trogen, 2 july 2012

Pestalozzi 7/2012International Development Cooperation

Trogen, 2 July 2012

History of

Development Cooperation


Part 2

Milestones of new architecture of development cooperation

Start of the development cooperation

The Third World in advance

The search for alternatives

Part 1

From missionaries via colonialism to development cooperation

Second World War and Cold War

First development decades

History of development cooperation

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from mission work via colonialism toward development aid: a change in paradigm

UN Summit 2000, Millenium Development Goals(189 Staaten)

„ The White Man‘s Burden“(Rudyard Kipling, 1899)

1910, German Missionaries in South West Africa

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Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations:

1. Changes in the european metropoles:

Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to colonialism ...

and colonies(King Badouin

in Congo)

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Lumumbas Blood and Tears speech

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Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations:

1. Changes in the european metropoles:

Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to colonialism ...

2. Emancipation movement and struggle for liberty and self-determination:

Leading role of India (independance movement of Gandhi),African Nationalism (Senghor, Nkrumah etc...)

3. Geopolitical changes:

New international relations after 2. World War, foundation of the UN, starting dominace of anti-colonialistic power USA and UDSSR, cold war

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Independance of african and south/south east asian countriesafter 2. World War

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Sir Winston Churchill, March

1946:

“From Stettin at the Baltic Sea to Triest

at the Adria was laid an iron curtain

through the continent .... that is not the

liberated Europe for which we have

fought"

The „Iron Curtain“ – the cold war 1960s – 1980s

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Alliances during the Cold War

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Marshall Plan (1947) of the late 40s

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Worldbank)

• International Monetary Fund

• International Trade Organisation

• and the United Nations (1945)

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Creation of the:

1. Massive Aid (over 100 billion US$ in today’s term for a ravaged Europe)

2. Reversed Security policy

3. Reversed Trade policy (from protectionism towards opening of markets)

4. From national sovereignity towards mutual governance systems


The Bottom BillionWhy the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About it

1 BILLION PEOPLE live in 58 developing countries which

• show no economic growth and persisting poverty and no social progress since years

• deteriorating development indicators

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The challenge of development cooperation!


Main points of the book

1. The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people living in 58 developing countries

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Bottom billion development traps

no access to portssurrounded by bad

neighbours

bad governance in a small country


Main points of the book

1. The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people living in 58 developing countries

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3. the “bottom-billion” have missed the economic boat (private capital is not flowing to these countries except to exploit their natural resources.

2. Countries in the “bottom-billion” suffer from having fallen into one ormore of four traps.

no access to ports

surrounded by bad neighbours

bad governance in a small country


• Film Collier

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• Film Collier

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Waterfront of effective

development policy

Aid

Trade

Security

Governance


the 2. World War as turning point for international cooperation

1941: War objectives of the allied forces: Atlantic Charta

- „four liberties“ of president Roosevelt (Januay 1941) freedom of: (1) expression, (2) opinion, (3) faith/religion and freedom from (4) misery and fear

- right of self-determination for all people

- free access to world trade for all people

- international cooperation

1944: Conference of Dumbarton Oaks USA, GB, Sowjet Union and Chinaagree on structure and content for a future UN (Charta, UN plenary meeting, security council, secretariat, international court)

1944/45: Foundation of the World Bank and International Money Fund

1945: Foundation of the UN 24th October 1945 (50 States)

1948: Declaration of Human Rights (UN)

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The first decades: Construction phase of development aid organisations

• 1961 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)OECD/DAC: Development Assistance Committee of the OECD.

• Bilateral Agencies: 1961 USAID und Peace Corps, GTZ, DfTZ (→DEH→DEZA)

• UN: 1945 FAO

1946 UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO,

1965 UN-Development Program (UNDP)

1969 UNFPA....

• NGOs

many development-NGOs originated from humanitarian organisations during or immediately after 2. World War (e.g.: Oxfam 1942 and Care 1945), Kinderdorf Pestalozzi (european orphans after 2. World War)

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Organisations of „Third-World-Countries“

• 1955: Asian – African Conference of Bandung

Respect of Principles of:Non-Interference; peaceful coexistance; human rights; right of self-determination of people; imediate independance of all colonies.

• Group 77 since 1967represents the position of „ Third World Countries“ inside the United NationsConference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) – close link to NAM

• Non-Aligned Movement – (NAM) 1961 Conference of Belgrad -

Princip of non-alignment to the eastern or western block

► Independance from the „power“ blocks

► Support to all colonies to achieve independance

► important political platform of „Third World State“ especially inside the UN

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Example Latin America: Development as liberation / freedom

Papst Johannes XXIII (1958-63)

Liberation Theology:• 2. Concile of the vatican (1962-65)• Enzyklika Populorum Progressio (1967)• Latin american bishop conference in Medellin

(1968): „Option for the poor“

Paolo Freire

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

• Liberation by sensitisation

• Functional Alphabetisation

Ernesto „Che“ Guevara

Revolution:

Liberation by revolutionary change of the society

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End of the Cold War (1989-1991)

Break up of the Soviet Union

wide disarmament and demilitisation

End of system concurrence and descreditation of the socialistique development model

End of political clientilismFall of the Berlin wall (1989)

New focus Alleviation of poverty and promotion of development

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The start of „Global Governance“: UN-Conferences of the 90th

UN gets more influence after „Cold War

1992, Rio de Janeiro, Environment and Development

Importance of UN-Conferences for:

setting of Agendas global targets and strategies obtaining donor commmitments participation of Civil Society and NGOs

1993, Vienna, Human Rights - 1. UN High Comissioner for Human Rights

1994, Cairo, Population and Development

1995, Copenhagen, Social Development and Beijing, Women

1996, Istanbul, Urbanisation (HABITAT II) and Rome, World Food Summit Half undernutrition by 2015....... Way towards MDGs

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Earth Summit – Rio 1992United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

Some Issues adressed:

•systematic scrutiny of patterns of production

•Climate change

•alternative sources of energy

•growing scarcity of water

Important outcomes:•Agreement on Climate Change and Biodiversity Convention

• Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21

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UN Action Plan for sustainable Development: Agenda 21

• Social and Economic Dimensionscombatting poverty, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, change population and sustainable settlement

• Strengthening the Role of Major GroupsIncludes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and workers.

• Means of ImplementationScience, technology transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms.

• Conservation and Management of Resources for Development

A comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken: globally, nationally and locally

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trogen, 2 july 2012

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