triterpenoids
DESCRIPTION
Terpenoids are regarded as derivatives of polymers of isoprene ,joined head to tail and widely distrubuted in plant kindom.TRANSCRIPT
TRITERPENOIDS
Presented by Afzaye Rasul 1st year M.Pharm Department of chemistry, Al-Ameen college of pharmacy Bangalore
Terpenoids are regarded as derivatives of polymers of isoprene ,joined head to tail and widely distrubuted in plant kindom.
Classification1.Monoterpenoids
2.Sesquiterpenoids
3.Diterpenoids
4.Triterpenoids
5.Tetraterpenoids
Monoterpenes-AcyclicExample:OcimeneMyrcene
CH2
H3C CH2
CH3
OCIMENE
CH2
H3C CH3
CH2
MYRCENE
=ALDEHYDIC MONOTERPENESEXAMPLEGERANIALNERAL
H
H3C CH3
CH2
GERANIAL
CHO
CHO
H3C CH3
CH3
NERAL
H
=ALCOHOLIC MONOTERPENESEXAMPLEGERANIOLNEROL
H
H3C CH3
CH3
GERANIOL
CH2OH
CH2OH
H3C CH3
CH3
H
NEREOL
-MONOCYCLIC=ALDEHYDESEXAMPLEPERILLALDEHYDE,PHELLANDRAL
CHO
H3C CH2
PERILLALDEHYDE
CHO
H3C CH3
PHELLANDRAL
=ALCOHOLICEXAMPLEα-TERPINEOLMENTHOL
CH3
H3C CH3
OH
CH3
H3C CH3
OH
2.SESQUITERPENESEXAMPLEZINGIBERENE
CH3
CH3H3C
CH3
3.DITERPENESEXAMPLESVITAMINESMANOOLPODOCARPIC ACID
4.TRITERPENOIDSEXAMPLESSQUALENE
5.TETRACYCLICEXAMPLESLANOSTEROLAGNOSTEROL
6.PENTACYCLICα-AMYRINβ-AMYRIN
Dioscorea
Synonym: Rheumatism root, yam
Biological source: It consists of the dried tubers of Dioscorea deltoidea,D.composita belonging to the family Dioscoreaceae.
Geographical distribution: D.deltoidea is grown in U.S and Mexico .It is cultivated from Nepal to an altitude of 3000-10,000 ft.
Chemical constituents:
The main active constitute are diosgenin.The other consists are starch and phenolic compounds.
chemistry
Mechanism
Uses:
1.In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteosarcoma.It is said to cause apoptosis of synoviocytes by cox-2 upregulation.
2.Diosgenin is used for the synthesis of important drugs e.g. oral contraceptives and corticosteroids.
3.It is also said to have hypocholestremic effects.
Solanum khasianum
Biological source: It consists of the dried and full grown berries of Solanum khasianum belonging to the family Solanaceae.
Geographical distribution: Grows on the Khasia mountains in Assam.
Chemical constituents:It consists of the steroidal saponin solasonine which has the Aglycone solasodine present in it.Solakhasianin and diosgenin are the other aglycones present.
Uses
1.It has several glucocorticoids like effects since it increases its levels by binding to adrenal glands.
2.A dose of 5mg/kg causes short acting cerebral stimulation and improves reflex activity.
3.They also have selective cytotoxic effects against cancer cells.
4. It is a hypocholestremic and anti atherosclerotic.
Shatavari
Synonym: Shatamuli
Biological source:
It consists of the dried roots and leaves of the naturally occuring plant known as Asparagus racemosus,family: liliaceae.
Geographical distribution:
It is widely distributed throughout the tropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia .In India , its found in the Himalyan range at an altitude of 4000-4500 ft. It is wildly grown in the dry and deciduous forests of Maharashtra.
Chemical constituentsThe active constituteShatavarin 1-4 which are present to the extent of 0.2%Shatavarin 1 is the most important constituent.
Uses:1. Galactagogue
2. It is used as a cytoprotective because it can reduce drug induced fibrosis e.g bleomycin causes intra alveolar fibrosis.
3. In the management of nervine disorders ,Rheumatism.
4. Widely used in threatened abortion.
5. It helps digestion.
6. It has anti bacterial effects due to 9,10 dihydrophenanthrene ring.
GINSENG
Synonym: Panax, pannag.Biological source: Ginseng is the dried root of different naturally occuring species of Panax , namely Panax ginseng or Aralia quinquefolia .Family: araliaceae.
Geographical distribution:
Found extensively in Korea, Russia and China .Commercially it is cultivated in Japan, Canada and U.S.
It has two variety1.Red ginseng2.White ginseng
Chemical constitute :It comprises of triterpenoid saponins which may be steroidal or pentacyclic.3 major components include
1. Ginsenosides
2. Panaxosides
3. Chikusetsu saponins.
PANAXIDES
Decomposition
OLEANOLIC ACID + PANAXADIOL + PANAXATRIOL
Uses:1. In chinese system , ginseng is used as a general tonic, stimulant ,carminative and diuretic activities.2. Used for the treatment of diabetes, insomnia, gastritis and neurasthenia.3. It is known to enhance natural resistance and overcome exhaustion.4. It can be used in coronary artery disease and to lower blood pressure.5. It is also used for maintenance of bone.
Liqourice
Synonym: Glycyrrhiza, liquorice root.
Biological source: It consists of the dried , peeled or unpeeled roots or stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra.Family : leguminosae.
Geographical distribution:
It is grown in the sub-himalayan regions and in baluchistan.It is cultivated in large scale in Spain, Sicily and Yorkshire.
Chemical constituents:It consists of saponin glycosides known as Glycyrrhin. Glycyrrhizin hydrolysis
glycyrrhetinic acid + 2 glucuronic acid
Glycyrrhetinic acid is of the beta amyrin type.Other chemical constituents present are umbelliferone,herniarin,liqueritin, isoliqueritin, rhanoliqueretin etc..
Uses:1.Glycyrrhizin has demulscent and expectorant properties.
2.It is used as a masking agent for bitter tasting drugs like quinine,aloes etc……
3.Ammonium glycyrrhizinate is used as a flavouring agent in confectionaries and beverages.
Reference1. Text book of pharmacognosy by Trease and evans 13 th edition page no:491-5012. Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology by Ashutoshkar 2nd edition page no:183-1943. www.wikipedia.com.
