelsh' úfYaIfhkau ydhkhg ,lajQ fyda ≤j

lemSï is≥l< jkdka;r ;=< .sks .ekSu nyq,j is≥fõ' iEu jirlu weuika l,dmfha ,eõ .sks mj;sk iuh t<fnk úg kj

bvï n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mqoa.,hka" ;DK N+ñ ysñlrejka" j;= ysñhka yd f.dùka úiska ,eõ .sks oyia .Kkla we;s lrkq ,nhs'

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhla tla jrla .sks ;eîfuka" .skafkka jk ydkshg wu;rj ;ekska ;ek õhk kssrdjrKh ùu ksid ysre

t,sh jkdka;rh ;=<g meñKsfuka jkdka;rh úh<sulg Ndckh ù oaù;sljo ydhkhg ,lafõ'

jdKsc lDIslr®udka;h

fm`IH øjH j,ska W!K" wdï,sl mila ksjr®;k jkdka;r i;=j mj;shs' tfy;a jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ls¯fuka is≥lrk jdKsc

lDIsldr®ñl jHdmD;s rdYshla jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j is≥lrñka mj;sk mj;sk w;r wjidkfha° mfia mj;sk fmdaIH øjH

ish,a,u ydhkh jQ miq fuu ìï .j md,kh i|yd fhdod .kakd ;DK N=ñ mjg m;a lrkq ,nhs' ol=Kq weu˙ldfõ weufidaka

jr®Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk m%Odk ;r®ckhla f,i jdksc lDIs lr®udka;h y∫kajd †h yelsh'

lDIslr®udka;h i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r fhdod .ekSug fmr tu jkdka;r lmd oud" .sks ;eîu is≥ lrkq ,efí' tfy;a fuys°

mdrïm˙l jkdka;r jdiSka fuka fkdj wlalr ish oyia .Kkl N=ñ m%foaYhla t<s lrk w;r" jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ùu yd

92

ffcj úúO;ajh ydhkhg ,laùug wu;rj fuys° wêl kdia;shlao is≥jkq ,nhs' lDIsldr®ñl lghq;= i|yd jkdka;rh t,s

ls¯fuka miq ≤juh jYfhka Ndú;hg .; yels Ydl bj;a ls¯ula is≥ fkdlrk w;r tjeks Ydlhka .sks ;eîu is≥ lrhs' fuys°

jkdka;r m%cdjkag yd i;a;aj úfYaI j,g muKla fkdj lDIsldr®ñlhkago m%fhdackhg .; yels jákd iïm;la úkdY jkq

,efí' jkdka;r m%foaYh .sks ;eîfuka miq Ydl ;=< isrù ;snQ fmdAIl øjH ksoyia jk w;r túg fmÌl øjH ≥r®,N jr®Id

jkdka;r j, fmd<j u;= msg fmdaIl øjH ia:rhla we;s fõ' jr®Idj u.ska fuu fmdaIH øjH iq,N mia ia:rh fia° hdug m%:uj

fnda. jr®. isgqjkq ,efí' fuys° fmdaIl øjH iq,N mi u.ska j.dj idrj;a f,i jir lsysmhla fyd¢ka mj;ajdf.k hk w;r"

mfia mj;sk fmdaIl m%udKh wjidk jk úg j.dj mj;ajd .ekSug wêl f,i fmdfydr jr®. fh°u is≥ lrhs' fuu fmfydr

jr®. úYd, m%udKhlska .xÛd we<fod, lrd fia° hk w;r ty° u;aihhka we;=Ω wfkl=;a c,c m˙ir moaO;s jdis „úkaf.a

meje;aug ;r®ckhla fõ' fmdfydr Ndú;h °r®> ld,skj ,dNodhl yd ldr®hlaIu l%uhla fkdjk neúka j.d N=ñh w;a yer ouk

w;r th m∫re jkdka;rhla njg m;a fõ' Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r mj;sk m%foaY wdY%s;j f;a lr®udka;h jHdma; ùu

jkdka;r úkdYhg mj;sk m%Odk ;r®ckhla f,i fmkajd †h yelsh' jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j mj;sk f;;a foaY.=Kh f;a

j.djg ys;lr ;;a;ajhla mj;ajd .kakd w;r ;;a;ajfhka Wiia f;a fuu m%foaY wdY%s;j ksIamdokh jk njg úYajdi lrhs'

f;a j,g mj;sk wêl b,aaü yd kS;sh l%shd;aul ls¯fï° mj;sk miq.dó ;;a;ajh u; lΩ;r" .d,a, ud;r yd r;akmqr

†ia;%slal j, mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r ;j ≥rg;a úkdY jkq ,efí'

c, ú≥,s jHdmD;s

uyd m˙udK c, ú≥,s n, jHdmD;s fya;=fjka uE; Nd.fh° jr®Id jkdka;r úYd, jYfhka úkdYhg Ndckh ù we;' c,h rojd

.ekSu i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r yd tys „ùka úYd, m%udKhla úkdY ls¯ug is≥ùug wu;rj ta wdY%s;j mj;sk c,c m˙ir

moaO;s yd u;aiHh .ykhka fjkia ùu" mdrïm˙l ck;dj wj;eka ùu' c,hg hg jk Ydl úfYaI l=Kq ùu u.ska ldnka wêl

jYfhka jdhqf.`,hg tl;= ùu jeks úkdYld¯ m%;sM,hkao fï wdY%s;j we;s fõ' Y%s ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r uOHfha b¢ lrkq

,enQ l=l=Ω .Û c, ú≥,s n,d.drh ksid tu jr®Id jkdkaa;rfha wêl jeo.;a lula iys; m%foaYhla úkdYhg Ndckh úh'

m˙ir ¥IKh

ldr®ñl yd jdKscuh l%shdldrlï ksid m˙irhg ksoyia lrk wmøjHhka j,ska is≥jk jdhq yd c, ¥IKhka j,ska jkdka;r

j,g is≥ jk n,mEï l%ufhka jeä fjñka mj;shs' lekSï u.ska is≥ jk ydkslr ;;a;ajhka yereKq úg jr®Id jkdka;r jdhq

¥IKh ksid wêl f,i ;r®ckhg Ndckh ù we;' n%iS,fha l=udgdfjda îd´ mjqf,da ckmoh& m%foaYfha w;a,dka;sla jr®Id jkdka;r

1970 yd 1980 oYl j,° m˙ir ¥IKh ksid ydhkhg ,la úh' ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j mj;sk wêl ck.yk

>k;ajhla iys; k.r j,ska c, udr®. j,g tl;= jk wmøjH yd le,s li, ksid o tjeks jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; m˙ir moaO;s

wêl f,i ¥IKhg ,la j we;'

.%dóh ck;djf.a „jfkdamdhka

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYùï j,ska 60] muK fldgilg „jfkdamdh i|yd jkdka;rh Ndú;d lrk ck;djf.a l%shdldrlï

j.lsj hq;= fõ' tfy;a Y; jr®I .Kkdjla mqrd fyaka f.dú;eka lrkq ,enQ mdrïm˙l jr®Id jkdka;r jdiSka úiska b;du;a

ie,ls,s u;a f,i" iqΩ m˙udKfhka iy ;sridr f,i jkdka;rh Ndú;d lrk ,°' tfia Ndú;d lrkq ,enQ lDIsldr®ñl N+ñ m%foaY

jir 50 la fyda 100 l muK ld,hla i|yd w;a yer ouk w;r tys° kej; jkdka;rh uq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' tfy;a

jr®;udkfha wêl f,i is≥ lrk mdrïm˙l fkdjk fyaka f.dú;eka l%ufh° m˙ir moaO;s j, l%shdld¯;ajh i|yd °r®> ld,hla

,nd fkdfok w;r" tneúka lDIsldr®ñl ìï j,g kej; jkdka;rh olajd jr®Okh ùug wjYH m%udKhg ld,hla fkd,efí'

fuys° jkdka;rh kej; t,s ls¯u jvd blaukska is≥ lrkq ,efí' iuyr wjia:d j,° m∫re jkdka;r jir 5-8 ;a muK ld,hla

;=<° kej; lDIsldr®ñl lghq;= ioyd t<sls¯u is≥ lrkq ,nhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i jkdka;rh fjkqjg fuu m%foaY wdY%s;j

flá m˙ir moaO;s pl% i|yd wkqjr®;kh jQ ;DK m%uqL Ydl m%cdjka we;s jkq ,efí'

wdr®:ßluh f,i jeo.;a ≤juh fkdjk jkdka;r ksIamdokhka wêl f,i yd úkdYld¯ f,i ,nd .ekSu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ iuyr

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; YDl j, meje;au ;r®ckhg Ndckh ù we;' fjksje,a (Coscinium fenestratum), fodrK

(Dipterocarpus glandulosus) iy fõje,a (Calamus spp.) fufia wêl f,i Ndú;hg .kakd jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Ydl

úfYaI lsysmhlg WoyrK f,i ≤laùh yelsh'

fyaka f,i Ndú;d lrk ,o jr®Id jkdka;r úYd, m%udKhla lels,a, mr®Kdx.h (Gleichenia linearis) u.ska wdjrKh ù

mj;sk w;r" fuu.ska kej; iajNdúl jkdka;rh we;s ùuo j,lajkq ,nhs' fuu mr®Kdx.h u.ska b;d ±ä wdldIaGÍh Ydl

wdjrKhla fmd<j u;=msg we;s lrk w;r jr®Id jkdka;rfha ;ekska ;ek mj;sk ysia wjldYhka f,i fïjd ks¯laIKh l,

yelsh'

93

7L◊c f;,a ksiaidrKh

mD:ßúh mqrd mj;sk w;s úYd, m%udKhl jkdka;r úkdYhka" jkdka;r ydhkhka yd m˙ir ¥IKhka rdYshlg L◊c f;,a

ksiaidrKh j.lsj hq;= fõ' f;,a ksiaidrK l%shd j,sfha° .xÛd wd†hg úI wmøjHhka ksl=;a lrk w;r fujeks øjHhka i;a;aj

úfYAI j,g fukau ñksidgo b;d ydkslr fõ' óg wu;rj oykh lrkq ,nk bkaOk u.ska jdhqf.da,hg ldnka fgdka oyia

.Kklska tl;= lrkq ,nhs'

b;d m˙iaiï iy.; f,i yd ukd l,ukdlrKhlska hq;=j Ndú;d lrkafka kï jr®Id jkdka;r ;=<ska md˙i˙l ys;ldó f,i

Lksc f;,a ksiaidrKh lr .; yelsh' tfy;a fuu l%uh wêl ld,hla yd uqo,la jehjk l%shdj,shla jk neúka ixjr®Okh

fjñka mj;sk rgj, fuu m˙ir ys;ldó l%ufõohka Ndú;d lrkq fkd,nhs' ta fjkqjg fkd†hqKq rgj, rchka úiska fuu Lksc

f;,a iïm; m˙ir iïm;a iQrdlk úfoaYsh iud.ï fj; úl=Kkq ,efí' fuu iud.ï jr®Id jkdka;r fyda ta wjg jdih lrk

ck;dj flfryas ie,ls,a,la fkdolajk w;r tu iud.ï jeä m%udKhlg wm¯laIdld¯ f,i iïm;a iQrdlEu ms<sn|j wmlSr®;su;a

w;S;hla mj;shs' f;,a iïm; iïmQr®Kfhka iQrd.ekSfuka miqj fyda foaYmd,kuh .eg¨ we;s jk wjia:d j,° fuu wjia:djd°

iud.ï Tjqka úiska úkdY lrkq ,enQ N+ó m%foaYhka w;a yer oukq ,efí'

or yd f.dvke.s,s ksIamdok øjHh ,nd.ekSsu

jr®Id jkdka;r wjg jdih lrk ck;dj úiska or bkaOk ,nd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a ksjdi we;=Ω f.dvke.s,s b¢ls¯fï øjH

,nd .ekSu i|yd fuu jkdkaa;r wêl f,i úkdY lrkq ,efí'

Y%S ,xldfõo rlaIs; jkdka;r wjg isák ck;dj w;S;fha isgu kS;s úfrdê f,i oej ,nd .ekSu is≥lr we;' jr®Id jkdka;r

wdY%s;j wêl f,i ck;dj idkaø.; jQ m%foaY j, jákd ≤j bj;a ls¯u ksid ydhkhg ,la jQ jkdka;r m%foaYhka ks¯laIKh

l< yelsh'

leKsï

mD:ßúh u; mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r fndfyduhla ;=, jákd LKsc iïm;a ksê mj;shs' LKsc øjH ,nd .ekSu i|yd jr®Id

jkdka;r j, úkdYld¯ leKSï lghq;= is≥ ls¯u ksid tys ffcj úúO;ajhg;a wjg jdih lrk ck;djg;a úúOdldr .egΩ

j,g uqyqK °ug is≥j we;' leKsï is≥ jk ia:dk j,° jkdka;r t<s ls¯u is≥ lrk w;r tu ia:dkhg ,.d ùu i|yd

jkdka;r úkdY ls¯fuka uyd udr®. we;s lrkq ,nhs' r;akmqr †ia;%slalfha jr®Id jkdka;r rdYshla wkjir ueKsla .e¯u ksid

≤ä f,i ydhkhg ,laj we;'

jdKscuh wruqKq i|yd „ùka tl;= ls u

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS „ù úfYaI rdYshla ks;s úfrdaê jk„ù fj<odu i|yd iajNdúl m˙ir moaO;s j,ska tl;= lrkq ,nhs'

WodyrK f,i Wvjeähd úfYaI" mr®Kdx. úfYaI yd jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, mj;sk c,c m˙ir moaO;s j, jr®Okh jk c,c

me<Eá wd° Ydl úfYaI rdYshla úis;=re me, lr®udka;h i|yd tl;= ls¯u yd jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; †h myr j, jdih lrk

w,xldr ñ˙†h u;aiHhka fukau jkdka;r jdiS iuk<hka" †ú ul=Ωjka wd° i;a;aj úfYaaI úis;=re i;a;aj lr®udka;h i|yd

tl;= ls¯u fmkajd †h yelsh' ;sridr fkdjk f,i fujeks ±juh fkdjk jkc øjHh tl;= ls¯u jr®Id jkdka;rfha ukd

meje;aug ;r®ckhla ù we;'

wdl%uKYS,S wd.ka;=l „ù úfYaI

hï m%foaYhl iajdNdúlj jdih lrk „ùkag yd m˙ir moaO;s j,g meje;aug ;r®ckhla jk wdldrhg" tu m%foaYfha iajdNdúlj

yuq fkdjk ^foaYSh fkdjk fy` wd.ka;=l& „ù úfYaIhla" m%foaYfha jdih lrk „ù úfYaI j,g ;r®ckhla jk f,i jHdma;

ùfï wjia:djl°" foaYSh fkdjk „ù úfYaIh wdl%uKYS,S wd.ka;=l „ù úfYaIhla f,i ye¢kafõ' hï „ú úfYaIhl iajdNdúl

fkdjk m˙ir j,° Tjqkaf.a iajNdúl i;=rka fkdue;s neúka" Tjqkag iS>%fhka jHdma; ùfï yelshdj ,efí' fufia ,xldfõ

ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< jHdma; fjñka mj;sk úfYaIhla jkafka lg lΩ fn`úáhd (Clidemia hirta) úfYaIh h'

94

b.ekaùfï l%fudamdfhka 7'1(

jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYhka ms<sn|j újdo ;rÛ meje;aùu jr®Id jkdka;rj,g mj;sk ;r®ckhka ms<sn|j újdo ;rÛ isiqka

w;r meje;aúh yelsh' ta i|yd iq≥iq ud;Dld lsysmhka my; ≤lafõ'

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS „ù úfYaI tl;= ls¯u ydkslr l%shdjlao@

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; m%foaY j, f;a lr®udka;h is≥ ls¯u'

Tn ≤k isáhdo@

j|ù hk iEu ksjr®;k l,dmSh Ydlhla iu.u lDñ úfYaI 20 l muK m%udKhla j|ù hk nj úYajdi lrkq ,efí'

Tn by; f√ofha mj;sk ixLHd f,aLk lshjk ld,h w;r;=r jr®Id jkdka;r wlalr 149 muK m%foaYhla úkdY ù

we;' B<. meh we;=<; úfYaI 6la muK ñysu;ska j|ù hkq we;'

95

7

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs;

gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshff; $h;g;gile;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; kiof;fhLfs; g+kpapy; Ntnwq;Fk; fhzg;glhj

jhtuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. xU kiof;fhl;il mopj;jpLk; NghJ mjpy;

thOk; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; mopfpd;wd. kiof;fhlhdJ kPsikj;jpl Kbahj xd;whFk.; xUKiw

mopj;jhy; vd;nwd;Wk; mJ mope;jNj! xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpAs;s tiyahdJ cile;jhy; jhtuq;fSk;

tpyq;FfSk; jq;fs; rpf;fyhd rhfpaq;fis kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;g topapy;yhky; Ngha;tpLfpwJ. mtw;iw

ehk; ghJf;fhf;f cjthtpbd; mit mopj;Jtpl;lhy; ek; fle;jfhyj;jpd; epidTfshfNt MfptpLk;

kiof;fhLfs; ,aw;ifahdJk; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;Fk;. cl;gLj;jgl;Ls;sd.

Mdhy; mjpfkhd kiof;fhLfs; twl;;rp> Gayhy; Nrjk;> jP Mfpa ,aw;if mr;RWj;jy;fspypUe;J kPs

Kbfpd;wd> Mdhy; kdpj mOj;jq;fs; fhLfis epue;jukhfr; Nrjg;gLj;jp> mtw;iw kPsKbahj

epiyf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gpujhd mr;RWj;jy;fs; cyf kiof;fhLfspNy

Vw;gLj;jg;gLtij mt;tj;jpahaj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ

,aw;if mOj;jq;fs;,aw;if mOj;jq;fs;,aw;if mOj;jq;fs;,aw;if mOj;jq;fs;,aw;if mOj;jq;fs;

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfspd; ,Uf;if jP> tul;rp> Gay;> Nghd;w ,aw;ifapd; tpirfspdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Lfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd epfoTfs; gy vOe;jkhdjhf Vw;gLk;. kiof;fhLfspy; nghpagFjpfisr;

Nrjk; tpistpf;f KbAk; vdpDk; ,aw;ifahy; Vw;gLk; NrjkhdJ kdpj eltbf;iffshy; Vw;gLk;

Nrjj;jpypUe;J. nghJthf NtWg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf KOf;fhLk; mopf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. #ow;nwhFjpapd;

rpy gFjpfs; njhopw;glf;$bajha; cs;sd. ,t;thW jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; #ow;nwhFjp kPjpfspd; cjtpAld;

fhLfs; kPz;Lk; nghJthf Gj;Japh;g;gLfpd;wd. rpy tUlq;fSf;Fs;Ns mit Fog;gLtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j

epiyfSf;F fhl;bd; gy;tifik kPsj;Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.

fhl;Lj; jPfhl;Lj; jPfhl;Lj; jPfhl;Lj; jPfhl;Lj; jP

kiof;fhLfspd; <ug;gjidAk; kPwp> ,aw;if fhl;Lj; jP kiofhLfspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf rpwpa

msT fhl;Lj; jP Vw;gLk;NghJ jiuf;Fhpa jhtutpdq;fs; nrbfs;> ehw;Wf;fs;> kw;Wk; rpwpa kuq;fSk;

mopf;fg;gLk; NghJ> nghpa tpjhd ,dq;fs; nghJthf vQ;rpf;fhzg;gLk;. neUg;ghdJ fhl;bd;

jsj;ijAk; (floor) eype;j kuq;fisAk; mfw;wp> Gjpa tsh;r;rpf;F toptFf;Fk;. ,yq;ifapd;

kiof;fhLfspy; nghJthf ,aw;if neUg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLtjpy;iy

twl;rptwl;rptwl;rptwl;rptwl;rp

twl;rpahdJ fhLfspd; njhFjpia eypthf;fp ,yFtpy; jP> Neha;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; ghjpg;G Vw;gl

toptFf;fpwJ. twl;rpahdJ fhlopj;jy; Nghd;w kdpj nraw;ghLfshy; gFjpahf Jz;lhf;fg;gl;lhYk;

mJ Mrpa kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f ntg;g kiof;fhLfspy; rpy fhyq;fspy; ,aw;ifahf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w

El-nino Nghd;wtw;why; XU Mth;j;jd xOq;fpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w tul;rpahdJ Muk;gj;jpy;

cl;gpuNjr <ug;gjidAk; kiotPo;r;rpapidAk; Fiwj;J tpjhdj;jhtuq;fis eypTwr; nra;fpd;wJ.

twl;rpahdJ ePbf;Fkhdhy;> cjph;e;j ,iyfs; fha;e;J gphpifahf;fpfisf;nfhd;L Nghriz

kPs;Row;rpapd; tpisit kiof;fhl;Lj; njhFjpapDs; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w

mz;ikf;fhy Muha;r;rpfspd;gb <utya gug;Gr;RUq;fp nfhz;L Nghfpd;wJ. Mdhy; cyh; fhyepiy

tiyaq;fs; tphpifaile;J NghtJld; <uepyg; gug;Gfis Mf;fpukpf;fTk; nra;fpd;wJ vd

mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J g+Nfhs ntg;gkiljyhYk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; fhyepiy khw;wj;jhYk; Vw;gLtjhf

ek;gg;gLfpwJ. twl;rp epiyikfspd; fPo; kiof;fhl;Lr; #ow;nwhFjpapd; ePbj;J epiyj;jyhdJ

nghpanjhU mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.

madkz;lyg; Gay;fs;madkz;lyg; Gay;fs;madkz;lyg; Gay;fs;madkz;lyg; Gay;fs;madkz;lyg; Gay;fs;

kuq;fs; tpOtjd; %yk; GayhdJ kiof;fhLfspy; ghhpa mopit Vw;gLj;j KbAk.; kutpOjYk; mjd;

tpisthf Vw;gLk; xsp CLUTk; ,ilntspfSk; fhl;L caphpay; tl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahff;;

fhzg;gbDk;> Gay; %yk; Vw;gLfpd;w ku tpOifahdJ fhl;bd; rpy gFjpfisNa mopf;ff;$baJ. xU

tpjhd ntspfhl;L kuk; tpOk;NghJ mjDld; mz;kpj;j kukaNtwpfSld; ,ize;j mjpfsT

kuq;fSk; Nrh;e;J tpOjYf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU Gaypd; gpd;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;thdJ tpOe;J

96

ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd kutPo;r;rpfisAk; xsp ,ilntspfisAk; Nknyhl;bfis cs;slf;fpa

kuf;fpisfisAk; ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. vdpDk; xU tskhd fhlhdJ ,ilj;jukhd Gaypd;

jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;lNrjj;jpd; rpy khjq;fspy; my;yJ tUlq;fspy; kPs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;. xsp

,ilntspfSk;> tpiuthf tpjhd kuq;fspdhy; epug;gg;gl;LtpLk;. Mdhy; tpOiff;F cl;gl;l

gjhh;j;jq;fs; gphpiff;Fl;gl;L mj;njhFjpapdhy; kPz;Lk;> kPs mfj;JwpQ;g;gLk;;. jPtpu Gay; (hurricane)#whtsp (cyclone) fLk; Gay;; (typhoon) Nghd;w ghhpa mad kz;ly Gay;fs; kiof;fhLfspy; mjpfsT

Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhdhy;> ,jd; kPSjy; gyjrhg;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J Ehw;whz;Lfs; tiu Nkw;

nfhs;sg;gLk;. 2003 Mz;L ,yq;ifapy; <utiyaj;jpw;F Vw;gl;;l mjpfsT kiotPo;r;rp> gpujhdkhf

nts;sk; epyr;rhpTfs; %yk; rpq;fuh[h> fNdypa kiof;fhLfspy; Fwpg;gplf;$ba Nrjj;ij Vw;glj;jpaJ.

kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mOj;jq;fs;kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mOj;jq;fs;kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mOj;jq;fs;kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mOj;jq;fs;kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mOj;jq;fs;

kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy;kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy;kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy;kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy;kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy;

cyfpd; kiof;fhLfspd; moptpw;F kuq;fisj; jwpj;jy; xU gpujhd fhuzkhFk.; Kd;Ndw;wkhd

jwpj;jy; El;gq;fisj; jtpu mjpfsT epiyaw;w Kiwapy; mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfisj; njhlh;e;J

ntl;Ljy; rh;tNjrq;fspd; ftdj;ij <h;j;Js;sJ. kuk; ntl;Lk; njhopy; epiyaq;fs; ,Wjpahf

vQ;rpAs;s Fog;gg;glhj fhl;Lg;gug;Gfis tlfPo; njd; mnkhpf;fh (fahdh> rhpNdk;) fhLfisAk;

1996k; Mz;bd; fzpg;Gfspd;gb 30 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh; (12 ky;ypad; nff;lah;) nfhz;l nfhq;Nfh tbepyk;>

njd; gRgpf;> nrhykd; jPTfs; gg;Gth ePAfpdpahkj;jpa mnkhpf;fh Mfpatw;iw cs;sf;fpa gpNwrpy;

mNkrd; fhLfisAk; ntl;Lk; eltbf;iffspy; tpiuthf <Lgl Kidfpd;wd. ,t;thW jkJ nrhe;j

,Ug;Gf;fspy; mjpfsT ghtpj;j gpd;> ,t;ntl; ;Lku ];jhgdq;fs;> jkJ kuj;Njitfis

g+h;j;jpnra;tjw;fhf mgptpUj;jpailAk; ehLfspy; cs;s Gjpa gug;Gfis mZFfpd;wd.> ,th;fspd; ku

Njitfshf. ifj;njhopy; ku tisakuq;fs;> ntl;lj;Jz;Lfs;> jsghlq;fs;. kuitj;Jz;Lfs;

myq;fhu Ntiyfs;>kuf;$o; Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jP itg;GjP itg;GjP itg;GjP itg;GjP itg;G

,d;W kdpjdhy; mbf;fb Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jpl;lkpl;l jPitg;Gk; mUfpy; cs;s Nka;r;ry; Gw;jiufspy;

,Ue;Jk; tptrha epyq;fspypUe;Jk; tpgj;J %yk; guTfpd;w jPAk;> mope;j Nghd ntl;lg;gl;lfhLfspy;

vhpf;Fk; jd;ikia mjpfhpj;Js;sd. xt;ntU tUlKk; mNkrdpy; fhzp thq;Fgth;fshYk;; ngUe;Njhl;l

nrhe;jfhuhpdhYk; tptrhapfspdhYk;> gw;iwfisAk;> fhLfisAk; Jg;guthf;Ftjw;fhf. jP itf;Fk;

fhyq;fspy;> ngUe; jP fhLfisj;jhf;Ffpd;wJ. vhpf;fg;glhj fhLfSld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ ,Uklq;F

fhlopf;fg;;gl;l epiyia milfpd;wd ,J mjpfsT Muk;gj; jPitj;jypdhy; tpjhdj;jpy; rpwpjstpy;

,ilntspfis Vw;gLj;jp fhl;Lepyj;ij mjpfsT cyh; #hpa xsp miltjw;F top Nfhyg;gLfpd;wJ.

th;j;jf tptrhak;th;j;jf tptrhak;th;j;jf tptrhak;th;j;jf tptrhak;th;j;jf tptrhak;

tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLk; kiof;fhLfs; ePbf;Fk; jd;ikaw;wd. Vnddpy; ,it Nghrizj; jd;ik

Fiwe;jhfTk;> mkpyj;jd;ikAs;s kz;izf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhyhFk;.vdpDk; gy th;j;jf

tptrhap nraw;wpl;lq;fs; kiofhl;Lf; fiufspy; jw;nghOJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; gy

Nghrizj; jd;ik Fiwe;jjhy; fhy; eilfs; NkAk; jiufshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy;

th;j;jf tptrhak; mNkrd; kiof;fhLfspy; gpujhd mr;RWj;jyhf cs;sJ.

nghJthf fhzpfis Jg;guT Mf;Ftjw;F ntl;b vhpf;Fk; El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,J

fhLfis mopg;gth;fspdhy; ghuk;ghpa eltbf;iffSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ kpfTk; mjpkhd mstpy;

eilngWfpd;wd. rpy Vf;fh;fis vhpg;gjw;F <lhf tptrha epGzh;fs; 100 ,ypUe;J 1000 fzf;fhd

n`f;lu;fis vhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,jd;%yk; kiof;fhl;bd; mjpfsT gug;Gf;fs; mopf;fg;gLtJld; ,jd;

nropg ;ghd caph ; gy;tifik mopfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,e;El;gkhdJ Njitaw;w xd;whfNt

fhzg;gLfpwJ.cjhuzkhf tptrhaj;jpw;fhf fhLfs; vhpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ ntl;Lku ngWkjpAs;s

kuq;fis fhLfs; Jg;guT nra;AKd;dh; ntl;b cyutpLtJ kpfTk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,jdhy; ,J

fhLfspy; thOk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; r%jhaq;fSf;Fk; tptrhapfSf;Fhpa ngWkjpahd %yq;fis

tpuag;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.

fhLfis vhpg;gjd; %yk; jhtu rhfpaq;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l mjpfsT Nghrizg;gjhh;j;jq;fs;

ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Kd;ida kiof;fhl;bd; tsk; Fiwe;j kz;zpw;F NkNy ,g;Nghrizg;

gjhh;j;jq;fis mjpfsT nfhz;l kz; xU gilahf fhzg;gLk; mopf;fg;gl;l gug;Gfspy;

Nghrizg;nghUl;fs; #hpadhy; Kd;dUk; kioapdhy; kz;fOtpr; nry;Yk;NghJ. Nghriz

97

7Fiwtilfpd;wJ. mad kz;ly kuq;fs; jwpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; vjph ;fhy mWtilfis

ghJf;fhg;gjw;Fhpa jd;ikfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ntl;lg;gl;l fhl;il jP Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;Jk; ghJf;fhg;gjpy;

,Ue;J jtWtJld; caph;gy;tif ,og;G> kpifahd Ntl;ilahLjy;> tptrhak; Nkr;ry;Gy; tsh;jy;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; ,lkspf;fpd;wJ. 1970fspy; ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fuh[h fhlhdJ cs;Sh; gpist+l;

nkd;gyif th;j;jfj;jpw;fhf kuq;fs; ntl;Ltjw;Fhpa gykhd mr;RWj;jy;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. vdpDk;

fhg;G nra;Nthh; vLj;j cldbahd eltbf;ifapdhy; moptpypUe;J ,f;fhL ghJf;fhf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;

jw;nghOJ rpy rl;lg+h;tkw;w kuk; ntl;Ljy; nraw;ghLfs; ,ilj;jukl;lq;fspy; njd;Nkw;F gFjpfspy;

cs;s rpjw;gl;l kiof;fhLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

fhyp> khj;jiw> ,uj;jpdGhp khtl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mNef kiof;fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L

nghUshjhu Njitkpf;f Njapiyf;F ,lkspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

mz;ik tUlq;fshf nghpastpy; ePh; kpd; nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; mKy;gLj;jYf;fhf gue;j mstpy; fhLfs;

,of;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; mjpfsT nghpa kiof;fhLfSk; fhl;L caphpdq;fSk; mopf;fg;gLtJld;>

mizf;fl;Lfspdhy; ePh; thoplq;fs; mopfpd;w tpisTk;> kPs; Fbj;njhiffs; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk;

cl;gpuNjr kf;fs; ,lk; ngah;tJk; ePhpy; mkpo;j;jpAs;s kuf;fl;ilfs; cf;Ftjhy; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F

mjpfsT fhgd; Nrh;f;fg;gLtJk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; kiof;fhl;bd; kj;jpapy cs;s

Ff;Fspfq;if ePh; kpd;tY nraw;wpl;lk; rpy Kf;fpakhd fhl;L thoplq;fis mopj;Jtpl;lJ. vdpDk;

Neuj;ijAk; gzj;ijAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,r;nra;ifahdJ nryT $baJ ,jdhy;

mgptpUj;jpailAk; ehLfspd; mk;rq;fs; ,t;thwhd Kiwfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,jw;F

gjpyhf murhq;fq;fs; ntspehl;L fk;gdpfSf;F rYiffis tpw;f tpUk;Gfpd;wd. ,f;fk;gdpfs; Kd;G

#oYld; my;yJ ghuk;ghpa fhl;LthrpfisAk; rpwpjstpy; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Jhpjkhf vz;izia

gphpj;njLj;jd ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs;> vz;iz Nrkpg;Gf;fs; Fiwe;J nfhz;L NghFk; NghJ> my;yJ

murpay; gpur;rpidfshy; ntspNaWk; NghJ. fhzpfs; ehrkhf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.

khriljy;khriljy;khriljy;khriljy;khriljy;

ifj;njhopy; th;j;jf nraw;ghLfshy; Vw;gLk; tsp ePh; khriljypdhy; cyfj;jpYs;s fhLfs;

ghjpf;fg;gLjy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; vz;nza;f; frpTfs; eQ;Rj;jd;ikahd kw;w tpis

nghUl;fs; Ruq;fq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;wpdhy; tspkhriljyhy; kiof;fhLfs; $basT

juk; Fiwe;jjhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. 1970> 1980 fspy; fpANgw;Nwtpy; cs;s (Nrh nghNyh khepyk;)

gpNurpypd; mj;jpyhe;jpf; fhLfs; gue;jstpy; Nrjg;gLj;jgl;Ls;sd. kpifahd rdj;njhif cs;s

efuq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Fg;ig$sq;fSk; khdplf; fopTfSk; tbfhy;fSf;F Kd; Gijf;fg;;

gLtjhy; mjpfkhd mad kz;ly ehLfspy; jPtpukhd khriljy; Vw;gl;lJ.

[Ptd nraw;ghLfs;[Ptd nraw;ghLfs;[Ptd nraw;ghLfs;[Ptd nraw;ghLfs;[Ptd nraw;ghLfs;

mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfspy; Fiwe;jJ 60% khd fhlopj;jyhdJ kf;fspdhy; cs;Sh; kl;lj;jpy;

[Ptd njhopw;ghLfspdhy; Vw;gl;lJ ,th;fs; jkJ tho;f;iff;fhf fhl;L %yq;fis gad;

gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;. tptrhaj;jpw;fhf fhLfis ntl;b vhpj;jy; cs;Sh; kf;fspdhy; gy Ew;whz;Lfshf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> mJ ftdkhd rpwpa mstpdhy; Row;r;rpKiwapy; eilngw;wjhy; xg;gPl;lstpy;

mopahky; fhLfs; fhzg;gLtJ cWjpg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; 50 ,ypUe;J 100 tUlq;fs

fhLfs; mopf;fg;glhky; fhzg;gl;ljhy; fhL kPsf;$bajhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy; tsKs;s jiuia

nfhz;ldthfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. kuq;fisj; jwpf;Fk;NghJ gpuNahrkhd ntl;Lf;fSk; ngwg;gl;ld.

vdpDk; ,d;W mjpfsT vz;zpf;ifahd kf;fs; Row;rpaw;w Kiwapy; tptrhaj;jpw;fhf fhLfis

ntl;b vhpg;gjhy;>,k;Kiw #ow;njhFjpapd; ePz;l fhy njhopw;gLtjw;F topNfhyhJ. NkYk; jiufs;

,j;jifa Fog;gq;fspdhy; Njhd;Wfpd;w Jizahd fhLfshf kPsTk; khl;lhJ. Jg;guthf;Fk;

tl;lhuq;fs; FWfp tUfpd;wd. rpy ,lq;fsp;y; 5-8 tUlq;fspy;fhl;L gw;iwfs; Njhd;w Kd; kPz;Lk;

Jg;guthf;fg;gLk;. gbg;gbahf fhLfs; fuL Kulhd Gw;fs; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;;; fhLfs; kPsikf;fg;gLk;.

,it FWfpa thof;;if tl;lj;ijr; rfpf;ff; $bad.

,yq;ifapy; rpy nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd> ntl;L kukw;w fhl;L tpisTfs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf kukQ;rs; (Coscinium fenestrtum) Dorna (Dipterocarpus glandulous ) gpuk;G Nghd;wit kPs;Gj;Japh;gG miltJ ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; vjph;fhy Nrkpg;Gf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.gy

kiof;fhl;L thoplq;fs; Nridg;gaph;r;nra;iff;F gpd; ntWikahf;fg;gl;L gpd; Kw;whf nff;fpy

98

gd;dq;fy; (Glelchenia linearis) Kw;whf %lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; kiyf;fhl;bd; kPs; Gj;Japh;g;G

jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gd;dk; td;ikakhd g+z;Lfj;jiuia Vw;gLj;jp %ly; fhLfis cz;lhf;fhky;

jLf;Fk;.

vz;nza;g; gphpj;njLg;Gvz;nza;g; gphpj;njLg;Gvz;nza;g; gphpj;njLg;Gvz;nza;g; gphpj;njLg;Gvz;nza;g; gphpj;njLg;G

g+Nfhs hPjpahf vz;nza;g; gphpj;njLj;jy; fhlopj;jYf;Fk; fhzpfspd; juk; FiwjYf;Fk;> mtw;wpd;

mopTf;Fk; nghWg;ghfTs;sJ. vz;nza; gphpj ;njLg;G nra;KiwahdJ er;Rj;jd;ikahd

gf;ftpisTfis cs;Sh; MWfSf;Fs; ntspNaw;WtJld; kdpjh;fisAk; tpyq;FfisAk;

eQ;rhf;fpd;wd. NkYk; Foha; topfspy; cilg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp epiyahd vz;nza; frpTfSf;F

topNfhYfpd;wd. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf vz;nza; jfdk; tUlhtUlk; gy njhd;fs; fhgid

tspkz;lyj;jpw;F Nrh;f;fpd;wJ.

ftdkhd Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lkply; %yk; kiof;fhLfspypUe;;J vz;nzia #oy;-el;G hPjpahy;

gphpj;njLf;f KbAk;. nghJthf ,t;thwhd tpspk;Gf; fhLfs; ngWkjpkpf;f ntl;Lkuq;fis mfw;wpa

gpd; juk; Fiwe;jitahf cs;sd. ,k;Kiwfs; Neuj;ijAk; gzj;ijAk; tpuag;gLj;Jtjhy;

mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfs; ,jidg;gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ. ,jw;F gjpyhf murhq;fq;fs;;

vz;nzia rYif tpiyapy; ntspehl;;L epWtdq;fSf;F tpw;f tpisfpd;wd. ,e;epWtdq;fs;

Rw;Wr;#oiyNah my;yJ ghuk;ghpakhff; fhl;bypUe;J vz;nza; vLg;gtHfisNah nghpjstpy;

ftdj;jpw;nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,e;epWtdq;fs;> vz;nza; Njf;fq;fs; Fiwtile;j gpd;dNuh my;yJ VJk;

murpay; gpur;ridfs; vOtjhdhNyh ntspNaw;wg;gLtjdhy; Kw;whf ghtidf;Fjthj epyj;ij tpl;Lr;

nry;fpd;wd.

vhpnghUs; tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk;vhpnghUs; tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk;vhpnghUs; tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk;vhpnghUs; tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk;vhpnghUs; tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk;

fhLfspy;; FbapUg;Nghuhy; kiof;fhLfspypUe;J tpwFk; fl;blg;nghUs;fSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gLtJ>

FbapUg;ghsuhy; fhlopg;gjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. nfhz;Luh ehl;bd; rf;jpapd; 65% tpwFfis

vhpg;gjd; %yk; ngwgLfpwJ. Mdhy; rpy Mgphpf;f ehLfspy; ,t;tPjk; NkYk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

mz;ikapy; 75.000 mfjpfisf;nfhz;l fpof;F nra;ah;; mfjpKfhk; tpld;fh Njrpa g+q;fhtpypUe;Jk;

nfhhpy;yh xJq;fplk; kiyapypUe;Jk; mjpfsT tpwF Nrfhpf;fg;gLtjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,d;Dk; rpy

khjq;fspy; 2.0000 Vf;fUf;F Nkw;gl;l g+q;fh gFjp tpwFf;fhfTk; fl;bl nghUs;fSf;fhfTk;>

Jg;guthf;fg;gl;LtpLk;.

,yq;ifapy; ntl;Lkuj;jpw;fhf kuq;fisj;jwpj;jy; xU ghuk;ghpa mr;RWj;jyhf cs;sJ. ,jDld;

Nrh;e;j Rw;WgFjpfshd ghJf;fhf;fg;gl;l gug;GfSf;Fk; mr;RWj;jyhf cs;sJ.,q;F kdpj

FbNaw;wq;fs; kpf mlh;j;jpahf cs;sJ.

Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;

cyfpYs;s mjpfsT kiof;fhLfs; nropg;ghd fdpg;nghUs; gbtq;fisf;nfhz;lJ ,f;fdpg;

nghUl;fis mbj;jb gphpj;njLg;gJ xU mopTf;Fhpa nraw;ghlhFk;> ,jdhy; kiof;fhl;Lf;Fk;

mq;Fs;s mq;fpfSf;Fk;> mjw;F fPNo thOk; kf;fSf;Fk; gy gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Ruq;fj;ijr;

Rw;wpa gug;G Kf;fpakhf epue;ju Ruq;ff; Fopfs; kuq;fs; mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gl;L fhl;Lg; ghijfs;

Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghijNa ghijaw;w fhLfSf;F ghijia vw;gLfpd;wd. ,uj;jpdGhp khtl;lj;jpy;

rpy gFjpfs; rpwe;j kiof;fhLfis nfhz;bUe;jit. fs;sj;jdkhd ,uj;jpdk; gphpj;njLf;Fk;

Ruq;fq;fspdhy; juk; Fiwe;jjhf khw;wg;gLfpd;wJ .

,dtiffspd; th;j;jfg; gphpj;njLg;G,dtiffspd; th;j;jfg; gphpj;njLg;G,dtiffspd; th;j;jfg; gphpj;njLg;G,dtiffspd; th;j;jfg; gphpj;njLg;G,dtiffspd; th;j;jfg; gphpj;njLg;G

mjpfkhd fhl;Lj; jhtu tpyq;F tiffs; th;j;;;jf tpahghuj;jpw;fhf fs;sj;jdkhf gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf Xf;fpl;Lf;fs; gd;dq;fs; ePhj;jhtuq;fs; gy ,iyfs; myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fspd;

th;j;jfj;jpw;fhf Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kiof;fhLfspy; ePh;epiyfspy; thOk; epwKs;s ed;dPh; kPd;fSk;>

tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfSk;. myq;fhutPl;L tsh;g;G> tpahghuj;jpw;fhfr; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd ntl;L kukw;w

fhl;L tpisTfspd; Ruz;ly; nkd;ikahd kiof;fhl;Lj; #ow; njhFjpia epiyaw;wjhf Mf;f KbAk;.

99

7fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp:fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp:

kiof;fhLfs; mopj;jy; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

kiof;fhLfis mopj;jy; rk;ge;jkhd tpthjq;fis xOq;Fnra;Aq;fs; gpNuhpf;Fk; jiyaq;fshtd.

kiof;fhl;L mq;fpfSf;F mePjp mspj;jy; ,J xH mj;jpahtrpa Fw;wkh?

kiof;fhl;L gpuNjrq;fspy; Njapiy gapHr;nra;if> mtrpakh my;yJ mtrpakw;wjh?


xt;nthU madkz;lyj; jhtu ,dq;fSk; moptilAk; NghJ 20 G+r;rpfs; jg;gpg;gpiof;fhJ vd

epidf;fNtz;Lk;.

ePq;fs; ,e;j Gs;sptpguq;fis thrpf;Fk; NghJ Vwj;jhs 149 Vf;fHfs; kiof;fhL

mopf;fg;gl;LtpLk; mLj;j kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; Vwj;jhs 6 ,dq;fs; moptpw;Fs;shfptpLk;.

1960-1990 fhyg;gFjpahfpa 30 tUlq;fSs;> cyfpd; 20 rjtPjkhd madkz;lyf;fhLfs;

mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld.

100

SPOTLIGHT 7.1

How Long is this Rubber Band?

Adapted from: Berkmuller, K. (1992)

It depends on how far you stretch it, but you can only stretch it so far!

Resources that are renewable or can be recycled, may be used either sustainably or not. Keeping poultry for eggs is asustainable use of the resource “chicken” but killing it for meat is a non-sustainable use. However, sustainability is notalways as clear-cut and to some extent the concept is flexible and somewhat controversial. For example, the sustainableuse of a forest for logging may mean unsustainable use in terms of species preservation. Looking at another example:Hydro-power is often considered an environment-friendly type of power generation. However, hydro power generationrequires the building of reservoirs. If the proposed reservoir would flood the last rainforest in the region, and siltationwould reduce the life-span of the reservoir to less than 50 years, a valuable forest would be sacrificed for a non-sustainable use! Therefore, sustainability can only be a guideline. What actually constitutes acceptable use is determinedby the circumstances and by value judgements.

fuu m%YaKh fldmuK ld,hla ord.; yelsfõo@

kej; kej; wΩ;a fjñka mj;sk fyda m%;spl%SlrKh l< yels iïm;a ;sridr f,i Ndú;d ls¯ug yelshdjla ;sîug fyda fkd;sîug bv we;'

lsls,sh uia ms◊i fkdurd wef.ka °r®> ld,Skj ì;a;r ,nd .ekSu ;sridr l%uh fõ' tfy;a fndfyda wjia:d j, ;sridr;ajh ms<sn|j meye†,s

udhsula fkdmj;sk w;r wmeye†,s fyda újdohkag ;=vq fok ia:dkhka mj;ahs' wms ;j ksor®Ykhla .ksuq' c, ú≥,s ksIamdokh ;sridr f,i

iïm;a Ndú;d ls¯ula f,i wms olsuq' tfy;a fï i|yd c,dYhka b¢ls¯ug is≥fõ' fuu c,dYh ksr®udKh ls¯fï° m%foaYfha mj;sk wjidk jr®Id

jkdka;;rh ta i|yd ì,s°ug is≥jqjfyd;a l=ula is≥fõo@ mdxY= Ldokh ksid jir 50 muK ld,hla ;=,° c,dYh frdka uv j,ska ms¯ hdu is≥ùu

ksid jákd jkdka;rhla ;sridr fkdjk ixjr®Ok l%shdj,sh i|yd ì,s °ug is≥ù we;' tneúka is≥ l, yelafla ;sridr Ndú;h i|yd u.

fmkaùu muKla fõ' ta ta wjia:djg wkqj mj;sk ;;a;ajh yd jákdlu ;SrKh ls¯fuka muKla i;H jYfhkau ;sridr Ndú; uÜgu ;SrKh

l, yelsh'

,e;j ,wg;gH gl;b vt;tsT ePskhdJ ?,e;j ,wg;gH gl;b vt;tsT ePskhdJ ?,e;j ,wg;gH gl;b vt;tsT ePskhdJ ?,e;j ,wg;gH gl;b vt;tsT ePskhdJ ?,e;j ,wg;gH gl;b vt;tsT ePskhdJ ?

,izg;gpypUe;J ePq;fs; vt;tsT Juk; ePl;rpailar; nra;fpd;wPHfs; vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. Mdhy; Fwpj;jsT

kl;LNk ePl;rpaila KbAk;. kPsj;jf;f my;yJ kPs; Row;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fj;jf;fit njhlHe;J cgNahfpf;fj;jf;fjhf

my;yJ ,y;yhkypUf;fyhk;. NfhoptsHj;jy; Kl;ilf;fhf vd;gjpy; Nfhop xU tshkhFk; Mdhy; ,iwr;rpf;fhf

mtw;iwf; nfhy;tJ mopg;gjw;fhf cgNahfpg;gjhFk;. mjdhy; mDgtpj;jy;> my;yJ mopf;fhky; njhlHe;J

epiyj;jpUf;fr;nra;tJ vd;gJ jpl;lkhdjy;y. ,f;nfhs;if vt;thwhapUg;gpDk; rr;ruTf;Fs;shdjhFk;. ntl;L

kuj;jpw;fhf fhl;il cgNahfpg;gJ. ,dq;fspd; ghJfhg;igf; fUJifapy; moptpw;Fhpa cgNahfkhFk;. ,d;ndhU

cjhuzj;ij mtjhdpg;Nghk;. ePHkpd; cw;gj;jp nghJthf Rw;whly; el;Gtifahd kpd; cw;gj;jp vdf;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

MapDk; ePH kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhf ePH Njf;F mizf;fl;Lfs; fl;lg;glNtz;Lk;. jpl;lkplg;gl;l ePHj;Njf;F mizf;fl;L>

mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s kiof;fhl;il %o;fbf;fyhk;. kzy;gbT> ePHj;Njf;fj;jpd; epiyj;jpUg;ig 50 tUlq;fSf;Fk;

FiwthfNt thoitf;fpd;wJ. ngWkhdk; kpf;ffhL cgNahfkw;w ghtpg;gpw;fhf jpahfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt rl;lkjpg;Gs;snjd;gJ xU topfhl;lyhFk;. cz;ikahd mDkjpf;fj;jf;f cgNahfnkd;gJ> mr;#o;epiyahYk;

ngWkhd ePjpahYk; epHzapf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

101

Structure of a Rainforest

Mini pools (rot holes) in tree trunks provide micro-habitats forspecies c,h /£ mj;sk .ia fnk úúO i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd jdiia:dk

imhhs' kug;nghe;J - rpwpa jlhfk; ,dq;fspd; Ez;thoplkhFk;.


The rainforest floor with a camouflaged moth amongst the leaflitter jr®Id jkdka;r ìu ia:rfha jdih lrk i<U úfYaIhla ,iy

cf;fypdpilNa fhzg;gLk; me;Jg;G+r;rp (ngha;f;Nfhyk;)


Rain Forest Canopy ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rfha úhk kiofhl;L

tpjhdg;gil


Inside the rainforest ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;rhla ;=< or®Ykhla kio

fhl;bd; cl;gpuNjrk;


Pointed leaves referred to as “drip-tips” of rainforest plants jEyqï

;=vq kiof;fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fspd; tbf;Fk; Edpnfhz;l ,iyfs;

- $H Edp ,iyfs;


The red colouration of young leaves is a common feature in rain-forest plants r;= jr®Khla iys; oΩ kiof;fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fspd;

nghJthd ,ay;ghd rptg;G epwk; nfhz;l ,sk; ,iyfs;


102

Sri Lankan Rainforests

A stream in the Sinharaja Rainforest isxyrdc jr®Id jkdka;rfha †h

myrla rpq;fuhI kio fhl;bd; xH ePNuhil


Narangasella Falls, Kanneliya kdrka.ia we,a," lkafk,sh

ehuq;fnry;y ePH tPo;r;rp - fd;dypa

Photograph: Dithya Angammana

The canopy of Sinharaja Forest isxyrdc jkdka;rfha úhka ia:rh rpq;uhI

tdj;jpd; tpjhdg;gil


A trail through Sinharaja World Heritage Site isxyrdc jkdka;rh ;=,

we;s udr®.hla rpq;fuhIh tdjpw;F XH ghij


Entrance to Kanneliya Forest Reserve lkafk,sh rCIs; jkhg we;=,a

jk ia:dkh fd;ndypa tdg; ghJfhg;G gpuNjrk;


Panoramic view of Kanneliya Forest reserve lkafk,sh jkdka;rfha

iqkaor or®Ykhla

Photograph: Dithya Angammana

103

Why are Rainforests Important?

The medicinal plant - Veniwel fjksje,a - T!Iëh Ydlhla fõ'

(Coscinium fenestratum) ntdpty; - %ypifj;jhtuk; - kukQ;rs;


The scenic beauty of rainforests make them ideal holiday destina-tions ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, mj;sk iqkaor or®Ykhka ixpdrl lr®udka;h

i|yd jeo.;a fõ' kiof;fhl;bd; mhpa ,aw;iffhl;rpfs; ,it

tpLKiwfis fopg;gjw;F cfe;jit.


Rainforests are vital sources of fresh water ms is≥ c,h ,nd fok m%Njhla

f,i jr®Id jkdka;r jeo.;a fõ' ed;dPH tsj;jpw;Fhpa cw;gj;jp

kiof;fhLfshFk;.


Rattan - commonly found in rainforests is of immense economic value.fõje,a - wdr®®œl jákdlula iys; Ydl úfYaIhls' nghJthf kiof;fhl;by;

fhzg;gLk; Rattan (gpuk;G) nghUshjhug; ngWkhdKilaJ.Photograph: Naalin Perera

Kitul - Provides a valuable source of income to villagers ls;=,a -

jeis jkdka;r wjg ck;dj i|yd fyd| wd∞hï udr®.hla fõ' fpj;Js; -

fpuhkthrpfSf;Fg; $Ljyhd tUthia <l;bj;jUtjhFk;.

Photograph: Rebecca Roberts

104

Threats to Rainforests

Landslides due to loss of forest cover jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYh kdhhEï

j,g fya;= fõ' kio fhLfspd; mopT kz; rupTfSf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;


Deforestation due to tea plantation in Sinharaja f;a j.dj fya;=fjka

úkdY jk jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaYhla - isxyrdch Njapiy cw;gj;jpapdhs;

mope;J Nghd kio fhl;L gpuNjrk; - rpq;fuhIh


Infrastructure such as the construction of dams causes severe stressto rainforests. jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaY wdY%s;j b¢flfrk fõ,s uÛska tu

m˙ir moaO;s j,g ;r®ck we;s lrhs' mizf;fl;L epHkhzk;

madkz;ly kiof;fl;Lf;Fg; ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhFk;.


The devastation caused by flash floods in the Sinharaja rainforest.xj;=r fya;=fjka úkdY jQ jr®Id jkdka;r m%foaYhla - isxyrdch nts;s

ngUf;fpdhy; mope;J Nghd kio fhl;L gpuNjrk; - rpq;fuhIh


Kekilla fern lands in degraded forest parches ydhkhg ,lajQ ksjr®;k

jr®Id jkdka;rhla ;=< mj;sk lels,a, mr®Kdx. m%cdjla


* The majority of rainforest species do not have Tamil names.

Invasive plant (Clidemia) in Sinharaja jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk

wdl%uKYS,S Ydlhla lg lΩ fn`úáhd rpq;fuh[hf;fhl;bYs;s

Mf;fpukpg;Gj;jhtuk;


105

8

How can Tropical Rainforests be Conserved?ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ixrCIKh l< yelafla flfiao@

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk;? 8

106

How can Tropical Rainforests be Conserved?

Two principal approaches have been used to conserve tropical rain forests: strict protection andsustainable management. The first approach deals with outright protection through the development of

National Parks and Reserves. This has been an essential element in conserving the biodiversity ofrainforests. However, it is important to recognize that communities living in or near rainforests often

rely on the forest for food and firewood. Therefore, community-based programmes that providesustainable income generating activities as alternatives to destructive harvesting and land use have to

be developed. Some programmes may be based on the extraction of non-timber forest products bycommunities. Other programmes could target the exploration of medicinal plants and drug

development as ways to strengthen and diversify their economies. Many rain forest communities hosteco-tourists, who focus on nature study and outdoor activities that have minimal ecological impact, to

supplement their income without harming the rainforest. This chapter explores some strategies that canbe used for rainforest conservation, to ensure their continued survival in the 21st century.

In-situ and ex-situ conservation

In-situ conservation is the conservation of species in their natural habitats. In the case of rainforests it is notonly the most appropriate but the only practical means of conservation. To conserve biodiversity, it isessential to conserve the areas where populations of diverse species exist. Therefore protected areas have akey role in conserving rainforests and their biodiversity in-situ.

Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats,for example, in zoological gardens, aquaria, botanical gardens and gene banks. In the conservation ofrainforests, ex-situ conservation measures can complement in-situ methods by insuring, where necessary,against possible extinction of rainforest species. For example, plant genetic material maybe conserved bystoring seeds in seed banks.

New protected areas

Rainforests are a scarce resource. It is therefore necessary, wherever possible, to have the remainingrainforests established as protected areas. The establishment of new protected areas in strategic locationswill help ensure the long-term survival of these ecosystems and their biodiversity, due to the legal protectionafforded to them. Destructive human activities such as logging, mining, collection of plants and animals forcommercial use can be monitored and stopped by law enforcement authorities with.

As many tropical rainforests occur as isolated fragments, the development of rainforest corridors to connectthese patches should receive priority. The forest corridors will enable animals to move freely between theforests and ensure the maintenance of healthy populations.

Site rehabilitation

Great expanses of forest are increasingly fragmented. Habitat fragmentation is a serious threat tobiodiversity and the rainforests, worldwide. Edge effects alter the flora and fauna, and fragmented forestsbecome more exposed to drying winds that increase the frequency of tree falls. The rehabilitation offragmented rainforests is a good strategy to counteract these problems. Natural forest species could beintroduced to the degraded sites, using proven forestry techniques, to restore them and also to increase theextent of rainforests.

107

8Promotion of plantation forestry in appropriate locations

The huge demand for timber is a major threat to the survival of the giant rainforest trees. If timber andfuelwood can be obtained from other sources, the pressure to exploit rainforests would recede. Managedforest plantations have the potential to meet this demand. In Sri Lanka, Teak, Mahogany and Eucalyptus aregrown in plantation forests to meet, at least partially, the needs of the timber trade.

Sustainable use of forest resources

Many ecologists believe that some products could be harvested from tropical rainforests without harmingthe great variety of plants and animals living in them. Non-timber forest products such as bee’s honey, wildfruits, flowers and leaves can be extracted from the forest without causing permanent damage to theecosystem. However, it is necessary to refrain from extracting for commercial purposes which will put aninsurmountable strain on the ecosystem. Instead, extraction of these resources should be limited to meetingthe needs of the traditional rainforest inhabitants or to the buffer zone villagers. They have customarilyused forest resources for generations and possess the requisite traditional knowledge to do so withoutharming the forest. If rainforest products are required on a large scale for commercial purposes, they shouldbe obtained from cultivated extents outside the rainforest, preferably in buffer zone villages.

Eco-tourism

Well-planned eco-tourism is a sustainable method of utilizing rainforests. Visitors are allowed to visittropical rainforest areas and stay in environmentally friendly accommodation. It could be developed togenerate funds to support rainforest conservation and to provide incomes to local villagers. Locals can earnby providing food and accommodation to visitors and operating as nature guides. When the local peoplehave economic benefits from eco-tourism, their extractive practices should automatically decrease.However, eco-tourism activities in and around rainforests should be carefully monitored to ensure that theyare not harmful to the forest or its inhabitants. For example, the use of proper waste disposal methods andenvironmentally friendly energy sources should be utilised in order to protect the fragile life support systemin rainforests.

Eco-agriculture

It is unfortunate that rainforests are encroached mostly for unsustainable agriculture. Hence, encroachmentsare a recurring problem. If however, sustainable eco agricultural practices are employed the dependence onrainforest resources can be minimized. For instance, agro forestry, a combination of forestry and agriculture,has been practiced successfully by people for centuries. It involves planting trees, shrubs and ground cropsin imitation of a natural forest to obtain many kinds of forest products and services. If agro forestry ispracticed in settled areas, it would obviate the need for settlers to clear more natural forest.

Population control and poverty reduction

Most rainforests are found in developing countries with large populations which are growing rapidly. Thisexerts a constant pressure on the country’s natural resources to meet the expanding needs for land, food,energy and employment. Rainforest countries experiencing rapid population growth and continued povertycannot ignore their immediate requirements in favour of longer term environmental programmes. Thepresent trends are likely to increase rainforest encroachments for unsustainable agriculture and settlements.Therefore, measures to alleviate poverty and to control population growth are of paramount importance inconserving rainforests.

108

Legal framework

The Forest Ordinance, Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance, National Heritage and Wilderness Areas Actand the Soil Conservation Act are the main components of the legal framework for the conservation offorests and forest resources in Sri Lanka. The conservation of Sinharaja Rainforest, as a World HeritageSite, is provided for by the National Heritage and Wilderness Areas Act. The Soil Conservation Act coversland use in privately owned lands but its effectiveness has been minimal due to legal and administrativeconstraints.

International agreements on biodiversity conservation

There are many Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that have been ratified by most countriesin order to conserve their biological wealth. Usually these agreements have direct or indirect bearing on theconservation of rainforests and its fauna and flora. The signatories of MEAs such as the Convention on theInternational Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on BiologicalDiversity (CBD), World Heritage Convention and Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB) can contributetowards rainforest conservation in their respective countries by implementing the obligations identified bythese agreements.

Policies

In many countries, the development policies and conservation policies are not complementary. For instance,national policies pertaining to trade, agriculture, energy and infrastructure development are in direct conflictwith conservation policies. The development policies encourage activities that may lead to the destructionof rainforests. This makes law enforcement in rainforest areas a difficult task.

In Sri Lanka, policies in regard to rainforests are embedded in two important policy documents - i.Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka: a framework for action, The Sri Lanka Government’s policyresponse to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and ii. Caring for the Environment, 2003 - 2007 - Pathto Sustainable Development.

Promotion of rainforest research

If rainforests are to be conserved, it is vital to have a sound understanding of its complex ecology. Moreresearch is needed on the different species of fauna and flora that inhabit rainforests; the interactionsbetween plants and animals; the critical factors for their survival and their sensitivity to environmentalimpacts. Research along these lines would shed more light on the regeneration, use and conservation ofrainforests.

Education and outreach

People who live in association with rainforests need to understand their importance. People living awayfrom rainforests also need to understand how their lifestyles will ultimately affect the rainforests. Forexample, people should be more conscious of the products they purchase, especially products which mayhave originated from rainforests. When buying pets ensure they have not been collected illegally from thewild. Every age group in society should be aware of the life support services of rainforests. Educationalcurricula should be aligned to make students more aware of the invaluable services provided by the world’srainforests.

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8How can you help conserve rainforests?

There are very few rainforests left in Sri Lanka. It is everybody’s duty to protect these last remaining forestsfor future generations. Here are some tips on how you can help protect Sri Lanka’s rain forests:

Help with reforestation and afforestation by organizing school garden projects to plant nativespecies and tree planting campaigns.

Do NOT buy animal/plant products that you think may have been obtained illegally fromrainforests such as ornamental plants restricted to rainforests, furniture made out of rainforesttimber etc.

Do buy local produce made by native communities that would promote the sustainable use offorest resources by locals. For example, jaggery and syrup made by locals using Kitul sap.

If you live near a rain forest.....

Educate others in your village about the importance of this unique ecosystem and help protectthe forest through increased awareness about its many values.

Be vigilant - if you see any illegal activities such as logging in protected forests, inform theForest Department or the Police immediately.

Extracting plants and animals from the rainforest is not a sustainable activity - if you requiremedicinal or ornamental plants, ensure they have been grown in nurseries or home gardens; notharvested from the forest.

When you visit a rainforest .....

Do not collect any plants or animals from the forest. If each person takes a souvenir from theforest, the forest resources will deplete faster than it would reproduce.

Do not litter. Ensure that you take back your refuse with you.

Do not buy any plants or animals that have been harvested from rain forests such as rare orchids,parrots, fresh water fish etc. Many of these plants and animals are faced with the threat ofextinction due to excessive collection.

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ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh l< yelafla flfiao@

;sridr f,i Ndú;d ls¯u yd ≤ä f,i wdrlaId ls¯u f,i uQ,sl isoaOdka; folla ;=<ska ksjr®;kjr®Id jkdka;r wdrlaId ls¯ug lghq;= lrkq ,nhs' ≤ä f,i wdrlaId ls¯u hgf;a cd;sl

jfkdaoHdk yd jk rlaIs;hka mj;ajd .ekSu fmkajd †h yelsh' ≤ä f,i wdrlaId ls¯u ksjr®;kjr®Id jkdka;r j, ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSfï uQ,sl l%ufõohla f,i jeo.;a fõ'tfy;a jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, fyda ta wjg „j;a jk m%cdjka or yd wdydr i|yd jkdka;r u;

hemSu is≥ lrhs' tu ksid fuu jkdka;r wdY%s;j is≥lrk ydksodhl N+ñ m˙fNdackhka yd jkcøjH fk,d .ekSu wju ls¯u i|yd wdr®:ßluh f,i jdisodhl" tfukau ;sridr úl,amhka f,i m%cduQ,sl úúO jevigyka rdYshla y∫kajd †h hq;=h' fuys tla úl,amhla f,i ≤juh fkdjk jkc

ksIamdokhka y∫kajd †h yelsh' iuyr rgj,a m%cdjkaf.a wdr®:ßlh Yla;su;a ls¯u ydúúOdx.SlrKh ls¯u i|yd jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk T!IO jr®. fidhd.ekSsu ms<sn| m¯laIKlrñka isáhs' fndfyduhla jeis jkdka;r wdY%s; m%cdjka úfoia ixpdrlhka i|yd myiqlï iemhSuu.ska wdodhula Wmhd.kakd w;r fuu.ska m˙ir moaO;skag jk ydksho wju uÜgul mj;ajd.kshs' fuu m˙Éf√oh u.ska wkd.;h i|yd wmf.a jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh l, yels

l%fudamdhka ms<sn|j úia;r lrkq ,efí'

kj ixrlaIs; m%foaYhka we;s ls¯u

Y%S ,xldfõ jr®Id jkdka;r b;d wvq N+ñ m%udKhl jHdma;j we;s neúka" jr®;udkfha b;sß˙j mj;sk jkdka;r rlaIs;

m%foaYhka f,i kï ls¯u is≥ l< hq;=h' jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j rlaIs; m%foaY we;s ls¯u yd tu.ska ,efnk kS;suh /

ljrKh ksid" fuu m˙ir moaO;s j, °r®> ld,Sk meje;au ;yjqre ùu is≥ fõ' tu.ska jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, iss≥jk ≤j

lmd fy,Su" ueKsla .e¯u" jdkscuh wruqKq i|yd wêl f,i Ydl yd i;a;ajhka tl;= ls¯u kS;sh l%shd;aul ls¯fï

wdh;k yryd keje;aùu yd ks¯laIKh ls¯u is≥ l, yelsh'

fndfyduhla jr®Id jkdka;r tlsfklska fjkaù yqol,dj mj;sk ksid" fuu jeis jdkdka;r tlsfkl iïnkaO jk m˙† jk

;Srhka we;s ls¯ug uQ,sl;ajh †h hq;=h' tu.ska tlsfklg wdikakj mj;sk jkdka;r j, i;a;aj .ykhka tlsfkl ñY%

úug wjia:djla ,efnk w;r fuh Yla;su;a i;a;aj .ykhkaa mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh ioyd cd;Hka;r tlÛ;djhka

jr®Id jkdkaa;r mj;sk rdcHhka tu jkdka;r j, ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd nyq mdr®Yaúl md˙i˙l

.súiqï i|yd tlÛ;djhg meñK we;' fuys° iDcqj fyda jl%j jr®Id jkdka;r yd tys „j;a jk Ydl yd i;a;ajhka

ixrlaIKh ls¯fï j.lSu tu .súiqï j,g iyNd.s jk mdr®Yajhka úiska orKq ,efí' fï ioyd WodyrK f,i ;r®ckhg

,lajQ Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI j, wka;r®cd;sl fj<odu ms<sn|j iïuq;sh ^CITES&" ffcj úúO;aj iïuq;sh ^CBD&"

f,dAl Wreu iïuq;sh yd ñksid yd ffcj f.da,h ^MAB& hk iïuq;ska ≤laúh yelsh' fuu iïuq;a i|yd tlÛ;djhg m;a

jk rchka u.ska wksjdr®hfhka is≥ lrk ldr®hhka u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh is≥ fõ'

jr®Id jkdka;r j, meje;au i|yd ys;lr ffk;sl" m%;sm;a;suh yd wdh;ksl jHqyhkal%shd;aul ls¯u'

fndfyduhla rgj, ixjr®Ok Wmdh udr®.hka yd ixrlaIK Wmdh udr®.hka w;r tlÛ;djhla fkdmj;S' WodyrKhla f,i

fj<odu" lDIslr®udka;h" n,Yla;sh yd há;, myiqlï ixjr®OKh ls¯u i|yd mj;sk cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iDcqju ixrCIK

m%;sm;a;s iuÛ tlÛ;djhlska l%shd;aul fkdfõ' fndfyduhla ixjr®Ok l%fudamdhka u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r úkdY ùu is≥fõ'

fuys m%;sM,hla f,i jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j kS;sh l%shd;aul ls¯fï° .eg¨ rdYshla mek ke.S we;'

jr®Id jkdka;r kej; we;s ls¯u'

ffcj úúO;ajfha meje;au i|yd we;s oreKq ;r®ckhla f,i m˙ir moaO;s LkavKh ùu fmkajd †h yelsh' jkdka;r

úkdYh ksid †km;d f,dalh mqrd mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r rdYshla l=vd len,s f,i yqol,d ùu is≥fõ' udhsï m˙ir moaO;s

111

8j, n,mEu jeäùu ksid jr®Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk Ydl yd i;a;aj ixhq;sfha wys;lr fjkia ùï is≥ fjk w;r úh,s

iq<f.a n,mEu u.ska Wia Ydl úfYaI lvd jeàuo wêl f,i is≥fõ' yqol,dù mj;sk l=vd jr®Id jkdka;r len,s kej; tla

ls fuka fuu .egΩj ksrdlrKh lr .; yelsh' iq≥iq jkj.d l%ufõohkag wkqj jr®Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk iajNdúl Ydl

úfYaI jkdka;r úkdYhg m;a jQ m%foaY wdY%s;j j.d ls fuka fuu m%foaY kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a l, yelsh'

rE foia ixprKh

jr®Id jkdka;r ;sridr f,i Ndú;h i|yd iq≥iq l%fudamdhla f,i rE foia ixprKh y≥kajd†h yelsh' ixpdrlhkag jr®Id

jkdka;r wdY%s; m%foaYhka j,g meñKsug bv ,nd°u yd m˙ir ys;ldó f,i myiqlï iemhSu rE foia ixpdrl lr®udka;h

u.ska is≥ lrkq ,nhs' ixpdrlhkag wdydr yd kjd;eka myiqlï iemhSu yd udr®f.damfoaYK fiajdjka iemhSu u.ska wjg

m%cdjkag wdodhï ,efí' jr®Id jkdka;r wjg ck;djg rE foia ixpdrl lr®udka;h u.ska wdodhï udr®. ,efnk úg

Tjqkaf.a meje;au i|yd wjYHh øjHh ,nd .ekSug jkdka;rhg msúiSu yd tu.ska jkdka;rhg jk n,mEu wvq jkq we;'

rE foia ixpdrl lr®udka;h u.ska jr®Id jkdka;rhg yd ta wjg m%cdjkag wys;lr n,mEï is≥fkdjk m˙† b;d iQlaIu

f,i md,kh ls¯u w;HdjY fõ' fuhg WodyrKhka f,i jr®Id jkdka;r j,g ydkslr fkdjk m˙† wmøjHh neyer ls¯u

yd md˙i˙l ys;ldó n,Yla;S m%Njhka Ndú;d ls¯u fmkajd †h yelsh'

md˙i˙l lDIslr®udka;h

;sridr fkdjk lDIsldr®ñl Ndú;hka ioyd wjg m%cdj úiska jr®Id jkdka;r ksrka;rfhka wdl%uKh lrkq ,nhs' md˙i˙l

lDIslr®udka;h u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r ;=,ska ,nd.kakd øjHhka i|yd úl,amhka ,nd °u is≥ lrk w;r tu.ska jr®Id

jkdka;r u; hemSu wju ls¯ug yelsfõ' fuhg WodyrK f,i lDIslr®udka;h yd jkj.d tla ls¯fuka ìysj we;s lDIs

jkj.d ixl,amh fmkajd †h yelsh fuu.ska .ia" úYd, m∫re yd fjk;a fnda. u.ska iajNdúl jkdka;rh iurEmS f,i

j.dìï we;s lrkq ,nk w;r fuu.ska jk ksIamdok yd fiajdjka rdYshla ,nd .ekSug yels ù we;' fuu lDIsldr®ñl j.d

l%uh jr®Id jkdka;r wjg .ï j,g y∫kajd °fuka m%cdj jkdka;rh u; hemSu l%ufhka wvq jkq we;'

jk j.djka we;s ls¯u

jr®Id jkdka;rj, we;s úYd, Ydl j,g mj;sk m%Odku ;r®ckh jkafka ≤j i|yd mj;sk wêl b,a¨u ksid tajd lmd

bj;a ls¯uh' fuu oej yd or wjYH;djh fjk;a l%fudamdhka u.ska ix;Dma; l, yels udr®.hla fidhd .;fyd;a jr®Id

jkdka;r Ydl j,g mj;sk b,a¨u wju ls¯ug yels fõ' ufyda.kS" f;alal yd bhqle,smagia hk Ydl jk j.djka f,i Y%S

,xldfõ Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

jk iïm;a ;sridr f,i Ndú;h

jr®Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk w;s uy;a ixLHdjla jQ Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI jeä m%udKhlg ydkshla fkdjk f,i tys

we;s iuyr iïm;a fk,d .; yels nj fndfyduhla m˙ir úoHdhka úYajdi lrkq ,efí' ≤juh fkdjk jkc iïm;a

jk ó meKs" jkdka;r wdY%s; m<;=re" u,a yd m;% jr®. wd° øjHhka tu m˙ir moaO;s j,g ia:ßr ydkshla fkdjk f,i

fk,d .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;shs' tfy;a fuys° jdkscuh wruqkq i|yd jkc øjHh fk,d .ekSfuka jkdka;rhg is≥jk

ydksh je,elaùu ioyd mshjr .; hq;=h' fuu iïm;a mdrïm˙lj Ndú;d l, yd tu iïm;a ;sridr f,i fk<d .; yels

jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, yd ta wjg „j;a jk m%cdjkag muKla iïm;a ,nd .ekSug bv °u iq≥iq fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r ;=,

mj;sk jkc øjH wêl f,i jdkscuh wruqKq i|yd fk,d .ekSu is≥lrk wjia:d j,° me, ;jdka yd f.j;= wdY%s;j tu

Ydl jr®. m%pdrKh ioyd jev igyka l%shd;aul l, hq;=h'

ck.ykh md,kh yd †<s∫lu msgq ≤lsu

†hqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,a wdYs%;j we;s jr®Id jkdka;r wjg wêl ck.yk >k;ajhla mj;shs' jeäjk ck.ykhg

wjYHh jk bvï" wdydr" n,Yla;sh" /lS rlaId wd° wjYH;djhka ksid tu rgj, iajNdúl iïm;a j,g ksssrka;r

n,mEula t,a, fjñka mj;shs' jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; rgj, wêl ck.yk jr®Okh yd †,s∫lu mej;sh;a °r®.ld,Sk

md˙i˙l ixrlaIK l%shdudr®.hka wkq.ukh l, hq;=j we;' ;sridr fkdjk N=ñ m˙fNdackhka i|yd jr®;udkfha jr®Id

jkdka;r jeä jYfhka úkdY ls¯u is≥ lrkq ,nhs' tneúka jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh i|yd w;HdjYH lreKla f,i

ck.yk md,kh yd †,s∫lu msgq ≤lsu ≤laúh yelsh'

112

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; mr®fhaIK lghq;= jeä †hqKq ls¯u'

jr®Id jkdka;r ;sridr f,i l<ukdlrKh i|yd tys ixlSr®K md˙i˙l l%shdld¯;ajh ms<sn|j fyd| wjfndaOhla ;sîu

jeo.;a fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r ;=, jdih lrk Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI ms<sn|j" Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI w;r wka;r®

iïnkaO;d· jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s; „ù úfYaI j, meje;au i|yd n,mdk ;SrKd;aul idOl yd md˙i˙l n,mEï j,g tu

„ùkaf.a mj;sk ixfõ°;djh wd° ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j m¯laIKhka is≥ l, hq;=j we;' fujeks m¯laIK u.ska kej;

jkdka;r we;s ls¯u" Ndú;h yd ixrlaIKh ms<sn|j ukd jegySula ,nd .; yels fõ'

wOHdmkh yd ≤kqj;aùu

jr®Id jkdka;r j, jeo.;alu ms<sn|j ta wjg „j;a jk ck;dj ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .; hq;=h' tfiau jr®Id jkdka;r

j,ska neyerj „j;a jk ck;dj ish „jk rgd u.ska jr®Id jkdka;r j,g is≥jk n,mEu ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .;

hq;=hs'

jr®Id jkdka;r wdYs%; ksIamdokhka ñ,° .ekSfï° ta ms<sn| ukd ie,ls,a,la ≤laúh hq;=h' jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS i;a;aj

úfYaI kS;s úfrdaê f,i tl;= lrk neúka iqr;,a i;a;ajhka ñ,° .ekSfï° ta ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' ;jo iudcfha

„j;a jk iEu jhia ldKavhlu mqoa.,hka úiska jr®Id jkdka;rfha meje;au i|yd fldmuK odhl;ajhla ,ndfokafka≤hs

hk lreK ukd fldg wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h' f,`lfha mj;sk jr®Id jkdka;r u.ska ,nd fok ñ, l, fkdyels fiajdjka

ms<sn|j YsIHhka ≤kqj;a ls¯u i|yd l%shdudr®. wOHdmk l%ufõohka ;=,g we;=,;a l, hq;=h'

jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh i|yd Tng odhl úh yelafla flfiao@

Y%S ,xldj ;=, jr®;udkfha b;s˙j mj;skafka jr®Id jkdka;r b;d iq¨ m%udKhls' tneúka fuu jeo.;a m˙ir moaO;sh

wkd.; mrmqr i|yd wdrlaId lr .ekSu msKsi Tnf.a odhl;ajh wjYHh fõ' jr®Id jkdka;r ixrlaIKh ls¯u i|yd

Tng l, yels l%shdudr®. lsysmhla my; olajd we;'

Tn jr®Id jkdka;rhla wjg „j;a jkafka kï' ' '

Tfí wjg „j;a jk ck;djg jr®Id jkdka;rfha jeo.;alu ms<sn|j ≤kqj;a ls¯u iy jr®Id jkdka;;rfha mj;sk

úúO jákdlï ms<sn|j ≤kqj;a ls¯fuka th wdrlaId ls¯ug odhl jkak'

jkdka;rh ms<sn|j ks;ru iqm¯laIdld¯jkak' jkdka;rh wdY%s;j is≥ jk ≤j b¯ï" ueKsla .e¯ï wd° kS;s úfrdaê

l%shdjka ms<snoj jk ixrlaIK fomdr®;fïka;=j" m%dfoaYsh f,alï ldr®hd,h fyda fmd,sia fomdr®;fïka;=j jeks wod,

wdh;k j,g ±kqï °u is≥ lrkak'

jkdka;r j,ska wjYH øjHh ,nd.ekSu ;sridr l%shdj,shla fkdjk ksid jkdka;rfhka Tn ,nd .kakd T!IO yd

úis;=re mE,Eá wd†h Tfí f.j;= ;=,u j.d ls¯fuka ta i|yd jkdka;rh u; hemSu wju lrkak'

Tn jr®Id jkdka;rhl ixpdrh lrkafkla kï' ' '

lsis≥ Ydlhla fyda i;a;ajfhla jr®Id jkdka;rh ;=,ska tl;= fkdlrkak' jkdka;rfha ixpdrh lrk iEu mqoa.,fhlau

iure igykla tl;= ls¯u is≥ l,fyd;a tajd ksIamdokh jk fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.fhka tajd úkdYjkq we;'

jkdka;rh ;=, wmøjH uqod ye¯u is≥ fkdlrkak' Tn Ndú;d l, ish¨ oE kej; /f.k tkak'

jr®Id jkdka;r jdiS Wvjeähd" mr®Kdx." c,c me,Eá" ñß˙†h u;aiHhka we;=Ω i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI ñ,° .ekSu is≥

fkdlrkak' iuyr „ù úfYAI wêl f,i jkdka;r j,ska tl;= ls¯u ksid j| ù hdfï ;r®ckhg uqyqk ° we;'

113

8

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk; ?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk; ?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk; ?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk; ?madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis vt;thW ghJfhf;fyhk; ?

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfis ghJf;fhf;f ,U mZF Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - fLikahdmadkz;ly kiof;fhLfis ghJf;fhf;f ,U mZF Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - fLikahdmadkz;ly kiof;fhLfis ghJf;fhf;f ,U mZF Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - fLikahdmadkz;ly kiof;fhLfis ghJf;fhf;f ,U mZF Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - fLikahdmadkz;ly kiof;fhLfis ghJf;fhf;f ,U mZF Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; - fLikahd

ghJf;fhg;G> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk;. KjyhtJ mZF KiwahdJ Njrpa g+q;fhf;fisAk;ghJf;fhg;G> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk;. KjyhtJ mZF KiwahdJ Njrpa g+q;fhf;fisAk;ghJf;fhg;G> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk;. KjyhtJ mZF KiwahdJ Njrpa g+q;fhf;fisAk;ghJf;fhg;G> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk;. KjyhtJ mZF KiwahdJ Njrpa g+q;fhf;fisAk;ghJf;fhg;G> ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk;. KjyhtJ mZF KiwahdJ Njrpa g+q;fhf;fisAk;

xJf;fplq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; ghJf;fhj;jy; MFk;. kiof;fhLfspd;; caph;xJf;fplq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; ghJf;fhj;jy; MFk;. kiof;fhLfspd;; caph;xJf;fplq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; ghJf;fhj;jy; MFk;. kiof;fhLfspd;; caph;xJf;fplq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; ghJf;fhj;jy; MFk;. kiof;fhLfspd;; caph;xJf;fplq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; ghJf;fhj;jy; MFk;. kiof;fhLfspd;; caph;

gy;tifikia ghJf;fhg;gjw;F ,J xU mtrpakhd Kiwahf cs;sJ. vdpDk; kiof;fhLfspDs;gy;tifikia ghJf;fhg;gjw;F ,J xU mtrpakhd Kiwahf cs;sJ. vdpDk; kiof;fhLfspDs;gy;tifikia ghJf;fhg;gjw;F ,J xU mtrpakhd Kiwahf cs;sJ. vdpDk; kiof;fhLfspDs;gy;tifikia ghJf;fhg;gjw;F ,J xU mtrpakhd Kiwahf cs;sJ. vdpDk; kiof;fhLfspDs;gy;tifikia ghJf;fhg;gjw;F ,J xU mtrpakhd Kiwahf cs;sJ. vdpDk; kiof;fhLfspDs;

my;yJ mtw;wpd; mUNf thOk; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ czTf;fhfTk; tpwFf;fhfTk; ,f;fhLfisNamy;yJ mtw;wpd; mUNf thOk; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ czTf;fhfTk; tpwFf;fhfTk; ,f;fhLfisNamy;yJ mtw;wpd; mUNf thOk; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ czTf;fhfTk; tpwFf;fhfTk; ,f;fhLfisNamy;yJ mtw;wpd; mUNf thOk; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ czTf;fhfTk; tpwFf;fhfTk; ,f;fhLfisNamy;yJ mtw;wpd; mUNf thOk; rKjhaq;fs; jkJ czTf;fhfTk; tpwFf;fhfTk; ,f;fhLfisNa

ek;gpAs;sd. vdNt rKjha ikakhd jpl;l epuy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhLfis moptpf;Fhpaek;gpAs;sd. vdNt rKjha ikakhd jpl;l epuy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhLfis moptpf;Fhpaek;gpAs;sd. vdNt rKjha ikakhd jpl;l epuy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhLfis moptpf;Fhpaek;gpAs;sd. vdNt rKjha ikakhd jpl;l epuy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhLfis moptpf;Fhpaek;gpAs;sd. vdNt rKjha ikakhd jpl;l epuy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhLfis moptpf;Fhpa

mWtilapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;Fk; fhzpg; ghtidia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff; $bamWtilapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;Fk; fhzpg; ghtidia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff; $bamWtilapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;Fk; fhzpg; ghtidia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff; $bamWtilapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;Fk; fhzpg; ghtidia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff; $bamWtilapypUe;J jtph;g;gjw;Fk; fhzpg; ghtidia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff; $ba

nghUshjhu khw;wPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyh; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fis cgNahfpj;J kUe;JnghUshjhu khw;wPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyh; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fis cgNahfpj;J kUe;JnghUshjhu khw;wPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyh; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fis cgNahfpj;J kUe;JnghUshjhu khw;wPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyh; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fis cgNahfpj;J kUe;JnghUshjhu khw;wPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyh; kUj;Jt jhtuq;fis cgNahfpj;J kUe;J

tiffis mgptpUj;jpnra;tNjhL jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid typikahfTk; gz;Kfg;gLj;jf;tiffis mgptpUj;jpnra;tNjhL jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid typikahfTk; gz;Kfg;gLj;jf;tiffis mgptpUj;jpnra;tNjhL jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid typikahfTk; gz;Kfg;gLj;jf;tiffis mgptpUj;jpnra;tNjhL jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid typikahfTk; gz;Kfg;gLj;jf;tiffis mgptpUj;jpnra;tNjhL jkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid typikahfTk; gz;Kfg;gLj;jf;

$bajhfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpfkhd kiof;fhl;L rKjhaq;fs; #oy; cy;yhrg;$bajhfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpfkhd kiof;fhl;L rKjhaq;fs; #oy; cy;yhrg;$bajhfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpfkhd kiof;fhl;L rKjhaq;fs; #oy; cy;yhrg;$bajhfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpfkhd kiof;fhl;L rKjhaq;fs; #oy; cy;yhrg;$bajhfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjpfkhd kiof;fhl;L rKjhaq;fs; #oy; cy;yhrg;

gazpfSf;F Mjutspj;J ,Uf;;fpd;wdH. ,t;Ty;yhrg; gazpfs; ,aw;ifia fw;gijNa ikakhfgazpfSf;F Mjutspj;J ,Uf;;fpd;wdH. ,t;Ty;yhrg; gazpfs; ,aw;ifia fw;gijNa ikakhfgazpfSf;F Mjutspj;J ,Uf;;fpd;wdH. ,t;Ty;yhrg; gazpfs; ,aw;ifia fw;gijNa ikakhfgazpfSf;F Mjutspj;J ,Uf;;fpd;wdH. ,t;Ty;yhrg; gazpfs; ,aw;ifia fw;gijNa ikakhfgazpfSf;F Mjutspj;J ,Uf;;fpd;wdH. ,t;Ty;yhrg; gazpfs; ,aw;ifia fw;gijNa ikakhf

nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; ntspf;fsj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,opthd #oy; jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; ntspf;fsj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,opthd #oy; jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; ntspf;fsj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,opthd #oy; jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; ntspf;fsj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,opthd #oy; jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; ntspf;fsj; njhopw;ghLfs; ,opthd #oy; jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

vdNt ,th;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhak; kiof;fhl;il Nrjg;gLj;jhkNy jkJ tUkhdj;ijvdNt ,th;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhak; kiof;fhl;il Nrjg;gLj;jhkNy jkJ tUkhdj;ijvdNt ,th;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhak; kiof;fhl;il Nrjg;gLj;jhkNy jkJ tUkhdj;ijvdNt ,th;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhak; kiof;fhl;il Nrjg;gLj;jhkNy jkJ tUkhdj;ijvdNt ,th;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhak; kiof;fhl;il Nrjg;gLj;jhkNy jkJ tUkhdj;ij

Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. ,t; mj;jpahakhdJ kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;J 21k; Ehw;whz;byNy mtw;wpd;Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. ,t; mj;jpahakhdJ kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;J 21k; Ehw;whz;byNy mtw;wpd;Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. ,t; mj;jpahakhdJ kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;J 21k; Ehw;whz;byNy mtw;wpd;Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. ,t; mj;jpahakhdJ kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;J 21k; Ehw;whz;byNy mtw;wpd;Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. ,t; mj;jpahakhdJ kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;J 21k; Ehw;whz;byNy mtw;wpd;

njhlh;r;rpahd jg;gpg;gpiojj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa rpy eltbf;iffis tpsf;FfpwJ.njhlh;r;rpahd jg;gpg;gpiojj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa rpy eltbf;iffis tpsf;FfpwJ.njhlh;r;rpahd jg;gpg;gpiojj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa rpy eltbf;iffis tpsf;FfpwJ.njhlh;r;rpahd jg;gpg;gpiojj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa rpy eltbf;iffis tpsf;FfpwJ.njhlh;r;rpahd jg;gpg;gpiojj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa rpy eltbf;iffis tpsf;FfpwJ.

Gjpa ghJf;fhg;Gf;Fhpa gug;Gfs;Gjpa ghJf;fhg;Gf;Fhpa gug;Gfs;Gjpa ghJf;fhg;Gf;Fhpa gug;Gfs;Gjpa ghJf;fhg;Gf;Fhpa gug;Gfs;Gjpa ghJf;fhg;Gf;Fhpa gug;Gfs;

kiof;fhl;L thOkplq;fspd;; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ,aYkhd ,lq;fspy; vQ;rpAs;s kiof;fhLfis

ghJf;fhg;gjw;Fhpa ,lkhf cUthf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Gjpa ghJfhg;G

gug;Gf;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gJ ,r;#ow;njhFjpfspdJk; caph; gy;tifikapdJk;> ePz;lfhy

jg;gpg;gpioj;jYf;Fhpa rl;luPjpahd ghJf;fhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j cjTk; kuq;fis ntl;Ljy;>

Ruq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;. th;j;jf ghtidf;fhf jhtu tpyq;Ffis Nrfhpj;jy;> Nghd;w mopit

Vw;gLj;Jk; kdpj njhopw;ghLfs; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; eph;thfpfspdhy; Nkw;ghh;itfs;

Nkw;nfhz;L ,tw;iwj; jLj;J epWj;jy; Ntz;Lk.;

gy madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs; ntt;Ntwhf;fg;gl;l Jz;Lfshf fhzg;gLtjhy; ,f;fhl;Lj; Jz;Lfis

,izf;Fk; topg;ghijfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F Kjypy; re;jh;g;gk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd

fl;Ltopghijfs; tpyq;Ffis fhl;Lj;Jz;lq;fspd; Clhf nry;y cjTjy; MNuhf;fpakhd

tpyq;Ffspy; Fbj;njhifis NgZjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

caph;g;gy;tifik fhg;Gf;Fhpa rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;caph;g;gy;tifik fhg;Gf;Fhpa rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;caph;g;gy;tifik fhg;Gf;Fhpa rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;caph;g;gy;tifik fhg;Gf;Fhpa rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;caph;g;gy;tifik fhg;Gf;Fhpa rh;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;

kiof;fhLfisf; nfhz;l ehLfSld; njhlh;Gila gy;gf;f #oy; xg;ge;jq;fs; (MEA) gy

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpd; caphpaw;nry;tk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd xg;ge;jq;fs;

kiof;fhLfisAk; mtw;wpYs;s tpyq;FfspdJk; jhtuq;fspdJk; fhg;Gf;F NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth nghWg;ghf cs;sd. Mgj;Jf;Fl;gl;l thd;tif tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; rh;tNjr

th;j;jfk; njhlh;ghd gpufldk; (CITES)> caph;g;gy;tifikg; gpufldk; (CBD) cyf ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk;

kdpjDk; caph;g;gy;tifik gpufldk; Nghd;w gy;Njrpa #oy; ghJf;fhg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; nghUj;jkhd

ehLfspy; >,t; xg;ge;jj;jhy; ,dk; fhzg;gl;l jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

kiof;fhl;il el;GhPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;if epWtd tiykiof;fhl;il el;GhPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;if epWtd tiykiof;fhl;il el;GhPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;if epWtd tiykiof;fhl;il el;GhPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;if epWtd tiykiof;fhl;il el;GhPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd nfhs;if epWtd tiy

Ntiyg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mKy; gLj;Jjy;.Ntiyg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mKy; gLj;Jjy;.Ntiyg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mKy; gLj;Jjy;.Ntiyg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mKy; gLj;Jjy;.Ntiyg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mKy; gLj;Jjy;.

gy ehLfspy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fhpa nfhs;iffSk; fhg;Gf;Fhpa nfhs;iffSk;> xd;Wld; xd;W

nghUe;Jtjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf th;j;jfk; tptrhak; rf;jp cl;fl;likg;G rhh;e;j mgptpUj;jpj;jpwd;

ghJf;fhg;G nfhs;iffSf;F Neub Kuzhf cs;sd tptrhapfspd; nfhs;iffs; kiof;fhLfs;

mopg;gjw;Fhpa njhopw;ghLfSf;F toptFf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; kiof;fhl;Lg;gug;Gfspy; rl;lj;ij mKy;

elj;Jk; njhopw;ghLfs; njhe;juthf fhzg;gLfpwd.

114

thopl Gduikg;Gthopl Gduikg;Gthopl Gduikg;Gthopl Gduikg;Gthopl Gduikg;G

thoplk; Jz;lhjy; caph;gy;tifikf;F Mgj;jhd mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. cyfhPjpahf fhLfis

tphptilaf; $bajhfTs;s kiof;fhLfs; rpwpa Jz;lq;fshf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; tpspk;G

tpisTfs; jhtutpyq;Ffis khw;WtJld; cyh; fhw;Wf;fs; kuk; tpOk; mjph;it mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ

Jz;lhlg;gl;l kiof;fhLfis Gduikg;G nra;tjhy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridia ePf;FtJ xU rpwe;j

topahFk;. mopTf;Fl;gl;l kiof;fhl;L ,lq;fis jFe;j epyk; fhl;Lf;Fhpa El;gq;fis ghtpj;J

,aw;iff;fhl;L ,dq;fis GFj;Jtjd; %yk; kPsikg;G nra;a KbAk;.

#oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw#oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw#oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw#oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw#oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw

ed;F jpl;lkpl;l #oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw kiof;fhLfis gad;gLj;Jk; xU epiyj;J epw;Fk; KiwahFk;.

cy;yhr gazpfis mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfis jhprpf;fTk; #oy; el;Gf;Fhpatpjj;jpy; jq;fTk;

tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; kiof;fhl;il fhg;G nra;a tUkhdk; fpilg;gJld; cs;Sh; fpuhk thrpfSf;F

tUkhdKk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. cs;Sh; fpuhkthrpfs; tpUe;jhspfSf;F> czT> ,Uf;ifaplk; Mfpatw;iw

toq;Ftjd; %yk; ,aw;if topfhl;bfshf njhopw;gLtJ tUkhdij ngw KbAk.; #oy;

cy;yhrg;gazj;Jiw %yk; cs;Sh; kf;fs; nghUshjhu gyd;fis ngWk; NghJ fhl;Ltsq;fs;

Ruz;lg;gLtJ jhdfNt FiwAk;. vdpDk; #oy; cy;yhrj;Jiw njhopw;ghLfs; fhl;Lf;Fs;Sk;

fhl;ilr;Rw;wpAk; ftdkhf fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L fhl;Lf;Nfh mq;F thOk; mq;fpapdq;fSf;Nfh Mgj;J

Vw;glhjthW cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf fopTfis mfw;Wtjw;F nghUj;jkhd KiwfisAk;>

#oYld; el;ghf ,Uf;Fk; rf;jp %yq;fisAk; mKy;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mopAk; kiof;fhl;L Mjhu

njhFjpia ghJf;fhf;f KbAk;.

#oy; - tptrhak;#oy; - tptrhak;#oy; - tptrhak;#oy; - tptrhak;#oy; - tptrhak;

kiof;fhLfs;> mbf;fb> epue;jukw;w tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fk; fs;sj;jdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

#oy; tptrhak; eltbf;iffs; %yk; khw;W Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ tptrhaj;jpw;fhf

kiof;fhLfspy; jq;fpapUj;jiy Fiwf;f KbAk;. cjhuzkhf tptrhaf;fhl;bay; vd;w fhl;L

tsh;g;igAk; tptrhaj;ijAk; $l;lhf kf;fshy; gy Ehw;whz;LfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s

KbAk;. ,k;KiwahdJ kuq;fis> nrbfis> jiug;gapu;fis gaphpl;L> xU ,aw;ifahd fhl;ilg;Nghy

Njhw;Wtpj;J mjd;%yk; gy fhl;L tpisTfisAk; NritfisAk; ngwKbAk;.

vtuhapDk;> tptrhapfs; th;j;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf fhl;Ltsj;ij. ngWtij jLg;gjw;F ftdk;

vLf;g;glNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,jdhy; #ow;njhFjpapy; jifg;G Vw;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd %yfq;fis

ngWjy; fhyk; fhykhf thOk; kiofhl;L thrpfSf;Nfh my;yJ toikahf> ghuk;ghpa

mwpitg;ghtpj;J gy rj;jpfspd; %yk; fhl;il ghJf;fhg;gJ %yg; nghUisg; ngWk; fpuhkthrpfSf;F

kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. th;j;jf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mjpfsT fhl;L tpisTfis mjpfsT

mWtilnra;Ak; NghJ ,t;thwhd jhtuq;fs; kiof;fhl;Lf;F ntspNa jhtu ehw;W Nkilfs; %yk;

my;yJ tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;J ngUf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;ghLk; tWikia Fiwj;jYk;Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;ghLk; tWikia Fiwj;jYk;Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;ghLk; tWikia Fiwj;jYk;Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;ghLk; tWikia Fiwj;jYk;Fbj;njhif fl;Lg;ghLk; tWikia Fiwj;jYk;

nghpasT Fbj;njhiffis nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpailAk; ehLfspNy jhd; mjpfkhf kiof;fhLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fbj;njhif mjpfhpg;ghdJ ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; kPJ khwhj mOj;jj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mjpfsT. fhzp> czT> rf;jp> njhopy;> Mfpatw;wpd; Njitfspd; tphpT

Nkw;nfhs;sg;LfpwJ ePz;lfhy #oypaw; jpl;lq;fSf;fhf tpiuthd Fbj;njhif tsh;r;rpiaAk;

njhlh;r;rpahd tWik Mfpa cldbj; NjitfisAk; Gwf;fzpf;fTk; KbahJ. jw;Nghija

epfo;Tfshf kiof;fhLfis fs;sj;jdkhf mgfhpg;gJk; ePbj;J epiyf;f Kbahj tptrhaKk;

FbNaw;wKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt tWikiaf; Fiwg;gJ Fbj;njhifia fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;

kiof;fhLfis fhg;G nra;tjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhfTs;sJ.

kiof;fhl;L Muha;r;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;kiof;fhl;L Muha;r;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;kiof;fhl;L Muha;r;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;kiof;fhl;L Muha;r;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;kiof;fhl;L Muha;r;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

ePbj;J epiyf;fj;jf;fthW kiof;fhLfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjdhy; ,e;j rpf;fyhd #oypdJ

njspthd tpsf;fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kiof;fhLfspy; cs;s ntt;NtW ,d tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs;>

115

8gw;wpAk; jhtu tpyq;fpdq;fspd; ,ilj;jhf;fk;gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; jg;gpg;gpioj;jYf;Fk;> #oypd;

jhf;fj;jpw;F mtw;wpd; czTj;jpwd; gw;wpAk; mjpfsT Muha;r;rp Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd topfspy;

Muha;r;rpahdJ fhl;by; GJf;FbapUg;;Gf;Fk; kiof;fhLfspd; fhg;Gf;Fk; mtw;wpd; cgNahfj;jpw;Fk;

toptFf;Fk;.

fy;tpAk; mjd; tptrhaKk;fy;tpAk; mjd; tptrhaKk;fy;tpAk; mjd; tptrhaKk;fy;tpAk; mjd; tptrhaKk;fy;tpAk; mjd; tptrhaKk;

kiof;fhLfSld; <Nlw;wj;ijg; ngw;W thOk; kf;fs; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;Fk; Njitahf

cs;sJ. kiof;fhLfspy; ,Ue;j Juj;Nj thOk; kf;fSk; mth;fsJ tho;f;if KiwahdJk; vt;thW

<w;wpy; kiof;fhLfis ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpnfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf xt;nthU

kdpjDk; jhk; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; tpisnghUl;fis Kf;fpakhf mit kiof;fhl;bypUe;J

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJgw;wp mjpfsT rpuj;ij vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhl;bypUe;J rl;lg+h;tkw;w Kiwapy;

Nrfhpf;fg;gLk;> tpw;;fg;gLk; tsh;g;G gpuhzpfis thq;FtJgw;wp ftdk; vLf;fNtz;Lk;. rKjhaj;jpYs;s

rfytaJf; $l;lKk; kiof;fhLfspd; tho;f;if Mjhu Nritfisg;gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. cyf

kiof;fhLfspd; tho;f;if> ngWkjpnra;a Kbahj Nritfis fy;tp fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xd;wpizj;Jfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xd;wpizj;Jfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xd;wpizj;Jfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xd;wpizj;Jfiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xd;wpizj;J

khzth;fSf;F ,J gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;f toptiffis Nkw;Nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.khzth;fSf;F ,J gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;f toptiffis Nkw;Nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.khzth;fSf;F ,J gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;f toptiffis Nkw;Nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.khzth;fSf;F ,J gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;f toptiffis Nkw;Nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.khzth;fSf;F ,J gw;wp njhpe;jpUf;f toptiffis Nkw;Nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.

116

Who will come to the rescue?Adapted from: Berkmuller (1992)

The protection of rainforests is an individual responsibility. Often, as a society, we conveniently expect other persons orinstitutions to shoulder the responsibility and then lose no time in finding fault. However as citizens of the world, it isimportant that each one of us is individually accountable.

Consider these scenarios:(a) You are drowning, and there is one good swimmer nearby.(b) You are drowning, and there are five good swimmers nearby.

In which scenario is it more likely that someone will come to your rescue?

Of course, it is in scenario (a), because this one swimmer does not share responsibility with anybody else! If severalswimmers are at the scene, each individual feels less responsible because, after all, there are others who could jump intothe water too. Perhaps, no one will. Or by the time some one decides to take the plunge, it may well be too late for you!

Similarly, solutions to most environmental problems are considered the responsibility of others: You trust that the expert,the appropriate agency and technology will come to the rescue.

The belief in technology runs deep. This belief is continuously reinforced by spectacular and impressive technologicalachievements. And therefore the belief in technology seems justified. It is also convenient, because the greater the trust inthe expert and the technological solution, the easier it becomes to shirk our individual responsibility.

jr®Id jkdka;r wdrCId lr .ekSfï j.lSu .; hq;af;a ljqrekao@

jr®Id jkdka;r wdrCId lr .ekSu wm tlsfkldf.a j.lSu fõ' iudchla f,i wm úiska j.lSï fjk;a mqoa.,hl= fy` wdh;khla Ndr.kq we;ehs

úYajdi lruq' jr®Id jkdka;r wdrCId ls¯u mD:ßú jdiSka jYfhka wm ieuf.au j.lSu fõ'

my; is≥ùï ms<sn|j Tfí wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

w& Tn c,fha .sf,ñka mj;shs' Tng wdikakj tla oCI msyskqïlrefjla we;'

wd& Tn c,fha .sf,ñka mj;shs' Tng wdikakj oCI msyskqïlrejka 5 fofkl= we;'

Tnf.a wdrCIdj jvd;a iy;sl jkafka by; i|yka is≥ùï foflka l=uk wjia:dfõo@

we;a;jYfhkau “w” wjia:dfõ Tfí wdrCIdj jvd;a ;yjqre fõ' tla msyskqïlrefjla ;j;a wfhla iuÛ Tyqf.a j.lSu idr®:l f,i fn∞ .kafka

ke;' msyskqïlrejka lsysmfofkl= isák wjia:djl° Tjqka j.lSu b;d ieye,aÆfjka i,lkq we;' fuys° iEu msyskqïlrefjl=u wfkla mqoa.,hd

c,hg mkskq we;ehs is;k w;r" wjidkfha° lsisjl= c,hg fkdmkskq fy` m%udo ù mkskq we;' fuys° Tfí „ú;h ke;sjkq we;'

fuhg iudk f,i m˙ir .egΩj,° th fjk;a mqoa.,hkaf.a fy` wdh;khl j.lSula f,i i,lkq we;' kùk ;dCIKh" úfYaIhkaf.a fy`

w∞< wdh;k fuu ldr®hfha j.lSu Ndr.kq we;ehs Tn i,lkq we;'

ahH fhg;ghw;w Kd;tUthH?ahH fhg;ghw;w Kd;tUthH?ahH fhg;ghw;w Kd;tUthH?ahH fhg;ghw;w Kd;tUthH?ahH fhg;ghw;w Kd;tUthH?

kiof;fhl;il fhf;Fk; nghWg;G jdpnahUtUf;FhpaJ> vg;NghJk; r%f Nehf;fpy;> trjpf;fhf mLj;jthpd;

nghWg;G> my;yJ epWtfj;jpd; nghWg;G vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fw;wk; fhz Neukpy;yhj epiyik

Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ cyfpd; xt;nthU gpui[Ak;> fhg;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdH.

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a) ed;whf ePe;jf;$ba xUtH mUfpypUf;Fk;Nghjh?

b) ed;whf ePe;jf;$ba 5NgH mUfpypUf;Fk; Nghjh?

tpil a MFk; Vnddpy; jdpahs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nghWg;G gq;fplg;gLtjpy;iy mt;tplaj;jpw;F Ie;JNgH

tUk;NghJ xt;nthU jdpahSk; Fiwthd nghWg;igNa czHthH Vnddpy; kw;iwNahUk; ePhpDs; Fjpg;ghHfs;

jhNd vd;w vz;zNk NkNyhq;fpf;fhzg;gLk;.

mNjNghy; gy Rw;whly; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPHTfhz mLj;jtHfNs nghWg;G vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpidj;jpwDilNahH> nghUj;jkhd KftH> njhopEl;gk; te;J fhf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if kdpjhpilNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

SPOTLIGHT

117

9

Quizzes and Projects.egΩ iy jHdmD;s

tpdhf;fSk; nraw;jpl;lKk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;jpl;lKk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;jpl;lKk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;jpl;lKk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;jpl;lKk; 9

118

Quizzes and Projects

Test your knowledge

The answers to these questions are found in the box below. The answers run across or downwards ordiagonally, in either direction.

1. Rainforests regulate the global climate by absorbing ............................................................. gas?

2. Among the 25 biodiversity hotspots, ............................................................. and Sri Lanka have the highest humanpopulation density.

3. Rainforests are located in a band around the equator, mainly in areas between the tropics of............................................................. and............................................................. .

4. In which strata can you commonly find trees that have developed winged seeds or fruits as a means ofdispersing their seeds?

5. Trees that have leaves with ‘drip-tips’ are usually found in the ............................................................. layer.

6. Which type of plants lack permanent roots in the soil and usually obtain their nutrients from otherplants?

7. The production of flowers and fruits on tree trunks is known as .............................................................

8. What climatic factor is at a very high level in the understorey and ground layers?

9. Name the rainforest which is home to one fifth of all the world’s plants and birds and one tenth of allmammals.

10. The rainforests of central Africa are believed to have originated from a number of small, isolatedpatches of forests. What are they called?

11. During the past two centuries, natural forests in Sri Lanka have been cleared to establish various typesof plantations. Give an example of such a plantation.

12. What is the best known tropical rainforest in Sri Lanka?

13. What is the scientific name of the plant species in Sinharaja, most sought after by buffer zone villagers,for its sugary sap?

14. Quinine from the cinchona tree is used to treat patients suffering from ............................................. .

15. It is one of the main causes of rainforest destruction in the world. The Sinharaja forest in Sri Lanka wasat one time threatened by this practice. What is it?

16. Name the insectivorous plant that has a unique scent of rotting meat to attract insects.

17. Many rainforest animals are well adapted to an ............................................................. life (Tree-living).

18. Which rainforest amphibian lays its eggs in tree crevices or in leaf litter?

19. Which gliding reptile is able to glide between trees by flattening its body into a concave shape?

20. The possession of a unique colouring enables some animals to blend in with the rainforest vegetation,thereby protecting themselves from predators. What is this defence mechanism called?

21. Name a butterfly that is endemic to Sri Lanka and is nationally threatened.

119

922. Name the largest member of the rodent family.

23. The brilliant red, yellow and black markings of the coral snake and the brightly coloured skin of thepoison arrow frog, warn predators that they are ............................................................. .

24. The defence mechanism in which animals imitate different parts of vegetation, both in terms ofappearance and behaviour, is called ............................................................. .

RAINFOREST WORDSEARCH

C C K S W K U W O L U D F F R W V C A D

A T A M U X C Y C A N C E R L F S A M M

P K Z M A O R A S I S U E O A U E P A M

R C A A O C N T N I D C K E C O T Y Z J

I A E T I U N O N O R K L B E Z Y B O B

C S O M T E F H S E P K C I J Q H A N I

O G I S G R A L F I A Y P U K Q P R N C

R M N R T R E U A O O W B A S E I A T A

N A E I A A G E E G H P T C A K P P K R

R M V J G I H U F Q E U J H U A E Q C Y

E C A B A G L G X R L O V D D N U V Q O

Y S W H B B O E N G O A H H V S A G S T

L C A U L I F L O R Y G U C U G R N U A

H U M I D I T Y T V E L N Y G N B J F U

M A L A R I A C C O E T F G R I O G Q R

M A I S E L F F A R A B S B U Y R U Y E

X J T H Q G F S D S G S J E Q L E S V N

V E D I X O I D N O B R A C W F A U X S

M I A C P W E I E T S G G H D A L Y H C

O E J S M M X P H Z P B I R N P I J P B

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Apply your knowledge: Some ideas for projects

Outlined below are some ideas for projects to follow-up on rainforest lessons. These projects should bedeveloped with your own ideas. Prior approval and authority has to be obtained from departments such asthe Forest Department and Department of Wildlife Conservation to conduct any field-work within/nearprotected areas.

Tropical deforestation - Are you part of the problem? The rainforests of the world are a tremendousresource for many of the world’s people. Although you may not have realized it, many of the things webuy and use everyday like fruits, vegetables, medicines (or their raw materials) and constructionmaterials are harvested from rainforests. Rainforests are disappearing at the rate of 3,800 acres a day,largely because some of the things that come from the rainforest (like lumber, oil, and gold) are notsustainably harvested. Investigate how you could inadvertently be contributing to the destruction ofrainforests.

Many countries have adopted eco-tourism as a sustainable method of utilizing rainforests as it not onlysupports rainforest conservation but also provides an income to the local community. However, if it isnot managed properly, eco-tourism could cause more harm than good. Investigate the effectiveness ofeco-tourism in Sri Lanka as a means of conserving rainforests.

For thousands of years, indigenous people and villagers in and around the forest have been utilizingforest resources. As a result, they have grown to depend on the rainforests for their sustenance. Thedeclaration of rainforests as protected areas, no doubt, hase severely restricted the activities of thesetraditional people. Investigate the impact of rainforest conservation on the livelihoods of indigenouspeople in and around the rainforests and evaluate the effectiveness of this means of conservation.

Trade and infrastructure versus rainforest conservation - Investigate how the policies of developingcountries, such as Sri Lanka, pertaining these two issues, come into conflict. Is this inevitable; howshould it be minimized?

An essential part of saving the world’s rainforests is keeping an open line of communication betweenall parties. Communication with all parties, including indigenous peoples, local populations, businessinterests, governments, scientists, and conservationists is key to developing an appropriate approach tobalance conservation with development. Explore the role of communication and education inconserving rainforests in Sri Lanka.

Humans have inhabited tropical forests for tens of thousands of years. Human activities on a traditionalscale may actually help promote forest diversity. Indigenous people have an intimate knowledge of theforest ecosystem around them and rarely will they over-exploit the resource that provides theirlivelihood. Investigate how the knowledge of indigenous people can be used to help conserverainforests.

“The fate of parks and reserves rests largely in the hands of local people. It is only by improving theirliving conditions can rainforests be saved through protected area systems. Deforestation andencroachment on parklands will diminish only as the quality of life improves.” Investigate whether ornot you find this to be true.

Investigate the links between tropical deforestation and climate change/ species extinction/ severity ofpoverty/ disease outbreaks etc.

The variations in temperature, light and humidity encountered in the different layers of the rainforestmean that the rainforest itself is an ecosystem that comprises a vast array of micro-environments.Explore how, through the process of natural selection, the physical characteristics of plants and animalshave become adapted to enable them to survive in these specific environmental niches.

121

9.egΩ yd jHdmD;s

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1 1 16 1 18 19

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ye¢kafõ'

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12' T!Iëh jákdlula iys; Ydlhls'

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we;s rgls'

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yryg

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jkdka;rhls'

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7' jr®Id jkdka;r yuqjk fhdaO je,a úfYaIhls'

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lr®udka;hg jeo.;a iajNdúl iïm;ls'

18' úYd,u mqIamh fuu kñka ye¢kafõ'

122

jr®Id jkdka;r wdY%s;j is≥l, yels jHdmD;s i|yd uÛ fmkaùula'

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wlalr 3600 muK jq m%udKhlska jr®Id jkdka;r ñys u;ska iuq.ksñka we;' wm Ndú;d lrk ,S" Lksc f;,a yd

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ksjr®;k jr®Id jkdka;r úkdYh iy foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu$úfYaI j|ùu$o˙ø;djh yd f,v frda. jHdma;sh w;r

mj;sk wka;r® iïnkaO;djh ms,sn|j jdr®;djla ms<sfh, lrkak'

jr®Id jkdka;rhl tla tla ia:r j, mj;sk WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh" idfmalaI wdr®ø;djh u; jkdka;rh ;=, tlsfklg

fjkia laIqø m˙ir ;;a;ajhka rdYshla ksr®udkh lrhs' fuu úfYaIs; md˙i˙l ;;a;ajhka ;=, „ú;h wdrlaId lr

.ekSu i|yd iajNdúl jrKh u.ska Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI j, fN!;sl ,laIKhka yev.efik wdldrh ms<sn|

f;dr;=re úur®YKh lrkak'

123

9

tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk;tpdhf;fSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fSk;

cq;fs; mwpit NrhjpAq;fs;cq;fs; mwpit NrhjpAq;fs;cq;fs; mwpit NrhjpAq;fs;cq;fs; mwpit NrhjpAq;fs;cq;fs; mwpit NrhjpAq;fs;

fPNoAs;s ngl;bapy; ,e;j tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd tpilfs; Kd;> gpd; my;yJ

FWf;fhff; fhzg;glyhk;.

1. kiof;fhLfs; G+kpapd; fhyepiyia ve;j thAit mfj;JwpQ;Rtjhy; rPuhf;Ffpd;wd?

2. 25 capHg;gy;tifik ];jhdq;fspy; ............................................................. ,yq;if caH kdpjf;Fbj;njhif

mlHj;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?

3. kiof;fhLfs; G+kj;jpa Nfhl;il Rw;wpAk;> gpujhdkhf madkz;lyj;jpw;Fk; ..................................................

mj;Jld; .............................................................

4. fhw;wpdhy; guTk;> rpwFs;s tpj;JfSk; goq;fSk; ve;jg;gilapYs;s kuq;fshy; nghJthf tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd?

5. $H Edpnfhz;l ,iyfSila kuq;fs; nghJthf ve;jg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk;?

6. Fiwthf epiyahd NtHfisf; nfhz;lJk;> mLj;j jhtuq;fspy; Nghrizf;Fj; jq;fpapUg;gJkhd

jhtuq;fnsit?

7. mbkuj;jpd; jz;by; G+f;fisAk;> goq;fisAk; cUthf;FtJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

8. jiug;gilapYk;> fPo;kl;lj;jpYk; ve;jf; fhyepiyf; fhuzp kpf caHthdJ?

9. ve;jf;fhL 1/5 gq;F cyfj;jhtuq;fSf;Fk; gwitfSf;Fk;> 1/10 gq;F KiyA+l;bfSf;Fk;

,y;ykhf mike;Js;sJ?

10. kj;jpa Mgphpf;fh kiof;fhLfs; rpwpa jdpahd fhLfs; NrHe;J cUthfpait vdf;$wg;gLfpd;wJ

vt;thW mit miof;fg;gLk;?

11. fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fshf ,yq;iff;fhLfs; gy;NtW gapHr;nra;iff;fhf Jg;guT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mtw;wpw;F xU cjhuzkhf

12. ,yq;ifapYs;s mjpfk; gpurpj;jpg;ngw;w madkz;ly kiof;fhL vJ?

13. rpq;fuh[h fhl;bYs;s nty;yr;rhw;iwf;nfhz;l jhtu ,dj;jpd; tpQ;Qhd ngaH vd;d?

14. rpd;Nfhdh kuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Fapidd; ve;j Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.?

15. cyfpYs;s kiof;fhLfspd; moptpw;F ,J xU fhuzk;. ,e;j topapy; ,yq;ifapYs;s

rpq;fuh[hTk; xU juk; Mgj;ij vjpH Nehf;fpAs;sJ.

16. mOFk; ,iwr;rpapd; kzj;jhy; G+r;rpfisf; ftUfpd;w G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuk;

17. kutho;f;if

18. ,iyr;rUFfspy; my;yJ ku ,Lf;Ffspy; Kl;ilapLk; mk;gpad;fs; vit?

19. Fopthf clyikg;ig mikj;J> xU kuj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU kuj;jpw;FjhTk; CHtd vJ?

20. jdpj;Jkhd epwj;jhy;> kiof;fhl;Lj;jhtuq;fSld; fye;J ,iuf;nfstpfsplkpUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;

nfhs;Sgit vit?

21. ,aw;ifahf Mgj;ij vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wJk; ,yq;iff;Fhpj;jhdJkhd tz;zhj;jpg;G+r;rp vJ?

22. mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd mq;fj;jpdH nfhz;l nfhwpf;Fk; FLk;gk;.

23. gpufhrkhd epwq;fshd rptg;G> kQ;rs;> fWg;G milahsq;fs; nfhz;l nfhuy; ghk;G> gpufhrkhd

epwj;NjhYilas eQ;R mk;G (jtis) ,iuf;nfstpfis vr;rhpg;ghd mitfs; ...........................................

24. jhtug;gFjpfisg;Nghd;W ebf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs; Njhw;wj;jpYk;> elj;ijapYk; vjpHg;G nghwpKiwf;

ifahStd.

kiof;fhl;L njhlHGila njhlHe;J nraw;gLj;jf;$ba rpy jpl;lq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J

jdpg;gl;l xUtupd; fUJNfhisf; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jp nra;a KbAk;. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

124

ve;jnthU jpl;lj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;S Kd;G td gupghydj; jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; td[Ptuhrp ghJfhty;

jpzf;fsk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J Kd; mDkjpAk; mq;fPfhuKk; ngWjy; mtrpak;.

madkz;lyf; fhlopg;G - ,e;eltbf;ifapy; ePq;fSk; xH gq;fhspah? cyf kf;fSf;F msg;gupa

tsq;fis mspf;ff;$bajhf cyfpd; kiof;fhLfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ePq;fs; czuhtpl;lhYk;>

goq;fs;> kuf;fwp tiffs;> kUe;Jg;nghUl;fspd; cs;slq;fs;fs;> fl;blg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;W ehk;

jpde;NjhWk; thq;fp cgNahfpf;ff;$ba gy nghUl;fs; kiof;fhLfspypUe;Nj mWtil

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xUehisf;F 3800 Vf;fH gug;gsT vd;w tPjj;jpy; kiof;fhl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk;

rpy nghUl;fs; (cjhuzkhf nghUj;jhj jsthly;fs; [lumber]> vz;nza; tiffs; kw;Wk; jq;fk;)

Nghd;wd njhlHe;J ,Uf;ff;$bajhd (sustainable) mWtil nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. kiof;fhLfspd;

moptpw;F vt;tifapy; ePq;fs; cq;fis mwpahkNyNa gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wPHfs; vd;gij Muha;f.

gy ehLfs; #oy; - Rw;Wyhit (eco-tourism)> kiof;fhLfisj; njhlHe;J cgNahfpf;ff;$ba xU

topKiwahf ifahSfpd;wd. ,k; KiwahdJ kiof;fhLfisg; guhkupj;jYf;F JizGupfpd;wNjhL

mq;F thOk; kf;fSf;F tUkhdj;ijAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. vg;gbahapDk;> #oy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia

xOq;fhf gupghydk; nraahtpbd;> ed;ikia tpl jPikiaNa tpisAk;. kiof;fhLfis guhkupg;gjpy;>

,yq;ifapy; #oy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw vj;jifa ew;gyid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;f.

gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf> fhLfspy; kw;Wk; fhLfisr; #o thOfpd;w goq;Fb kw;Wk; fpuhkthrpfs;>

fhl;L tsq;fis cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf> ,tHfs; kiof;fhLfis jkJ

%yhjhukhff;nfhz;L thog;gofpf; nfhz;ldH. vg;gbahapDk;;> kiof;fhLfs; ahTk; guhkupf;fg;gl;l

gpuNjrkhf gpufldg;gLj ;jg ;gl ;l gpd ;G> ,g ;goq;FbapdH eltbf;iffs; fLikahf

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kiof;fhLfspy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw mz;b thOk; goq;Fbapdhpd; [PtNdhghak;

(livelihood)> kiof;fhl;Lg; guhkupg;G eltbf;iffshy; vj;jifa jhf;fj;Jf;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wd

vd;gjid Muha;f. mj;Jld; ,j;jifa gupghyj;jpdhy; tpisAk; ew;gyid kjpg;gpLf.

thzpgk; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G vjpH kiof;fhl;L guhkupg;G. ,j;jifa ,U eltbf;iffSf;F

JizNghFk; gl;rj;jpy;> ,yq;ifiag; Nghd;w tsHKf ehLfspd; rl;lf; nfhs;iffs; (legalpolicies) gpzf;Ff;Fs;shfpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;f.

cyfpd; kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;jypd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf miktJ> rfy jug;gpdupilNa

ntspg;gilahd njhlHghly;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SjyhFk;. goq;Fb kf;fs; cs;slq;fshf>

mUfhikapYs;s Fbj;njhifapdH> thzpgj;jpy; <LghLilNahH> murhq;fq;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk;

guhkupg;NghH (conservationists) Nghd;w rfy jug;gpdUld; njhlHghly;fis Nkw;nfhs;SjyhdJ>

guhkhpj;jiyAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; rkepiy nfhz;L vt;tifapy; rpwg;ghf mZfKbAnkd;gij

mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzpahf mikfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; kiof;fhl;ilg; guhkupj;jypy;.

njhlHghly; kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;wtw;wpd; gq;fspg;ig Muha;f.

gj;jhapuk; tUlq;fshf kdpjd; jd; thoplkhf madkz;lyf;fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;shd;. mj;Jld;

ghuk;gupa Kiwapyhd kdpj eltbf;iffs; tdg; gy;tifikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; cz;ikapy;

cjtpapUf;fyhk;. goq;FbapdUf;F> jk;ikr; #o;e;Js;s tdr; Rw;Wr; #oy; gw;wpa Mo;e;j mwpT

cs;sJ. mj;Jld; mtHfs; jkf;F [PtNdhjhuj;ij toq;ff;$ba tsq;fis kpf mupjhfNt

msTf;fjpf cgNahfj;jpw;Fs;sf;Ffpd;wdH. kiof;fhLfis guhkupg;gjpy; goq;Fb kf;fspd; mwpT

vt;tifapy;; cgNahfkhAs;sJ vd;gjid Muha;f.

“g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; guhkupf;fg;gl;l gpNjrq;fspd; (reserves) tpjpahdJ mUfhikapy; thOk;

kf;fsps; iffspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJld;> mtHfspd; tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhfNt>

kiof;fhLfis ghJfhj;jYf;fhd vj;jifaNjhH ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr nrad;Kiwfis

jpwikahf filgpbf;ftpaYk;. ,tHfspd; tho;f;ifj; juhjuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhf kl;LNk>

G+q;fh epyq;fspy; fhlopj;jy; kw;Wk; mj;JkPwpg;gpuNtrpj;jy; eltbf;iffis ,y;yhnjhopf;f

KbAk;.” ,J cz;ikah vd;gjid fz;lwpf.

madkz;ly fhlopg;G kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk; / ,dq;fspd; kiwT / tWikapd; jPtpuk; / Neha;guTjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlHig Muha;f.

kiof;fhl;bd; gy;NtW tifahd gilfis ntg;gk;> xsp kw;Wk; <ug;gjd; mirTfspd; khw;wkhdJ>

kiof;fhLfs; jd;dfj;Nj gy;NtWgl;l Ez;-#oy;fisf;nfhz;l #ow;nwhFjpia nfhz;Ls;sjhf

mikfpd;wJ.

,aw;ifj; NjHT eilKiw %ykhf> ,j;jifa #oy; jpjpfspy; tho;tjw;fhd ngsjPfg; gz;Gfis

jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; vt;tifapy; tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gij Muha;f.

125

10

Bibliography & ReferenceswdY%s; .%ka:

Gj;jf gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;;Gj;jf gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;;Gj;jf gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;;Gj;jf gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;;Gj;jf gl;bay; tpguKk; crhj;JizAk;; 10

126

Bibliography & References

Ashton, P. S. & Gunatilleke, C. V. S. (1987) New light on the plant geography of Ceylon, I. HistoricalGeography, Journal of Biogeography, 249-285.

Bambaradeniya, C. N. B., M. S. J. Perera, W. P. N. Perera, L. J. M. Wickramasinghe, L. D. C. B.Kekulandala, V. A. P. Samarawickrama, R. H. S. S. Fernando and W. A. M. P. K. Samarawickrama(2003). Composition of faunal species in the Sinharaja World Heritage Site. The Sri Lanka Forester.26, 21-40.

Beazley. M. and IUCN. (1990). The Last Rainforests, Mitchell Beazley, London.

Berkmuller, Klaus (1992). The IUCN forest conservation programme: environmental education aboutthe rain forest. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Bryant, D., Nielson, D. and Tangley, L. (1997). The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems & Economieson the Edge. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Burton, John. A (ed) (2000) The Atlas of Endangered Species. Quarto Publishing plc. London, UK.

Caulfield, C. (1984). In the Rainforests, University of Chicago Press.

Colchester, M., & Lohmann, L., (1992). The Struggle for Land and the Fate of the Forest, Zed Books,London.

Collins, Sayer & Whitmore (Eds), (1992). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia,Macmillan, London.

Collins, Mark, N., Sayer, Jeffrey A.Whitmore, Timothy, C. (1991). The Conservation Atlas of TropicalForests: Asia and the Pacific IUCN, 256 pp.

Davis, W. & Henley, T.(1990). Penan: Voice for Borneo Rainforests, Wild Books, Vancouver.

De Zoysa, Neela, & Raheem, Ryhana. (1990). Sinharaja: a rainforest in Sri Lanka. March forConservation, Colombo, Sri Lanka 61pp.

KALPAVRIKSH & ANET (1996). Treasured Islands! An Environmental Handbook for Teachers in theAndaman and Nicobar Islands.New Delhi, India.

Kenderick, K. (1989). Sri Lanka. In:Floristic Inventory of tropical countries. Eds: Campbell, D.G., andH.D. Hammond. The New York Botanical Garden. NY

Manikrama, A. (1993). Assessing folk knowledge about forest use in the Sinharaja peripheral villages.Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Peradeniya (unpublished).

McDermott, M., Gunatilleke C. V. S. and Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N. (1990). The Sinharaja rainforest:conserving both biological diversity and a way of life. Sri Lanka Forester (19) 3-14.

Myers, N., (1992). Tropical Forests and Our Future (updated for the Nineties), Norton, New York.

Peters, C. M., Gentry, A. H. and Mendelsohn, R. O. (1989). Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest.Nature, 339, 655-656.

Poore, D., (1990). No Timber Without Trees: Sustainability in the Tropical Forest, Earthscan, London.

Rainforest Information Centre, (1991). The Australian Rainforests Memorandum, Lismore.

127

10 Sinhakumara (1994). Ecological Assessment of Kanneliya, Dediyagala and Nakiyadeniya Forest

Complex Sri Lanka. Prepared by IUCN - The World Conservation Union in collaboration with theforest department of the ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Forests. Unpublished report.

Steinhart (1984) in Rainforest Action Network (www.ran.org)

Taylor, L. (1998). Herbal secrets of the rainforest. Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA.

UNESCO (1990). Food and nutrition in the African rainforest. UNESCO, Paris. 96pp.

World Rainforest Reports Nos. 16 (June 1990). and 26 (Oct. 1992), Rainforest Information centre,Lismore.

World Rainforest Movement (1990) Rainforest Destruction: Causes, Effects and False Solutions,World Rainforest Movement, Penang.

WWF & IUCN (1996). Forests for life: The WWF/IUCN forest policy book. WWF International andIUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 62 pp.

Forest Department & IUCN (2003). A Guide to Pitadeniya and Kosmulla Nature Trails in the SinharajaWorld Heritage Site, Forest Department, Sri Lanka.

INTERNET (WWW) LINKS ON RAINFORESTS

World Rainforest Information Portalhttp://www.rainforestweb.org

Rainforest Action Networkhttp://www.ran.org/info_center/

Science in the Rainforesthttp://www.pbs.org/tal/costa_rica/index.html

Welcome to the Junglehttp://www.bcrescue.org/rainforests.html

Digital Field Trip to the Rainforesthttp://www.digitalfrog.com/products/rainforest.html

Enchanted Learning - All About Rainforestshttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/

Tropical Rainforestshttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm

IUCN Redlisthttp://www.redlist.org

World Energy Council (2005). Survey of Energy Council.www.worldenergy.org

129

11

Rainforest Glossaryjr®Id jkdka;r - md˙NdIsl jpk ud,dj

kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs;kiof;fhLfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs; 11

130

Rainforest Glossary

ADAPTATION

An adaptation is an alteration in the structure or function of an organism by natural selection, that helps itsurvive in its environment.

BUTTRESSES / BUTTRESS ROOTS

Buttresses are root supports that grow outwards from the base of the tree’s trunk and help hold up tall treesin rainforests. They also help the tree absorb more nutrients. Buttresses are needed to stabilize the treebecause rainforest soil is shallow and the tree roots do not penetrate very deeply into the soil.

CANOPY

The canopy is made up of the upper parts of the trees of a rainforest (about 65 to 130 feet or 20 to 40 m).This leafy environment is full of life and includes species such as insects, birds, reptiles and mammals.

CARRYING CAPACITY

The number of organisms that can be optimally supported by a given ecosystem.

CONSERVATION

Conservation is the wise use of natural resources (plants, animals, minerals, water, etc.) that preventsdamage and safeguards them in good condition for the future.

DECOMPOSITION

Decomposition is the decay or breakdown of matter into more basic elements. For example, after a plantdies, it decomposes into organic nutrients.

DRIP TIP

The drip tip is the long, sharply-pointed leaf tip of some rainforest plants that facilitates the quick flow ofwater off the leaf surface. Without it, water would collect on the leaf.

EMERGENTS

Emergents are giant trees in a rainforest that rise above the canopy.

ENDEMIC

A plant or animal that is native to a specific region. For example, the Sri Lanka Blue Magpie is a birdendemic to Sri Lanka.

EPIPHYTE

A plant that does not root in soil but instead uses another plant species for support. Epiphytes are notparasites; they get water and nutrients from the air (and not from their host). Among flowering plants, thebest-known epiphytes are orchids and bromeliads.

131

11FOREST FLOOR

The forest floor is the lowest layer of a rainforest, and extends up to about 3 feet (1 m) from the groundlevel.

HABITAT

The natural environment/area/location where an organism normally lives/grows.

INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates are animals without a backbone. Invertebrates include protozoa, arthropods (insects,arachnids, crustaceans, etc.), worms, sponges, molluscs and many others.

LIANA

Lianas are woody, climbing vines that ascend in to the rainforest canopy, with the aid of host tree trunks, toreach sunlight. Rattan, used for making wicker furniture, is made from liana vines.

LICHEN

Lichens are a symbiosis between algae and fungi. The photosynthetic algae produce food and the fungusprovides protection for the algae. Lichens can survive in a variety of conditions and are found around theworld in various types of habitats.

MAMMALS

Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that nourish their young with milk.

NICHE

A niche is a place or position that an organism occupies in an environment.

NOCTURNAL ANIMALS

Animals that are most active during the night.

POLLINATION

The transfer of pollen from the male part of flowers (the anthers) to the female part (a stigma). This may beaccomplished by means of wind, water, insects, birds, bats etc. Pollination is usually followed byfertilization, when sperm released from the pollen grain unites with the egg cell.

SHRUB LAYER

The shrub layer is the layer of the rainforest above the forest floor but below the sub-canopy.

SYMBIOSIS

A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may butdoes not necessarily, benefit each member. The relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and roots oflegumes is an example of a symbiotic relationship. The bacteria live in the roots of these legumes, andconvert atmospheric nitrogen gas (not useful to plants) to nitrate - a plant nutrient. The bacteria benefit byhaving a good habitat in which to live, and the plants benefit by using the nitrate produced. Many othertypes of roots have symbiotic relationships with certain kinds of fungi.

132

TROPICS

The tropics are a 3,000 mile (4800 km) wide band around the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S latitude).

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS

A term invented by the botanist A. F.W. Schimper (Tropische Regenwald) in 1898, to describe the forests ofthe permanently wet tropics.

Tropical rainforests are a terrestrial biome found within 23.5° of the equator in areas where rainfall isabundant (more than 250 cm/year) and the dry season, if any, is brief. Hence, tropical rainforests are verywet forests, neither freeze (the temperature usually remains over 75°F=24°C) nor get extremely hot. Theyare very diverse floristically and structurally; trees sometimes reach great heights. Most trees are evergreen;deciduous species, if present, do not all lose their leaves at the same time of the year.

VEGETATION

Vegetation is all of the plant life found in an area.

VERTEBRATES

Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone or spinal column such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish andmammals.

133

11md˙NdIsl Yíoud,dj

wkqjr®;kh

m˙irfha is≥jk fjkiaùï j,g idr®:lj uqyqK°u ioyd tu fjkia ùï j,g wkqrEm f,i „ùkaf.a jHqyfha fy` ls%hdld¯;ajfha

fjkia ùï wkqjr®;khka fõ'

lhsre uq,a

úYd, Ydl j, ixOdrKh i|yd tu Ydl j, md°h m%foaYfha we;s jk jHqyhkah' fuu uq,a fmdaIH øjH wjfYdaIKh i|ydo jeo.;a

fõ' jr®Id jkdka;rfha mj;sk mdxY= ia:rh fkd.eUqre neúka tu Ydl j, uq,a fmd<j .eUqrg .uka ls¯ula is≥lrk fyhska fuu

lhsre uq,a tu Ydl j, ixOdrKh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

úhk

jr®Id jkdka;r Ydl j, by, ia:rh úhk u.ska ksfhdackh fõ' ^th wä 65 isg 130 olajd fyda ógr 20 isg 40 olajd fõ'& tu

m;% iys; m˙irh lDóka" mlaIska" WrÛhka yd laIsrmdhska jeks i;a;aj úfYaI rdYshlg jdiia:dk imhkq ,nhs'

±¯fï Od˙;dj

jkdka;rhla u.ska m%Yia; ;;a;aj ord isáh yels Wm˙u „ùka m%udKh fõ'

ixrlaIKh

iajNdúl iïm;a ^Ydl" i;a;ajhka" Lksc øjH" c,h wd†h& ukd whq˙ka Ndú;hg .ekSu fõ' tajd m˙fNdackfha° wkd.; mrmqrg

,nd.; yels jk f,i úkdY ls¯ulska f;drj Ndú;d l, hq;=h'

úfhdackh

hï øjHhla „r®Khg m;a ùu fyda tys uQ,sl fldgia j,g l=vd len,s f,i leã hdu' Wod Ydlhka ñh hdfuka miq tys uQ,sl fmdaIH

øjH j,g úfhdackh ùu is≥fõ'

jEyqï ;=v

iuyr jr®Id jkdka;r Ydlj, ;shqkq f,i wjika jk m;% ;=vla mj;sk w;r" fuu.ska m;% u;=msgg tl;= jk c,h blaukska

neyer lrhs'

fkre Ydl

jr®Id jkdka;r úhka ia:rh mj;sk Ydl j,ska by,g jr®Okh jk fldgila fõ'

wdfõksl;ajh

Ydl úfYaIh fyda i;a;aj úfYaIhka hï m%foaYhlg muKla iSud ùu wdfõksl;ajh fõ' Wo- leysfn,a,d hk mlaIs úfYaIh hï

m%foaYhlg muKla iSud ùu wdfõksl;ajh fõ' Wod- leysfn,a,d hk mlaIs úfYaIh Y%S ,xldjg wdfõksl fõ'

wms Ydl

ixOdrKh i|yd fjk;a Ydl úfYaIhka u; hemSu;a is≥lrk Ydlhka wms Ydl f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu Ydl mrfmdaIs Ydl úfYaI

fkdjk w;r c,h yd wfkl=;a fmdaIH øjH jdhqf.da,h u.ska ,nd .kshs' ^Odrl Ydl u.ska tajd ,nd fkd.kshs'& imqIamS Ydl w;r

jvd fyd¢ka okakd wmsYdlhka jkafka fn%dó,shd yd Wvjeähd úfYaIhkah'

jkdka;r ìu

jr®Id jkdka;r j, úhk" Wm úhk yd háfrdamKhg my,ska mj;sk fmd<j wdYs;j mj;sk ia:rh fõ'

wmDIaGjxYska

lfYarejla fkdue;s i;a;aj úfYaI fmd≥fõ wmDIaG jxYSka f,i ye¢kafõ' fm%dfgdfi`jdjka" wdf;%dfmdavdjka" wefk,Svdjka" iafmdka„ka"

fud,ialdjka we;=Ω i;a;aaj ldKav rdYShla fï hg;g wh;a fõ'

134

ldIaGSh je,a

fjk;a Ydl j, wdOdrfhka jr®Id jkdka;r j, by< ia:r lrd wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd jr®Okh jk ixOdrl mgl wvq

ldIaGÍh l|ka iys; Ydl jr®. fõ'

,hslk

we,a.S $kS, y˙; we,a.S yd †,Sr w;r mj;sk iy„ù iïnkaO;djh ,hslk f,i y∫kajkq ,efí' fuys° m%Ndixiaf,aIl we,a.S$kS,

y˙; we,a.S wdydr ksIamdokh is≥ lrk w;r †,Srh u.ska we,a.S úc,kh ùu j,lajkq ,efí' ,hslk mD:ßúfha úúO m˙ir moaO;s

j, yuqjk w;r úúO m˙ir ;;a;aj hgf;a „j;a úfï yelshdj we;'

laIsrmdhska

megjqka ls˙ ^laISrh& u.ska fmdaIKh lrkq ,nk wp,;dmS mDIaGjxYs i;a;aj jr®.h fõ'

m˙ir ksfla;kh

„úhl= m˙irfha yuqùfï jeäu iïNdú;djhla we;s ia:dkh m˙ir ksfla;kh fõ'

ksYdpr i;a;ajhd

rd;%S ld,fha° l%shdYS,S jk i;a;ajhka fõ'

mrd.kh

Ydlhl mqreI ckaudkqj jk mrd.h" ia;%S ckaudkqj jk äïn fldaIhg iïfm%aIKh ùu mrd.kh kï fõ' fuh iq<Û' c,h" lDóka"

mlaIska" jjq,ka" fyda fjk;a wdldrhlg is≥úh yelsh' mrd.khg jydu miqj ixfiapkh jk w;r fuys°s mrd.fhka ksoyia jk

Y=l%dKq ^Ydl mqreI ckaudKqj& äïnh yd ixfhdackh ùu is≥fõ'

há frdamKh ^m∫re ia:rh&

jr®Id jkdka;rhl Wm úhka ia:rhg my,ska yd ìï ia:rhg by,ska mj;akd ia:rh fõ'

rE foia ixprKh

jkdka;rhla fy` fjk;a iajNdúl m˙ir moaO;shla wdY%s;j tu m˙ir moaO;sh wjg ck;djg by< uÜgul m%;s,dN m˙ir

uÜgñka ,efnk m˙† yd tu m˙ir moaO;sh ixrCIKhg ∞hl fjñka is≥lrk ixpdrl lr®udka;h “rE foia ixprKh” f,i

ye¢kafõ' fuh jr®;udkfha ° ixrCIKh i|yd Ndú;d lrk Wmdhudr®.hla f,i jeo.;a fõ' ^m˙ir ixpdrh f,i fmd≥fõ

y∫kajk ixpdrl l%ufha° m˙ir ixrCIKh yd wjg .ïjeishkag Rcqj ;sridr m%;s,dN ,eîula ms<sn|j ie<ls,su;a fkdjk

w;r m˙irfha mj;sk iqkaor;ajh yd tys mj;sk ffcj úúO;ajh jeks jákdlï u; ,dN ,eîu muKla wruqKq lr .kshs'&

135

11

kiof;fhl;L nrhw;nwhlh;fs;kiof;fhl;L nrhw;nwhlh;fs;kiof;fhl;L nrhw;nwhlh;fs;kiof;fhl;L nrhw;nwhlh;fs;kiof;fhl;L nrhw;nwhlh;fs;

,irthf;fk; ,irthf;fk; ,irthf;fk; ,irthf;fk; ,irthf;fk; (Adaptation)

,aw;if Njh;T %yk; mq;fpahdJ fl;likg;G my;yJ njhopw;ghl;by; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mt;tq;fpia

mjd;#oypy; jg;gpg;gpiof;f cjTjy; ,irthf;fk; vdg;gLk;

cijg;GNth;fs; cijg;GNth;fs; cijg;GNth;fs; cijg;GNth;fs; cijg;GNth;fs; (Buttresses /Buttress Roots)

kuj;jpd; jz;bd; mbapypUe;J tsUk; kiof;fhLfspy; caukhd kuq;fis Neuhf itj;jpUf;f cjTk;

Nth;fshFk; ,it kukhdJ mjpfsT Nghrizia mfj;JwpQ;r cjTk;. cijg;GNth;fs; kuj;ij

epiyepUj;j Njitg;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; kiof;fhl;L kz; Mokw;wjha; ,Ug;gJld; kuNth;fs Gtpf;Fs;

Mokhf CLUtkhl;lhJ

tpjhdk; tpjhdk; tpjhdk; tpjhdk; tpjhdk; (Canopy)

kiof;fhl;;;L kuq;fspy; 965-130 mb (20-40kP) cauj;jpy; Nkw;gFjpapd; cz;lhf;Fk; mikg;G tpjhdk;

vdg;gLk;. ,r;#oy; g+r;rpfs; gwitfs;> Ch;td Kiya+l;bfs; Nghd;w caph; tifis cs;slf;fpaJ.

(jhq;fw; nfhs;sT jug;gl;l #ow;njhFjpnahd;wpdhy; rpwg;ghf Mjhuj;ijj; juf;$ba mq;fpfspd;

vz;zpf;ifahFk;)

jhq;fw; nfhs;ssT jhq;fw; nfhs;ssT jhq;fw; nfhs;ssT jhq;fw; nfhs;ssT jhq;fw; nfhs;ssT (Carrying Capacity)

jug;gl;l #ow;njhFjpnahd;wpdhy; rpwg;ghf Mjhuj;ijj;juf; $ba mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;ifahFk;.

fhg;G fhg;G fhg;G fhg;G fhg;G (Conservation)

,aw;if tsq;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;Jjiyj;jLj;J vjph;fhyj;jpy; ey;y epiyapy; mtw;iwg; NgZtjw;fhf>

,aw;if tsq;fis (jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> fdpAg;Gf;fs; ePh; Nghd;wit) Gj;jprhypj;jdkhdkhf

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

gphpifahf;fk; gphpifahf;fk; gphpifahf;fk; gphpifahf;fk; gphpifahf;fk; (Decomposition)

gjhh;j;jq;fis mjpfsT mbg;gilf;$Wfshf cf;fr;nra;fpd;w my;yJ cilf;fpd;w nra;Kiw

.cjhuzkhf xU jhtuk; ,we;jhy; mJ Nrjdg; Nghrizg;nghUl;fshfg; gphpifailfpwJ.

tbEdp tbEdp tbEdp tbEdp tbEdp (Drip Tip)

rpy kiof;fhl;L jhtu ,iyfspy; ePz;l $h;ikahd EdpAilajha; fhzg;gly; tbEdp vdg;gLk;.

,jd; %yk; ePh; ,iyapy; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J tpiuthf gha;r;ry; %yk; ntspNaw toptplg;gLk;.

kiof;fhl;by; mjpfkhd ,iyfs; tb Edpfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,iyapy; ePh; NrHe;J>

,iy mOfyhk;.

ntspf;fhl;Lj;jhtu kuq;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lj;jhtu kuq;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lj;jhtu kuq;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lj;jhtu kuq;fs; ntspf;fhl;Lj;jhtu kuq;fs; (Emergents)

kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;w rhjhuz tpjhd cauj;ij tpl kpfTk; caukhff; fhzg;gLk; ,uhl;rj

kuq;fs; MFk;.

cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpad cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpad cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpad cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpad cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;Fhpad (Endemic)

Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; ,aw;ifahff; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;fhFk;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy;

ePyf;Fapy; ,yq;ifapd; cl;gpuNjrj;jpw;FhpaJ

136

Nknyhl;b Nknyhl;b Nknyhl;b Nknyhl;b Nknyhl;b (Epiphyte)

ve;j xUjhtuk; kz;zpy; Nt&d;whky; mjw;Fgjpyhf Mjhuj;jpw;fhf ,d;ndhU jhtu ,dq;fspy; rhh;e;J

thOjy;. ,it xl;Lz;zpfs; my;y. ,it ePiuAk; NghrizAk; tspapy; ,Ue;J ngWfpd;wd. g+f;Fk;

jhtuq;fspy;> xf;fpl;Lf;fSk;. Guhkpypal;fSk; rpwg;ghf mwpag;gl;l Nknyhl;bfshFk;

fhl;L epyk;;fhl;L epyk;;fhl;L epyk;;fhl;L epyk;;fhl;L epyk;; (Forest Floor)

,J kiof;fhl;bd; fPo;g;gilahFk;. jiuapypUe;J 3 mb( 1kP.) cauk; tiu fhzg;gLk;.

thoplk; thoplk; thoplk; thoplk; thoplk; (Habitat)

xU mq;fp nghJthf thOfpd;;w ,aw;ifahd #oy; / gug;G Fwpg;gpl;l ,lkhFk;.

Ks;se;jz;bypfs; Ks;se;jz;bypfs; Ks;se;jz;bypfs; Ks;se;jz;bypfs; Ks;se;jz;bypfs; (Invertebrates)

,it Ks;se;jz;ilf; nfhz;buhj tpyq;FfshFk;. ,tw;Ws; GNuhl;Nlh Nrhthf;fs;> Mj;jpNuh>

Nghlhf;fs;> GOf;fs;> flw;gQ;Rfs;. nkhyh];fhf;fs; MfpaitAk; NtW gyTk; fhzg;gLk;.

kukaNtwp kukaNtwp kukaNtwp kukaNtwp kukaNtwp (Liana)

,Jitur;nrwpthd VWfpd;w nfhbahFk;. ,J kuj;jpd; jz;Lfspy; tsh;e;J xspia ngWtjw;fhf

kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; ,f;nfhbfs; gpuk;G jsghlq;fs; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,iyf;fd; ,iyf;fd; ,iyf;fd; ,iyf;fd; ,iyf;fd; (Lichen)

,it my;fhf;fYf;Fk; gq;fRf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s xd;wpa tho;T <l;lkhFk;. xspj;njhFg;Gf;Fhpa

my;fh czit toq;Fk;> gq;fR my;fhf;fSf;Fk; ghJf;fhg;igf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,iyf;fd; gy;NtW

tifahd thoplq;fspNy fhzg;gLk;.

KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; KiyA+l;bfs; (Mammals)

,it ,sk;#l;L ntg;gepiyAila Ks;se;jz;LspfshFk; ,it jdJ ,sk; mq;fpfSf;F ghYhl;b

tsh;f;Fk;.

jpjp jpjp jpjp jpjp jpjp (Niche)

xU mq;fp Fwpg;gpl;l #oypy; tfpf;Fk; ,lk; / epiy jpjpahFk;.

,uhf;fhy tpyq;Ffs; ,uhf;fhy tpyq;Ffs; ,uhf;fhy tpyq;Ffs; ,uhf;fhy tpyq;Ffs; ,uhf;fhy tpyq;Ffs; (Nocturnal Animals)

,utpy; mjpfsT caph;g;ghf ,Uf;Fk; tpyq;FfshFk;.

kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if (Pollination)

g+f;fspd; Mz; gFjpapypUe;J (kfue;j $l;bypUe;J) ngz;gFjpf;F(Fwpf;F) kfue;j kzp

Nrh;f;fg;gLjy;.,J fhw;W> ePh;> g+r;rpfs;> gwitfs;> ntsthy;fs;> my;yJ NtW topfshy;

Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gLk;. kfue;j Nrh;fifia njhlh;e;J fUf;fl;ly; eilngWk;. ,jd; NghJ tpe;jhdJ

kfue;j kzpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Kl;ilf;fyj;Jld; NrUk;.

nrbg;gil nrbg;gil nrbg;gil nrbg;gil nrbg;gil (Shrub Layer)

kiof;fhl;bNy fhl;L epyj;jpw;F NkNyAk; tpjhdj;jpw;F fPNoAk; fhzg;gLk; gilahFk;.

137

11xd;wpa tho;T xd;wpa tho;T xd;wpa tho;T xd;wpa tho;T xd;wpa tho;T (Symbiosis)

ntt;NtW ,dq;fis Nrh;e;j ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l> ntt;NtW mq;fpfSf;fpilNa

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w neUf;fkhd ePz;l <l;lkhFk;. ,it fl;lhakhf xt;nthU mq;fj;jpdUf;Fk;

ed;ikia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;lnkd;ljpy;iy iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gf;hPwpahf;fSf;Fk; mtiuaq;fspd;

Nth;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s cwT Kiw xd;wpa tho;Tf;F cjhuzkhFk;. mtiuaq;fspy; Nthpy;

thOk; gw;wPhpah tspkz;ly iejurd; thAit iej;jpNuw;W vd;w jhtu Nghrizg; nghUshf khw;Wk;.

xd;wpatho;T gw;wPhpah jhd; tho;tjw;Fhpa rpwe;j thoplkhf Nth; gad;gLk;. jhtuq;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l

iej;jpNuw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; gytifahd Nth;fs; rpytifahd gq;fRf;fSld; xd;wpatho;T cwT

Kiwfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

139

12

AnnexesweuqKqï,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 12

140

Annex 1Some examples of naturally occurring plant species in the Sinharaja forest

Life - Family Scientific name Endemic Threatened Local NameForm (E) (T)

Climber Araceae Pothos scandens E Potawel fm`gje,a

Climber Nepenthaceae Nepenthes distillatoria E Bandura nd∫rd

Climber Pandanaceae Freycinetia walkeri E Viyakeyya úhdflhshd

Climber Piperaceae Piper hymenophyllum Wal gammiris j,a .ïñ˙ia

Climber Rubiaceae Psychotria sarmentosa Gonika f.dksld

Herb Gleichiniaceae Dichranopteris linearis Kekilla lels,a,

Herb Orchidaceae Anoetochilus setaceus Wana raja jk rdc

Herb Orchidaceae Arundina graminifolia Bamboo orchidnïnq Wvjeähd

Herb Orchidaceae Dendrobium maccranthae E T Wesakmal fjila u,a

Herb Poaceae Lophatherum zeylanicumLiana Arecaceae Calamus zeylanicus E T Vewel fõje,a

Liana Fabaceae Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo Yakadawel hlv je,a

Liana Fabaceae Derris canarensis Diyakalawel †h l,je,a

Liana Fabaceae Entada pusaetha Pus mqiaje,a

Liana Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum E T Banwel fjksje,a

Shrub Aristolochiaceae Apama siliquosa Thapassara bulath;miajr nq,;a

Shrub Melastomataceae Lijndenia capitellata E Pinibaru msksnre

Shrub Pandanaceae Pandanus ceylanicus E Ookeyya ´flhshd

Shrub Poaceae Ochlandra stridula E Bata ng

Shrub Rubiaceae Gaertnera vaginans Perathambala fmar;U,

Tree Anacardiaceae Camponosperma zeylanica E Aridda wd˙oao

Tree Anacardiaceae Semecarpus subpeltata E Mahabadulla uy n≥,a,

Tree Annonaceae Xylopia championii E Atuketiya wgqfláhd

Tree Arecaceae Caryota urens Kithul ls;=,a

Tree Bombacaceae Cullenia rosayroana E Katamoda lgfudv

Tree Celastraceae Kokoona zeylanica E T Kokum fldl=ï

Tree Clusiaceae Garcinia hermonii E T Madol ufvd,a

Tree Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus hispidus E Buhora nqfydr

Tree Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus zeylanicus E T Hora fydr

Tree Dipterocarpaceae Shorea congestiflora E Thiniya dun ;sksh≥ka

141

12Annex 2

Some examples of animals inhabiting the rainforests of Southern Sri LankaEndemic E, Threatened T

Name Habitat Habits

Freshwater Fish u;aihka

Stone Sucker .,a mdçhd Rocky Streams Grazes on algae(Garra ceylonensis E,T)

Black Ruby Barb nq,;a ymhd Slow flowing, clear, shady streams Omnivorous(Puntius nigrofasciatus E,T)

Banded Mountain Loach Shady, rocky streams Omnivorousl∫lr wysrdjd

(Schistura notostigma E,T)

Red-tailed Goby uy .,aje,sf.dõjd Swift flowing, rocky large streams Omnivorous(Sicyopterus halei E,T) and rivers

Smooth-breasted Snakehead Slow flowing streams Carnivorousfld< lkhd (Channa orientalis E,T)

Walking Catfish uÛ=rd Slow flowing streams with organic Carnivorous(Clarius brachysoma E,T) debris/sediment

Amphibians WNh „ùka

Kotagama’s Dwarf Toad Ground leaf litter Insectivore. Lays eggs in aquaticfldg.uf.a l=re f.ïnd habitats.(Bufo kotagamai E, T)

Kelaart’s Dwarf Toad Ground leaf litter Insectivore. Lays eggs in aquaticfl,dÜf.a l=re f.ïnd habitats.(Adenomus kelaartii E , T)

Slender Wood Frog Ground, near streams Insectivore. Lays eggs in aquatic,xld ne¢ ueçhd (Rana gracilis E, T) habitats.

Sharp-snout Pygmy Tree Frog Ground, Vegetation Insectivore. Lays eggs in terrestrial habitats.W,a fydUq weálsÉpd

(Philautus nasutus E, T)

Spurless Pygmy Tree Frog Ground, Vegetation Insectivore. Lays eggs in terrestrial habitats.kshlgq rys; weálsÉpd

(Philautus temporalis E,T)

Saddled Tree Frog Ground, Vegetation Lays eggs in foam nests, aquaticfmdr lgq .iaueähd tadpoles(Polypedates eques E, T)

Reptiles Wr.hka

Hump-nosed Lizard Tree trunks, Ground Feeds on insects, other smalllru,a fn`†,sud invertebrates and amphibians(Lyriocephalus scutatus E,T)

Rough-nosed Horned Lizard Ground Feeds on insects, other smallrΩ wÛ lgqiaid invertebrates and amphibians(Ceratophora aspera E, T)

142

Earless Lizard Ground leaf litter Feeds on insects, other smallmskqï lgqiaid invertebrates and amphibians(Otocryptis wiegmanni E,T)

Kandyan Day Gecko †jd yQkd Tree trunks & Rocks Insectivore(Cnemaspis kandianus)

Great Forest Gecko uyle,E yQkd Rocks Insectivore(Cyrodactylus frenatus E,T)

Taylor’s Lanka Skink Ground leaf litter Feeds on Insects and other smallfÜ,r®f.a ,xld islke,d invertebrates(Lankascincus taylori E, T)

Sri Lanka Krait uQ≥ lrj,d Ground leaf litter Feeds on Snakes, small mammals(Bungarus ceylonicus E, T) and amphibians

Green-whip Snake weyegq,a,d Rain forest vegetation Feeds on amphibians and large in(Ahaetulla nasutus) (understorey layer) vertebrates.

Green-pit Viper m<d fmd<Ûd Rain forest ground layer Amphibians, and other small(Trimeresurus trigonocephala E, T) vertebrates

Python msUqrd (Python molurus T) Rain forest understorey and ground Predator. Feeds on mammals

Birds mCISka

Sri Lanka Spurfowl ynka l=l=<d Ground Feeds on ground dwelling(Galloperdix bicalcarata E,T) invertebrates, small reptiles.

Sri Lanka Hanging Parrot - Canopy, sub-canopy Feed on fruits, flowers, nectar..srd u,s;a;d

(Loriculus beryllinus E, T)

Sri Lanka Red-faced Malkoha Sub canopy. Omnivorous.j; r;= u,a fldyd

(Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus E, T)

Chestnut-backed Owlet - Sub canopy. Nocturnal, Carnivorous.msg ;U,jka jk niaid

(Glaucidium castanonotum E, T)

Frogmouth - ueä uqyqKd Understorey. Nocturnal, Carnivorous.(Batrachostomus moniliger)

Malabar Trogon - f,`yjksÉÑhd Sub canopy. Insectivore. Participant in mixed(Harpactes fasciatus) species flocks.

Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Sub canopy, Understorey. Carnivorous.rka ms<syq~qjd (Ceyx erithacus)

Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill - Sub canopy. Omnivorous.wΩ lE≤;a;d

(Tockus gingalensis E, T )

Sri Lanka Yellow-fronted Barbet - Canopy, sub-canopy. Feeds onfruits. rka k,,a fldÜfg`rejd

(Megalaima flavifrons E, T )

Lesser Yellownape - Sub canopy. Feeds on bark dwelling insects,(Picus chlorolophus) Participant in mixed species flocks.

Flame/Orange Minivet Sub canopy. Omnivorous.uy .sksl=re,a,d

(Pericrocotus flammeus)

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12Black-headed Yellow Bulbul - Sub canopy. Feeds on fruits. Participant in(Pycnonotus melanicterus) mixed species flocks.

Yellow-browed Bulbul - Sub canopy. Feeds on fruits. Participant inneu ly fldKavhd (Hypsipetes indicus) mixed species flocks.

Black Bulbul - lΩ .Æ.=vqjd Canopy, sub-canopy. Feeds on fruits. Participant in(Hypsipetes leucocephalus) mixed species flocks.

Spot-winged Thrush - Ground. Insectivore.;s;amsh ;srdislhd

(Zoothera spiloptera E, T )

Sri Lanka Orange-billed Babbler Understorey, Ground. Insectivore. Participant in mixedr;= fou,sÉpd species flocks.(Turdoides rufescens E, T )

Ashy-headed Laughingthrush - Understorey, Ground. Insectivore. Participant in mixedysi wΩ" wΩ fou,sÉpd species flocks.(Garrulax cinereifrons E, T )

Sri Lanka Magpie - leys fn,a,d Canopy, sub-canopy. Insectivore. Participant in mixed(Urocissa ornata E, T ) species flocks.

Sri Lanka White-faced Starling Sub-canopy. Omnivore. Participant in mixedysi wΩ Yd˙ldjd species flocks.(Sturnus senex E, T )

Mammals CISrmdhska

Sri Lanka Bi-colored Rat Ground Feeds on seeds and other(Srilankamis ohiensis E, T) vegetative matters.

Sri Lanka Long-tailed Shrew Ground Insectivorous(Crocidura miya E, T)

Western Giant Squirrel o~q f,akd Sub canopy and canopy Herbivorous (Fruits and nuts)(Ratufa macroura)

Small Flying Squirrel mqxÑ yïndjd Sub canopy and canopy of rain forest Herbivorous (Fruits and nuts)(Petinomys fuscocapillus T)

Golden Palm Civet rka fy`;ïnqjd Trees and ground Omnivorous(Paradoxurus zeylonensis E, T)

Sambar Deer f.`kd Ground Herbivorous(Cervus unicolor)

Mouse Deer óñkakd Ground Herbivorous(Tragulus meminna)

Purple-faced Leaf Monkey - Sub canopy and canopy HerbivorouslΩ j∫rd

(Trachypithecus vetulus E, T )

Leopard fldáhd Ground-dweller, but can climb trees Predator. Feeds on mammals.(Panthera pardus T) as well

Butterflies iuk<hka

Ceylon Rose ,xld fr`i mems,shd Sub canopy and undergrowth layers Feeds on Nectar(Pachliopta jophon E, T)

Common Birdwing Sub canopy and undergrowth layers Feeds on Nectaruy l=reΩ msh mems,shd

(Troides darsius E,T)

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Ceylon Palmfly Ground layer Feeds on Nectar,xld ;,a ≥Uqrejd

(Elymnias singala E,T)

Sri Lanka Tree Nymph mdfjkakd Sub canopy and undergrowth layers Feeds on Nectar(Idea iasonia E, T)

Sri Lanka Blue Oakleaf Sub canopy and undergrowth layers Feeds on Nectaruy le,E ks,hd

(Kallima philarchus E, T )

Glassy Tiger - Danaus aglea Undergrowth Feeds on Nectariq≥jka fldá;shd

Land Snails fN!ñl fn,a,kaAcavus haemastoma E, T Tree trunks Algal grazermqjla fn,a,d

Spiders ul=Ωjka

Giant Wood Spider fh`O .ia ul=Ωjd Large circular webs spun between Predator(Nephila maculata) tree gaps

Bird-eating spider/Tarantula Ground and tree crevices Nocturnal predator†ú ul=Ωjd

(Poecilotheria ornata)

Crabs ll=Ωjka

Tree-climbing Crab E .ia ll=Ωjd Ground and trees Detritivore(Ceylonthelphusa scansor)

* The majority of rainforest species do not have Tamil names.

tropical rainforests - international union for ... · charmalee d. jayasinghe, sarath p. ekanayake,...

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