tridim lawsuit over cover flow
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8/9/2019 TriDim Lawsuit Over Cover Flow
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Steven T. Lowe, Esq. SBN [email protected] LeFan, Esq., SBN [email protected] & ASSOCIATES, P.C.11400 Olympic Blvd., Suite 640Los Angeles, CA 90064
Telephone: (310) 477-5811Facsimile: (310) 477-7672
Hao Ni ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] Wang ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] Neal Massand ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] NI, WANG & MASSAND, PLLC8140 Walnut Hill Lane, Suite 310Dallas, TX 75231Telephone: (972) 331-4600Facsimile: (972) 314-0900
Attorneys for Plainti ffTriDim I nnovations, LLC
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTFOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
TriDim Innovations, LLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
Apple, Inc.
Defendant.
Case No.
COMPLAINT FOR PATENTINFRINGMENT
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
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Plaintiff TriDim Innovations, LLC (“TriDim” or “Plaintiff ”) files this Complaint for
patent infringement against Defendant Apple Inc. (“Apple” or “Defendant”) alleging as follows:
PARTIES
1. Plaintiff TriDim is a Virginia limited liability company having a principal place of
business at 5105 Claybank Lane, Centerville, VA 20120.
2. On information and belief, Defendant Apple is a corporation organized and
existing under the laws of the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 1
Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014. On information and belief, Apple may be served via its
registered agent, CT Corporation System, 818 West Seventh St., 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, CA
90017.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
3. This action arises under the patent laws of the United States, Title 35 of the United
States Code. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and
1338(a).
4. Venue is proper in this district under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(c) and 1400(b). On
information and belief, Apple has transacted business in this district, and has committed acts of
patent infringement in this district.
5. On information and belief, Apple is subject to this Court’s specific and genera
personal jurisdiction pursuant to due process and/or the California Long Arm Statute, due at leas
to its substantial business in this forum, including: (i) at least a portion of the infringements
alleged herein; and (ii) regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses
of conduct, and/or deriving substantial revenue from goods and services provided to individuals
in California and in this Judicial District.
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COUNT I
INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 5,838,326
6.
TriDim is the owner by assignment of United States Patent No. 5,838,326 (“the
’326 Patent”) entitled “System for Moving Document Objects in a 3-D Workspace.” The ’326
Patent issued on November 17, 1998. A true and correct copy of the ’326 Patent is attached as
Exhibit A.
7. Upon information and belief, Apple has been and is now infringing the ’326 Patent
in the State of California, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United States, by, among
other things, directly or through intermediaries, making, using, importing, providing, supplying
distributing, selling, and/or offering for sale products that infringe one or more claims of the ’326
Patent. Apple products that infringe one or more claims of the ’326 Patent include, but are not
limited to, Apple’s products that (1) use the iOS7 and iOS8 operating systems and include the
Safari browser, (2) incorporate the “Cover Flow” user interface, and (3) include “Time Machine.”
Apple is directly infringing, literally infringing, and/or infringing the ’326 Patent under the
doctrine of equivalents. Apple is thus liable for infringement of the ’326 Patent pursuant to 35
U.S.C. § 271.
8. As a result of Apple’s infringement of the ’326 Patent, TriDim has suffered
monetary damages and is entitled to a money judgment in an amount adequate to compensate for
Apple’s infringement, but in no event less than a reasonable royalty for the use made of the
invention by Apple, together with interest and costs as fixed by the court,
and TriDim wil
continue to suffer damages in the future unless Apple’s infringing activities are enjoined by this
Court.
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9. Apple has induced and continues to induce infringement of the ’326 Patent by
intending that others uses, offer for sale, or sell in the United States, products and/or methods
covered by one or more claims of the ’326 Patent, including, but not limited to , Apple’s products
that (1) use the iOS7 and iOS8 operating systems and include the Safari browser, (2) incorporate
the “Cover Flow” user interface, and (3) include “Time Machine.” Apple provides these products
to others, such as customers, resellers and end-use consumers, who, in turn, use, offer for sale, or
sell in the United States Apple’s products that infringe one or more claims of the ’326 Patent.
10. Apple indirectly infringes the ’326 Patent by inducing infringement by others,
such as resellers, customers and end-use consumers, in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 271(b) in this
District and elsewhere in the United States. Direct infringement is a result of the activities
performed by the resellers, customers and end-use consumers of Apple’s products that infringe
one or more claims of the ‘326 Patent.
11. Apple has known of the ’326 Patent at least as early as December 17, 2009 , when
Apple disclosed the ’326 Patent in an Information Disclosure Statement during the prosecution of
U.S. Patent No. 7,705,858. In fact, the ’326 Patent has been referenced as prior art in 23 patents
that were issued to Apple and relate to Apple’s “Cover Flow” user interface, including U.S
Patent Nos. 8,584,543; 8,587,528; and 8,736,557.
12. Apple additionally received notice of the ’326 Patent at least as of the date this
lawsuit was filed.
13. Apple’s affirmative acts of selling products that infringe one or more claims of the
‘326 Patent, causing such products to be manufactured and distributed, and providing instructions
for using such products, induce Apple’s resellers, customers and end-use consumers to use such
products in their normal and customary way to infringe one or more claims of the ’326 Patent.
Apple performs the acts that constituted infringement, and induce actual infringement, with the
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knowledge of the ’326 Patent and with the knowledge or willful blindness that the induced acts
constitute infringement.
14. Apple specifically intends for others, such as resellers, customers, and end-use
consumers, to directly infringe one or more claims of the ’326 Patent, or, alternativel y, has been
willfully blind to the possibility that its inducing acts would cause infringement. By way of
example, and not as a limitation, Apple induces such infringement by its affirmative action by,
among other things: (a) providing advertising on the benefits of using products that infringe one
or more claims of the ’326 Patent, including in marketing of the “Cover Flow” user interface, the
Safari browser and “Time Machine”; (b) providing instructions on how to use the “Cover Flow”
user interface, the Safari Browser, and “Time Machine” in Apple’s products; and (c) providing
hardware and software components required by the claims of the ’326 Patent.
15. Accordingly, a reasonable inference is that Apple specifically intends for others,
such as resellers, customers and end-use consumers, to directly infringe one or more claims of the
’326 Patent in the United States because Apple has knowledge of the ’326 Patent at least as of the
date this lawsuit was filed, or December 17, 2009, and Apple actually induces others, such as
resellers, customers and end-use consumers, to directly infringe the ’326 Patent by using, selling,
and/or distributing, within the United States, products that infringe one or more claims of the ’326
Patent.
16. As a result of Apple’s acts of inf ringement, TriDim has suffered and will continue
to suffer damages in an amount to be proved at trial.
COUNT II
INFRINGEMENT OF U.S. PATENT NO. 5,847,709
17. TriDim is the owner by assignment of United States Patent No. 5,847,709 (“the
’709 Patent”) entitled “3-D Document Workspace with Focus, Immediate and Tertiary Spaces .”
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The ’709 Patent issued on December 8, 1998. A true and correct copy of the ’709 Patent is
attached as Exhibit B.
18. Upon information and belief, Apple has been and is now infringing the ’709 Paten
in the State of California, in this judicial district, and elsewhere in the United States, by, among
other things, directly or through intermediaries, making, using, importing, providing, supplying
distributing, selling, and/or offering for sale products that infringe one or more claims of the ’709
Patent. Apple products that infringe one or more claims of the ’709 Patent include, but are not
limited to, Apple’s products that (1) use the iOS7 and iOS8 operating systems and include the
Safari browser, (2) incorporate the “Cover Flow” user interface, and (3) include “Time Machine.”
Apple is directly infringing, literally infringing, and/or infringing the ’709 Patent under the
doctrine of equivalents. Apple is thus liable for infringement of the ’709 Patent pursuant to 35
U.S.C. § 271.
19. Apple has known of the ’709 Patent at least as early as August 4, 2014 when
Apple disclosed the ’709 Patent in an Information Disclosure Statement during the prosecution of
U.S. Patent No. 8,893,046, which relates to Apple’s products. Additionally, Apple disclosed the
’709 Patent on August 5, 2014 in an Information Disclosure Statement during the prosecution of
U.S. Patent No. 8,910,072, which relates to Apple’s Safari products.
20. Apple additionally received notice of the ’709 Patent at least as of the date this
lawsuit was filed.
21. As a result of Apple’s acts of infringement, TriDim has suffered and will continue
to suffer damages in an amount to be proved at trial.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, TriDim respectfully requests that this Court enter judgment in its favor and grant
the following relief:
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1. A judgment in favor of TriDim that Apple has infringed the ’326, and ’709
Patents;
2. A permanent injunction enjoining Apple and its officers, directors, agents servants
affiliates, employees, divisions, branches, subsidiaries, parents, and all others acting in
active
concert therewith from infringement of the ’326 and ’709 Patents, or such other equitable relief
the Court determines is warranted;
3. A judgment and order requiring Apple pay to TriDim its damages, costs, expenses
and prejudgment and post-judgment interest for Apple’s infringement of the ’326 and ’709
Patents as provided under 35 U.S.C. § 284, and an accounting of ongoing post-judgment
infringement;
4. Any and all other relief, at law or equity, to which TriDim may show itself to be
entitled.
DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
TriDim, under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, requests a trial by jury of
any issues so triable by right.
DATED: January _ 20 _, 2015 /s/ Kris Le Fan Steven T. Lowe, Esq. SBN [email protected] LeFan, Esq., SBN [email protected] & ASSOCIATES, P.C.11400 Olympic Blvd., Suite 640Los Angeles, CA 90064Telephone: (310) 477-5811
Facsimile: (310) 477-7672
Hao Ni ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] Wang ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] Neal Massand ( pro hac vice to be submitted)[email protected] NI, WANG & MASSAND, PLLC8140 Walnut Hill Lane, Suite 310Dallas, TX 75231
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Telephone: (972) 331-4600Facsimile: (972) 314-0900
Attorneys for TriDimTriDim I nnovations, LLC
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Exhibit A
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USOO5838326A
Ulllted States
Patent
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N o v .
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5 , 8 3 8 , 3 2 6
1
SYSTEM
FOR MOVING
DOCUMENT
OBJECTS IN -D WORKSP CE
CROSS
REFERENCE
TO REL TED
PPLIC TION
T h e p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o
c o - p e n d i n g
US.
p a t e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n
S e r .
N o .
0 8 / 7 2 1 , 2 9 3 ,
e n t i t l e d “3D Docu
m e n t W o r k s p a c e W i t h
F o c u s ,
D e s kt o p , a n d B o o k c a s e
s p a c e s ” ? l e d
c o n c u r r e n t l y W i t h t h e p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n .
FIELD
OF THE INVENTION
The
p r e s en t i n v e n t i o n i s
r e l a t e d
t o
t h e
? e l d
o f c o m p u t e r
u s e r i n t e r f a c e s , and i n p a r t i c u l a r , a u s e r
i n t e r f a c e
f o r d i s
p l a y i n g a n d
n a v i g a t i n g
t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i o n s o f r e l a t e d
d o c u
ments.
B CKGROUND
Access t o and u s e o f e l e c t r o n i c documents
i s
groWing a t
a
v e r y
e x p l o s i v e
p a c e .
To
f a c i l i t a t e
u s e
o f l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n s
o f
e l e c t r o n i c
d o c u m e n t s ,
neW t e c h n i q u e s f o r
q u e r y i n g a n d
v i s u a l i Z i n g
t h e
c o n t e n t o f s u c h
c o l l e c t i o n s
a r e b e i n g d e v e l
o p e d .
F o r
e x a m p l e , US. P a t .
N o .
5 ,
5 4 6 , 5 2 9
d e s c r i b e s a
t e c h n i q u e
f o r v i e W i n g t h e r e s u l t s
o f
a d a t a b a s e s e a r c h t h a t
h a s been m a ppe d
t o
a t r e e
s t r u c t u r e .
T h e t r e e s t r u c t u r e i s
v i s u a l l y
mapped a l o n g
a
s t a t i c r e f e r e n c e s u r f a c e
h a v i n g
s e p a r a t e
d e t a i l
and c o n t e x t
a r e a s .
One s o u r c e
o f
t h e groWth
o f a c c e s s t o e l e c t r o n i c
docu
m e n t s
i s
t h e I n t e r n e t , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e f a c e t
o f
t h e
I n t e r n e t kn o Wn a s t h e
World-Wide-Web
r e f e r r e d t o
s i m p l y
a s t h e Web). The W e b
p r o v i d e s
a means f o r
making
m u l t i
media s t y l e d
documents
o v e r t h e I n t e r n e t . These documents
a r e
t e r m e d
We b
p a g e s
h e r e i n a f t e r
p a g e s ) .
P a g e s may
r e f e r
t o
and
p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o o t h e r
pages
on
t h e W eb.
Each page
has a s s o c i a t e d With i t an i d e n t i ? e r
termed
a
Un ifo rm
R e s o u r c e L o c a t o r U R L ) .
a g e
i s
a c c e s s e d
b y s p e c i f y i n g
i t ’ s URL. The c o n t e n t s
o f
a page i s s p e c i ? e d i n a document
f o r m a t t i n g
l a n g u a g e knoWn a s t h e H y p e r - T e x t Mark-Up
Language HTML).
e f e r e n c e t o a n o t h e r p a g e
on
t h e W e b
i s termed a l i n k . Links m a y b e s p e c i ? e d i n
e i t h e r
a b s o l u t e o r
r e l a t i v e t e r m s . Alink s p e c i ? e d i n
a b s o l u t e
t e r m s r e f e r s
t o
i t ’ s
e n t i r e URL.
i n k
speci?ed i n r e l a t i v e t e r m s assumes a
c e r t a i n p o r t i o n
o f
t h e
URL s
t h e same
a s
t h e
e x i s t i n g p a g e .
The
s p e c i ? c a t i o n i s t h u s
r e l a t i v e
t o
t h e URL f
t h e
page on
Which t i s
d e ? n e d .
T o access a n d vi eW a d o c u m e n t o n
t h e W eb,
a
Web
b r o W s e r i s
n e e d e d .
Web
r o W s e r
p r o v i d e s
s e a r c h ,
t r a v e r s a l
and vieWing
f u n c t i o n s
needed
t o a c c e s s
documents on t h e
Web. V a r i o u s
W e b
b r o W s e r s
e x i s t
f o r t h e
Web,
. g . N e t S c a p e
a v a i l a b l e
f r o m N e t S c a p e , I n c . o f M o u n t a i n V i e W , C a l i f o r n i a .
T r a v e r s i n g
t h r o u g h d o c u m e n t s
c o n t a i n e d
on t h e W e b i s
s i m i l a r t o f o l l o W i n g a p a t h
t h r o u g h
a n e t W o r k . S i n c e e a c h
p a g e m a y c o n t a i n l i n k s t o ma ny o t h e r p a g e s ,
t r a v e r s i n g
t h r o u g h t h e p a g e s i s a s i m p l e
m a t t e r
o f f o l l o W i n g t h e l i n k s .
Most We b b r o W s e r s p r o v i d e
c o n t r o l s f o r
g o i n g
b a c k W a r d s
a n d
f o r W a r d s i n t h e l i s t o f
l i n k s .
They
a l s o
m a i n t a i n
a h i s t o r y
l i s t o f t h e
l i n k s
t o e n a b l e
jumping
d i r e c t l y t o a s p e c i ? c
p r e v i o u s l y v i e W e d
p a g e .
M o s t p u b l i c l y
a v a i l a b l e
Web
roWsers
o p e r a t e
on a
com
p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m h a v i n g a g r a p h i c a l u s e r
i n t e r f a c e
W i t h
m u l t i p l e
W i n d o W s .
T y p i c a l l y ,
s u c h Web
b r o W s e r s
o p e r a t e
s u c h
t h a t
a
W i n d o W
ma y d i s p l a y
o n l y o n e
p a g e
a t
a
t i m e .
M u l t i p l e
p a g e s a r e vieWed by o p e n i n g
10
1 5
25
35
45
55
2
p r o v i d e
r e n d e r i n g m e a n s f o r v i e W i n g a u d i o , v i d e o a n d
g r a p h i c a l p o r t i o n s o f
documents
a s
W e l l
a s a g r a p h i c a l u s e r
i n t e r f a c e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g
a c c e s s
t o d o c u m e n t s . The
g r a p h i c a l
u s e r
i n t e r f a c e i s t y p i c a l l y o n e
Which p r o v i d e s f o r v er t i c a l
a n d
h o r i Z o n t a l
s c r o l l i n g
v i a s c r o l l b a r s
a n d
p o i n t
a n d
c l i c k
manipulation
o f
a
c u r s o r
c o n t r o l
d e v i c e
t o
invoke broW ser
o p e r a t i o n s eg t o t r a v e r s e l i n k s .
C o l o r , u n d e r l i n i n g o r
r e v e r s e
v i d e o a r e t e c h n i q u e s
used
t o
i n d i c a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
a link
on
a
page.
R e l a t e d m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e :
D e c k s c a p e :
A n
E x p e r i m e n t a l Web B r o w s e r ,
Marc H .
Bro Wn
a n d R o b e r t
A . S h i l l n e r , DEC
S y s t e m s
R e s e a r c h
C e n t e r
R e p o r t 1 3 5 a , M a r .
1 ,
1 9 9 5 . T h e D e c k S c a p e Web
broWser
u t i l i Z e s
t h e
metaphor o f a deck
a s
a
c o l l e c t i o n
o f
Web
a g e s . Only
one Web
page o n
a
deck
i s v i s i b l e a t one
t i m e , a l t h o u g h
m u l t i p l e d e c k s may b e v i s i b l e .
D e c k S c a p e
i s
a l s o m u l t i - t h r e a d e d s o t h a t e a c h deck
m a y
be
“ a c t i v e ” ,
e . g .
doWnloading a g e s , a t
t h e
same t i m e .
A d e c k
m a y
b e c r e a t e d
based
o n
a t r a v e r s a l through
t h e Web r
a s
t h e r e s u l t
of an
o p e r a t i o n
s u c h
a s
“ e x p a n d a l l
t h e l i n k s
o n
t h i s
p a g e . ”
US. P a t . N o .
5 , 4 9 9 , 3 3 0
e n t i t l e d Document D i s p l a y S y s
t e m For
O r g a n i z i n g A n d D i s p l a y i n g Documents A s S c r e e n
O b j e c t s
O r g a n i z e d A l o n g S t r a n d
P a t h s . As
d e s c r i b e d i n
t h e
A b s t r a c t ,
t h i s r e f e r e n c e s
d i s c l o s e s
a s y s t e m f o r d i s p l a y i n g
documents i n a c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y d e v i c e . “The
s y s t e m d i s p l a y s
d o c u m e n t s e i t h e r
i n
a
c o m p l e t e l y
f r e e - f o r m ,
a
u s e r c o n t r o l l e d
con?guration
o r
a s s t r a n d s , such
t h a t
documents i n a
s t r a n d
f o l l o W a
s t r a n d
p a t h .
The s t r a n d
p a t h
i s a tWo dimensional l i n e through a
t h r e e
dimensional
d i s p l a y
s p a c e .
The documents
d i s p l a y e d
on t h e
s t r a n d
a r e
kn o W n
a s c h i l d
documents, and e a c h
s t r a n d a l s o
h a s
a p a r e n t
document. V a r i o u s c o n s t r a i n t s
de?ning
t h e s t r a n d
a r e
a s s o
c i a t e d
W i t h
t h e
p a r e n t d o c u m e n t , i n c l u d i n g a
s t r a n d
f u n c t i o n
d e ? n i n g
t h e
s t r a n d
p a t h ,
minimum
a n d
maximum
e p a r a t i o n
c o n s t r a i n t s d e ? n i n g
t h e d i s t a n c e
b e t W e e n t h e c h i l d d o c u
ments on t h e
s t r a n d ,
a n d
a n
o r i g i n c o n s t r a i n t
d e ? n i n g t h e
p o s i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s hi p o f
t h e s t r a n d
p a t h t o
t h e
s c r e e n
o b j e c t
o f t h e
p a r e n t
d o c u m e n t . ”
A
‘ P i l e ’ M e t a p h o r f o r S u p p o r t i n g
C a s u a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f
I n f o r m a t i o n ,
R i c h a r d
M a n d e r , G i t t a S a l o m a n , Y i n Y i n
Wong, C h i ’ 9 2
C o n f e r e n c e
P r o c e e d i n g s , CM
o n f e r e n c e
on Hu m a n F a c t o r s
i n
Computing S y s t e m s , p g s 6 2 7 — 6 3 4 ,
M a y
3 — 7 , 1 9 9 2 . T h i s a r t i c l e d e s c r i b e s t h e
d e s i g n
a n d
d e v e l
opment
o f a
d e s k t o p i n t e r f a c e
e l e m e n t
r e f e r r e d t o a s p i l e s .
P i l e s r e p r e s e n t s e t s
o f
r e l a t e d
d o c u m e n t s .
These p i l e s a r e
a n a l o g o u s t o
s t a c k s o f p a p e r o f t e n found
i n
a
p e r s o n s o f ? c e
o r Workspace. P i l e s We re observed
t o
have t h e
u s e f u l
prop
e r t i e s
o f
b e i n g
a l e s s r i g i d
c a t e g o r i Z a t i o n
s y s t e m a n d
t o
b e
s e l f - r e v e a l i n g a n d
b r o W s a b l e . T h e d e s c r i b e d d e s i g n
i n c l u d e s
d i r e c t
m a n i p u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s
a n d
s u p p o r t
f o r
b r o W s i n g ,
a u t o m a t i c p i l e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e o r g a n i Z a t i o n .
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n
i n
V i r t u a l
S p a c e :
W i s u a l C o n v e n t i o n
i n t h e
G r a p h i c a l U s e r I n t e r f a c e ,
L o r e t t a S t a p l e s ,
Human a c t o r s i n
Computing Systems
INTERCHI’93
Conference
P r o c e e d i n g s , p g s 3 4 8 — 3 5 4 , A p r . 2 4 — 2 9 1 9 9 3 . T h i s a r t i c l e s
d e s c r i b e s
t h e
use o f t h r e e dimensional v i s u a l cues o f p e r
s p e c t i v e and l i g h t i n g , i n t h e
c o n t e x t
o f ? a t o r tWo
dimensional
Workspace.
T h e use of
transparency a s a
m e a n s
o f e n h a n c i n g
t h e W o r k s p a c e i s
a l s o
d e s c r i b e d . e s k t o p
“ l a n d s c a p e ” i s
p r o p o s e d
t h a t i s d i v i d e d by a h o r i Z o n l i n e
d e n o t i n g
tWo s e p a r a t e a r e a s : a n a c t i v e f o r e g r o u n d
s p a c e a n d
a
p a s s i v e
b a c k g r o u n d
s p a c e .
SUMM RY OF
THE
INVENTION
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5 , 8 3 8 , 3 2 6
3
v i d u a l
document
o r a
document
c o l l e c t i o n . The
document
W o r k s p a c e
h a s
b e e n i m p l e m e n t e d f o r u s e
t o
d i s p l a y a n d
i n t e r a c t W i t h
d o c u m e n t s , t y p i c a l l y
Web
p a g e s ,
t h a t h a v e b e e n
doWnloaded from t h e World Wide Web. However, t h e docu
ment
Workspace s a l s o s u i t a b l e f o r
u s e
t o d i s p l a y documents
o r
document
c o l l e c t i o n s
o b t a i n e d
from o t h e r
s o u r c e s
eg
from a CD-ROM).
Document
c o l l e c t i o n s a r e t y p i c a l l y i n t h e
form o f
WebBoo k s o r
p i l e s .
WebBoo k s a r e document c o l
l e c t i o n s
t h a t a r e r e p r e s e n t e d
t o
a u s e r
u s i n g
a book m e t a p h o r .
A
i l e i s a
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f a
document
c o l l e c t i o n t h a t
r e s e m b l e s
a
p i l e
o f
p a p e r
c o n t a i n e d
i n a
p a p e r t r a y . Apile
i s
c r e a t e d by moving o n e document o b j e c t on
t o a n o t h e r
d o c u m e n t o b j e c t .
T h e
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e i s
d i v i d e d h i e r a r c h i c a l l y
i n
t e r m s o f i n t e r a c t i o n
r a t e s . o c u s
s p a c e i s Where
d i r e c t
i n t e r a c t i o n
With a document
o b j e c t
o c c u r s . The
i n t e r a c t i o n s
o c c u r s
i n
a manner s u i t a b l e f o r t h e document o b j e c t i n t h e
f o c u s
s p a c e . The
f o c u s s p a c e i s g e n e r a l l y t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
d i s p l a y
a r e a
A n
i m m e d i a t e
memory s p a c e
i s
f o r
p l a c i n g
document
o b j e c t s
t h a t
a r e
i n
u s e ,
b u t
n o t c u r r e n t l y
b e i n g
i n t e r a c t e d W i t h . V i s u a l l y
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e t h e
immediate memo r y
s p a c e i s d i v i d e d
i n t o
a n
“ a i r ”
s p a c e
and
a
“ d e s k ” . The d e s k i s
a
f a m i l i a r
metaphor f o r p l a c i n g
documents on
t h a t
a r e
n o t
c u r r e n t l y
b e i n g v i e W e d ,
b u t a r e i n
u s e . The “ a i r ” i s l o c a t e d
“ b e h i n d ”
t h e f o c u s s p a c e . The “ a i r ”
i s f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n t o s u b a r e a s . Each o f t h e s u b a r e a s c o r
r e s p o n d s t o a d i s t a n c e b a c k i . e . i n t h e Z - d i r e c t io n ) i n W h i c h
t h e d o c u m e n t o b j e c t i s p o s i t i o n e d .
T h e
f u r t h e r b a c k , t h e
s m a l l e r
t h e
s i Z e o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
t h e d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t .
A e r t i a r y s p a c e i s W h e r e many
document
o b j e c t s , eg
WebBooks
and
f r e q u e n t ly r e f e r e n c e d
documents
t h a t a r e n o t
c u r r e n t l y
i n
u s e may b e
p o s i t i o n e d .
The
t e r t i a r y
s p a c e i s
v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d a s a
b o o k s h e l f .
Moving d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e i s
f a c i l i t a t e d
by a
t o u c h a n d d r o p g e s t u r e . W hen
a document
o b j e c t i s t o u c h e d ,
and a
b u t t o n
on
t h e a s s o c i a t e d c u r s o r
c o n t r o l d e v i c e r e m a i n s d e p r e s s e d , a l i n e i s draWn
o i n d i c a t e
Where t h e o b j e c t
i s
t o b e
d r o p p e d .
T h i s h e l p s f a c i l i t a t e
a
d e t e r m i n a t i o n
o f
W h e r e
t h e document
o b j e c t i s
t o
b e p l a c e d .
Document
o b j e c t s may a l s o
b e
? i c k e d
t o t h e i m m e d i a t e
a n d
t e r t i a r y
a r e a s s o a s
t o p e r m i t r a p i d
movement
o f t h e docu
m e n t o b j e c t s .
BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
OF THE DRAWINGS
F I G .
1
i s
a
b l o c k d i a g r a m o f
a computer c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m as
may
b e u t i l i Z e d i n
t h e c u r r e n tl y p r e f e r r e d embodi
ment
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
F I G .
2a i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d e f a u l t vieW
o f
t h e document
W o r k s p a c e
o f
t h e
c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t o f t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n .
F I G .
2b
i l l u s t r a t e s t h e
d e f a u l t
vieW
o f
t h e
document
Workspace
With
a
r e c e i v e d
page
a r e a .
F I G . 3 i s a n
i l l u s t r a t i o n
o f
a
vieW s hoWing t h e t e r t i a r y
s p a c e
i . e . t h e b o o k c a s e ) i n t h e f o c u s s p a c e
o f
t h e
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e .
FIGS. 4—5 i l l u s t r a t e a t o u c h d r o p g e s t u r e
a s m a y
be
p e r f o r m e d i n t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e
o f
t h e
c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
FIGS. 6—7
i l l u s t r a t e
t h e
c o n t e X t
s e n s i t i v e n a t u r e
o f
t h e
t o u c h d r o p
g e s t u r e a s
may
b e p e r f o r m e d
i n t h e
document
W o r k s p a c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t
o f t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
4
FIGS.
10—12 i l l u s t r a t e t h e c r e a t i o n
o f p i l e s a s
m a y
b e
p e r f o r m e d
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
DETAILED
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
INVENTION
A
o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m f o r d i s p l a y i n g a
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l document Worksp ace
s
d i s c l o s e d . One o r
more documents o b j e c t s a r e p r e s e n t
i n
t h e document Work
s p a c e .
The p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n p r o v i d e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n W i t h
t h e
c o l l e c t i o n s , e . g . v i e W i n g , m o v i n g a n d s t o r i n g , W h i l e
b a l a n c i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y t r a d e o f f s o f r a p i d a c c e s s , number o f
c o l l e c t i o n s a n d
a s s o c i a t e d
d o c u m e n t s , and a v a i l a b l e s c r e e n
s p a c e .
T h e c u r r e nt l y p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t o f t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e n
t i o n i s i m p l e m e n t e d f o r
u s e
W i t h c o l l e c t i o n s
o f
p a g e s
i . e .
d o c u m e n t s )
o b t a i n e d
f r o m
t h e
p o r t i o n o f
t h e I n t e r n e t
knoWn
a s t h e
World Wide
Web h e r e i n af t e r t h e
W e b ) .
H o W e v e r ,
t
s h o u l d b e
n o t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
i s
n o t l i m i t e d t o
u s e
on
t h e
Web
and m a y be
u t i l i Z e d
i n any system Which
p r o v i d e s a c c e s s t o
c o l l e c t i o n s
o f d o c u m e n t s .
F o r e X a m p l e ,
t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n m a y b e u s e d i n a s y s t e m W h e r e i n
documents a r e o b t a i n e d through a CD ROM
e d i a .
The
f o l l o W i n g terms de?ned
h e r e i n
a r e
f a m i l i a r
t o u s e r s o f
t h e
W e b
a n d t a k e
on
t h e s e
f a m i l i a r m e a n i n g s :
World-Wide
W e b
o r Web: The p o r t i o n
o f
t h e I n t e r n e t
t h a t
i s
used
t o s t o r e
and
a c c e s s l i n k e d multi-media documents.
P a g e :
A ocument a c c e s s i b l e
on
t h e Web. A age m a y
have multi-media c o n t e n t a s Well a s r e l a t i v e and a b s o l u t e
l i n k s t o
o t h e r
p a g e s .
L i n k : An n d i c a t o r on a Web age Which r e f e r s t o a n o t h e r
W eb
p a g e
a n d Which c a n
t y p i c a l l y
b e r e t r i e v e d i n a p o i n t a n d
c l i c k f a s h i o n . The L i n k W i l l s p e c i f y t h e Uniform R e s o u r c e
L o c a t o r URL)
o f t h e
o t h e r
Web p a g e .
Web BroWser o r BroWser: o o l
Which
enables a user t o
t r a v e r s e
t h r o u g h
a n d
vieW documents r e s i d i n g
on t h e
Web.
O t h e r r e n d e r i n g
means a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h
t h e BroWser W i l l
p e r m i t l i s t e n i n g t o
a u d i o
p o r t i o n s o f a document
o r
v i e W i n g
v i d e o o r
image p o r t i o n s
o f a
d o c u m e n t .
WebBook: A
e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
a n a g g r e g a t i o n
o f W eb
p a g e s Which p r o v i d e s
r a p i d
l o c a l
i n t e r a c t i o n . WebBooks
a r e
d e s c r i b e d i n
f u r t h e r
i n c o - p e n d i n g
a p p l i c a t i o n
S e r .
N o .
0 8 / 5 2 5 , 9 3 6 e n t i t l e d “ D i s p l a y
S y s t e m F o r
D i s p l a y i n g L i s t s
Of
L i n k e d
D o c u m e n t s ” ? l e d S e p .
8 , 1 9 9 5 , W h i c h i s
a s s i g n e d
t o
t h e
same a s s i g n e e
o f t h e
p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n
a n d Which s
h e r e b y
i n c o r p o r a t e d
b y
r e f e r e n c e .
D o c u m e n t
O b j e c t o r O b j e c t : Any
r a p h i c a l
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f a n
e n t i t y ,
eg
a
page
o r
WebBook,
i n
t h e document
W o r k s p a c e .
The c o m p u t e r b a se d s y s t e m on Which t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e
f e r r e d embodiment
o f t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
may b e i m p l e
mented s d e s c r i b e d W i t h r e f e r e n c e t o F I G . 1 .
The
computer
b a s e d
s y s t e m a n d a s s o c i a t e d
o p e r a t i n g
i n s t r u c t i o n s e . g .
s o f t W a r e ) e m b o d y c i r c u i t r y
u s e d
t o
i m p l e m e n t t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n . R e f e r r i n g t o F I G . 1 ,
t h e
c o m p u t e r
b a s e d sy s t e m
i s
c o m p r i s e d o f a p l u r a l i t y o f c o m p o n e n t s c o u p l e d v i a a b u s
1 0 1 .
The
b u s
1 0 1
may
c o n s i s t
o f a p l u r a l i t y o f p a r a l l e l
b u s e s
e . g . a d d r e s s, d a t a
a n d
s t a t u s
b u s e s )
a s W e l l a s a
h i e r a r c h y
o f
b u s e s eg
a
p r o c e s s o r
b u s , a
l o c a l b u s a n d a n I / O b u s ) . I n
a n y
e v e n t , t h e
c o m p u t e r s y s t e m i s
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s e d
o f
a
p r o c e s s o r
1 0 2 f o r e x e c u t i n g
i n s t r u c t i o n s
p r o v i d e d v i a b u s
1 0 1 f r o m I n t e r n a l memory 1 0 3
n o t e
t h a t t h e I n t e r n a l
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5
p a g e s ,
c o n v e r t i n g
eb
p a g e s i n t o a
s u i t a b l e f o r m a t
f o r
d i s p l a y
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e a n d
i n t e r p r e t i n g a n d
c a r r y i n g o u t
movement g e s t u r e s .
I n s t r u c t i o n s
f o r
p e r f o r m i n g
s u c h o p e r a t i o n s a r e r e t r i e v e d
from I n t e r n a l
m e m o ry
1 0 3 .
The
p r o c e s s o r 102 a n d I n t e r n a l m e m o ry 103 may e
d i s c r e t e
components o r
a s i n g l e
i n t e g r a t e d
d e v i c e
s u c h
a s
a n
Appli
c a t i o n
S p e c i ? c a t i o n
I n t e g r a t e d
C i r c u i t A S I C ) c h i p .
Also
c o u p l e d
t o
t h e bus
101
a r e a keyboard
104
f o r
e n t e r i n g
a l p h a n u m e r i c
i n p u t , e X t e r n a l s t o r a g e
1 0 5
f o r s t o r i n g
d a t a ,
a
c u r s o r
c o n t r o l d e v i c e
106
f o r
manipulating
a c u r s o r ,
a d i s p l a y 1 0 7 f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
v i s u a l o u t p u t e . g . t h e d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e ) a n d a
n e t W o r k
c o n n e c t i o n 1 0 8 . The
k e y b o a r d
1 0 4
Would
t y p i c a l l y b e a s t a n d a r d
QWERTY e y b o a r d
b u t
may
a l s o
b e
a
t e l e p h o n e l i k e k e y p a d . The e X t e r n a l s t o r a g e
105 may
b e
?xed o r removable
m a g n e t i c
o r o p t i c a l d i s k
d r i v e . T h e
cursor
c o n t r o l device 106,
eg
a
m o u s e
o r
t r a c k b a l l ,
W i l l t y p i c a l l y
h a v e a b u t t o n
o r
s W i t c h
a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h
i t t o
Which t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n s
c a n b e
p r o g r a m m e d . I n t h e
c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
embodiment
s u c h
a
s W i t c h W i l l have a ? r s t u p p o s i t i o n and a second d o W n
p o s i t i o n
Which
a r e used
t o
s e l e c t
and
m o v e
d ocument
o b j e c t s W i t h i n
t h e document
W o r k s p a c e . The
n e t W o r k c o n
n e c t i o n 108
p r o v i d e s means f o r a t t a c h i n g t o a n e t W o r k , eg
a Local Area NetWor k L A N) c a r d o r
modem
c a r d
W i t h
a p p r o p r i a t e s o f t W a r e .
The
n e t W o r k u l t i m a t el y a t t a c he d t o i s
t h e I n t e r n e t , b u t i t may b e t h r o u g h
i n t e r m e d i a r y
n e t W o r k s
o r
On-Line s e r v i c e s s u c h a s America O n - L i n e , P r o d i g y TM r
CompuServ TM.
T h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t
o f t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e n
t i o n
h a s been
implemented on
a
S i l i c o n
G r a p h i c s W o r k s t a
t i o n
W i t h g r a p h i c s f a c i l i t i e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n SGI G r a p h i c s
L i b r a r y P r o g r a m m i n g
G u i d e , S i l i c o n G r a p h i c s , I n c .
o f
M o u n t a i n V i e W , C a l i f .
The S i l i c o n
G r a p h i c s W o r k s t a t i o n
p r o v i d e s f o r
g e n e r a t i n g
s o f t W a r e
p r o g r a m s W h i c h m a n i p u
l a t e
g r a p h i c a l
o b j e c t s
i n a
t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l
s p a c e , s o
d e s c r i p t i o n o f p r o g r a m m i n g
t e c h n i q u e s f o r
r e n d e r i n g
g r a p h i c a l
o b j e c t s
i n
a t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l
s p a c e
i s n o t d eemed
n e c e s s a r y .
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t i t W o u l d have been
a p p a r e n t
t o
one
o f s k i l l
i n t h e a r t t o
implement
t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n
on o t h e r
s u i t a b l e c o m p u t e r
s y s t e m s p r o v i d i n g f u n c t i o n a l i t y
f o r
m a n i p u l a t i n g g r a p h i c a l
o b j e c t s i n a t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e .
S u c h
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s W o u l d
n o t d e p a r t
f r o m
t h e s p i r i t a n d
s c o p e
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
F i n a l l y ,
t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n i s implemented
on
a
c o m
p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y s y s t e m h a v i n g a G r a p h i c a l
U s e r
I n t e r f a c e G U I ) . O p e r a t i o n s f o r
moving
p a g e s o r p a g e
c o l l e c t i o n s
i n
t h e
GUI
have
been
c r e a t e d
t h a t s u p p o r t
u s e
i n
t h e
Document
W o r k s p a c e .
Such o p e r a t i o n s
a r e
d e s c r i b e d
i n
g r e a t e r
d e t a i l
b e l o W . O t h e r o p e r a t i o n s
a r e invoked i n
a
s i m i l a r f a s h i o n and
perform
a s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n a s i n
k n o W n
GUIs.
For e X a m p l e , t h e a c t o f “ t o u c h i n g ” a document o r
document c o l l e c t i o n i s
a n a l o g o u s
t o “ s e l e c t i o n ” by p o i n t
and c l i c k o p e r a t i o n o f
a
c u r s o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e .
T h e
Document
W o r k s p a c e
The p u r p o s e
o f
t h e document Workspace i s
t o
a l l o W a
l a r g e n u m b e r o f
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s t o b e d i s p l a y e d t o g e t h e r
m i t i g a t i n g
t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e s m a l l
s c r e e n s p a c e )
i n
o r d e r
t o s u p p o r t i n f o r m a t i o n
i n t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s .
I n t e r a c t i o n W i t h
pages i s
s i m i l a r t o t h e f u n c t i o n a l i t y
o f
a Web r o W s e r . The
W o r k s p a c e
s e t s
u p e x p l i c i t l y t h e
c a p a c i t y
f o r s p e e d / a c c e s s
t i m e t r a d e o f f t o a l l o W t u n i n g
f o r s u c h
a c t i v i t i e s . The d e s i g n
aims
t o
p r o v i d e v e r y
r a p i d
a c c e s s
t o
a
s m a l l n u m b e r o f
p a g e s , s m o o t h l y i n t e g r a t e d
W i t h
s l o W e r a c c e s s t o a l a r g e
n u m b e r . P a g e s f o r
o n g o i n g
a c t i v i t i e s m i g r a t e i n t o
t h e
r a p i d
10
1 5
25
35
45
55
6
I t i s a l s o v e r y
u s e f u l
t h a t t h e document
W o r k s p a c e
i s t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l .
Th e v i s u a l cues
i n a
t h r e e
dimensional W o r k
s p a c e
e n a b l e t h e
p l a c e m e n t
o f
a g r e a t e r number
o f
docu
m e n t s i n
p o s i t i o n s
a n d o r i e n t a t i o n s Which a r e re a d i l y a c c e p t
a b l e
t o
t h e u s e r . F u r t h e r , t h e
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
n a t u r e o f t h e
W o r k s p a c e
p r o v i d e
f o r a
much
l a r g e r
W o r k s p a c e
s i n c e
i t
p e r m i t s p l a c e m e n t o f W o r k s p a c e o b j e c t s “ b e h i n d ” o r t h e “ t h e
s i d e ”
o f
t h e
u s e r . T h u s ,
b y
s i m p l y “ t u r n i n g
a
v i e W p o i n t ”
d i f f e r e n t p o r t i o n s o f t h e W o r k s p a c e a r e b r o u g h t i n t o v i e W .
T h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e o f t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
embodiment i s i l l u s t r a t e d W i t h
r e f e r e n c e
t o F I G . 2 a .
I t
s h o u l d b e
n o t e d
t h a t t h e
“ u s e r v i e W ” o f
t h e
W o r k s p a c e
i s t h e
p r i m a r y o r d e f a u l t v i e W . A s
t h e document
W o r k s p a c e
i s
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l , t r a v e r s a l
t h r o u g h t h e W o r k s p a c e i s
p e r
m i t t e d
t o a c h i e v e
d i f f e r e n t v i e W s
o f
t h e W o r k s p a c e .
The
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e i s a r r a n g e d
h i e r a r c h i c a l l y ,
b a s e d o n
i n t e r a c t i o n r a t e s ,
i n t o
t h r e e main l e v e l s :
a F o c u s
S p a c e f o r
t h e d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s
i n a c t i v e u s e ) , I m m e d i a t e Memory
S p a c e
f o r
d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s
i n
u s e )
a n d T e r t i a r y S p a c e f o r
document
o b j e c t s
n o t
i n
u s e ) .
I t
s h o u l d
b e
n o t e d
t h a t
a t
e a c h
o f
t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s , t h e amount
o f d i s p l a y
s p a c e
p e r
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
r o u g h l y c o r r e s p o n d s t o
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s p a c e
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move
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30
document
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o f t h e
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t h e I m m e d i a t e Memory
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p r e s e n t e d “ f a c e - u p ” .
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S p a c e i s W h e r e
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s s u c h
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WebBooks
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i n u s e . F o r e x a m p l e , document
o b j e c t s
t h a t a r e u s e d f o r
r e f e r e n c e
p u r p o s e s
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i n
t h e t e r t i a r y
s p a c e . R e f e r r i n g
t o F I G . 2 a ,
i n
t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
embodiment t h e
t e r t i a r y s p a c e i s
r e p r e s e n t e d a s a bookcase 2 2 0 . I n normal
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e n o u g h
i n f o r m a t i o n
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Web
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t h e
u s e r
“ t o u c h e s ”
one
o f
t h e
WebBoo ks
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pages i n t h e
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i s
a n
a n i m a t i o n
Which shoWs t h e
movement o f
o b j e c t s from
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p e r f o r m m u l t i p l e t a s k s
c o n c u r
r e n t l y . So f o r
e x a m p l e , o n e
document
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b r o u g h t i n t o t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e f o r s u b s e q u e n t i n t e r
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t h e
document W o r k s p a c e o f F I G .
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r e c e i v e d
page
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on
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a Web
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r e q u e s t .
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t h e t e r t i a r y s p a c e , i e t h e
b o o k c a s e ,
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s h o u l d b e p o s i t i o n e d i n t h e
f o c u s
s p a c e .
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e e i t h e r
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u s e r W o r k s p a c e s .
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t h e
b o o k c a s e
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p u b l i c
b o o k c a s e s ) .
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b o o k c a s e
2 2 0
c a u s e s
t h e b o o k c a s e t o ?y t o t h e
f o c u s
s p a c e . T h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
10
1 5
25
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45
55
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d e s p i t e
t h e
movement
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t o
t h e
f o c u s s p a c e
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d i r e c t l y
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d e s k a n d a n y p a g e s
on t h e
d e s k h a v e been r e s i Z e d
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a
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h a s
o c c u r r e d
i s
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t h e
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i s
s u b s t a n t i a t e d by
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b a s i c t y p e s
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hoW
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document o b j e c t
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hoW t h e c o n t e n t
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p r o c e s s e d
f o r
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p o s i t i o n t h e
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c l i c k i n g t h e a s s o c i a t e d
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c a u s e s
t h e do c ument o b j e c t t o
move
t o t h e f o c u s s p a c e , and t o
move
t h e do c ument o b j e c t
p r e v i o u s l y
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d i a t e
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i s o f t e n d e s i r a b l e t o
move
document o b j e c t s
t o
l o c a t i o n s o t h e r t h a n t h e
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eg
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u p a n d
m o v i n g
a r o u n d
a
f o r e g r o u n d
o b j e c t
W o u l d t e n d t o o b s c u r e b a c k g r o u n d o b j e c t s .
To a d d r e s s t h e s e p r o b l e m s ,
a t o u c h
d r o p g e s t u r e
i s p r o
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m e n t W i t h
a
l i n e , a n d t h e n d r o p p i n g t h e o b j e c t b y r e l e a s i n g
t h e c u r s o r c o n tr o l
b u t t o n
a t t h e
end
p o i n t
o f
t h e l i n e .
c o n s t r a i n t
o f
t h e t o u c h - d r o p g e s t u r e i s t h a t t h e e n d p o i n t
o f
t h e l i n e must b e on s o m e o t h e r document o b j e c t o r
a n o t h e r
v i s i b l e o b j e c t i n
t h e
W o r k s p a c e l i k e
t h e
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o f
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d e s k ) .
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mo vement
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i s
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i . e .
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n u l l
o p e r a t i o n ) . T h e ? n a l o p e r a t i o n o f
t h e
t o u c h d r o p
g e s t u r e i s c o n t e X t
s e n s i t i v e .
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t h e bookcase.
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i n
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4 — 5 . R e f e r
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page
202b on
t h e
d e s k i s t o u c h e d u s i n g a
c u r s o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e . While
t h e
s W i t c h
a s s o c i a t e d W i t h t h e
c u r s o r
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d e v i c e r e m a i n s d e p r e s s e d i . e . i s i n t h e s e c o n d
d o W n p o s i t i o n ) ,
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Would
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i n t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d embodi
ment t o i n d i c a t e t h e
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k n o W n
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t e c h n i q u e
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t h e o r i g i n a l
s e l e c t i o n p o i n t
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o f t h e
c u r s o r . I n a n y e v e n t ,
t h e l i n e
401
t e r m i n a t e s a t t h e bookcase 2 2 0 . T e r m i n a t i o n
o c c u r s
by
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W i t h
t h e c u r s o r c o n t r o l
d e v i c e i . e . i s
i n
t h e ? r s t u p p o s i t i o n ) .
R e f e r r i n g
n o W o
F I G .
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t h e p a g e 202b h a s b e e n removed from
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202
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placement o f a
page
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t o F I G . 6 , p a g e 201
i s t o u c h e d
and
t o
b e d r o p p e d o n b o o k c a s e
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i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e
e n d p o i n t o f
l i n e 6 0 1
t o u c h i n g
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i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F I G . 7 W h e r e i n t h e page
201
s
removed
from
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m ov e m e n t
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t h e
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t o
t h e
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a p p e a r s t o ?y
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a n y
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l o c a t i o n a n d p e r f o r m s
a n y a p p r o p r i a t e
a c t i o n s .
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t h i s
c a s e , t h e
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p l a c i n g
t h e page on t h e b o o k c a s e .
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t h e a p p r o
p r i a t e a c t i o n i s
t o
s c a l e
t h e page and
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l o c a t i o n
on t h e bookcase. Another eXample
o f
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s e n
s i t i v e o p e r a t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d b e l o W W i t h
r e s p e c t
t o p l a c i n g
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p i l e
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Workspace i n o r d e r t o m o v e
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i s
t e r m e d “ ? i c k
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moved
b y t o u c h i n g
t h e o b j e c t
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a d e s i r e d d i r e c t i o n . G e n e r a l l y What o c c u r s
i s
t h a t t h e o b j e c t
i s
touched
and W h i l e t h e s W i t c h on t h e c u r s o r c o n tr o l d e v i c e
r e m a i n s
d e p r e s s e d , t h e c u r s o r i s q u i c k l y m ov e d i n t h e
d e s i r e d d i r e c t i o n
a n d
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m o v e t o t h e
n e X t
immediate a r e a o r
t o
t h e t e r t i a r y a r e a ) i n
t h e
d i r e c t i o n
o f t h e “ ? i c k i n g ”
g e s t u r e .
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p r e f e r r e d
embodiment a
doWn?ick
m o v e s documents c l o s e r
t o
t h e
u s e r
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d o c u m e n t o b j e c t g e t s l a r g e r ) , u p ? i c k s
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t o
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t h e immediate
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s o m e
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t o
t h e
u p ? i c k
g e s t u r e ,
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s
can
be p o s i t i o n e d
i n
a d i f f e r e n t X
h i r d
o f
t h e
n e X t f a r t h e r
t i e r . U p ? i c k i n g s e n d s documents
o
t h e Y p o s i t i o n
i n t h e n e X t
10
1 5
25
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F l i c k i n g i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F I G S . 8 — 9 . R e f e r r i n g t o F I G . 8 ,
p ag e
202a on desk 202 i s touched
u s i n g
a c u r s o r c o n t r o l
d e v i c e . While a b u t t o n a s s o c i a t e d With
t h e
c u r s o r c o n t r o l
d e v i c e r e m a i n s d e p r e s s e d a
r a p i d
m ov e m e n t o f t h e c u r s o r
c o n t r o l d e v i c e i n a n “upWard” d i r e c t i o n o c c u r s and t h e
b u t t o n
r e l e a s e d
i l l u s t r a t e d
b y
l i n e
8 0 1 ) .
T h e
r e s u l t
i s
i l l u s
t r a t e d
i n
F I G .
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t h e page 202a h a s been m ov e d
t o
t i e r
205
o f t h e
“ a i r ”
p o r t i o n o f t h e
i m m e d i a t e
s p a c e
i n
t h e
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e .
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b e
n o t e d t h a t “ s c a l i n g ” o f document o b j e c t s a s
t h e y
a r e
moved
f r o m
f o r e g r o u n d t o
b a c k g r o u n d
p o s i t i o n s i n
t h e
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e i s
p e r f o r m e d
b y t h e r e n d e r i n g
s y s t e m
o f
t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m. T h u s ,
no f u r t h e r
d i s c u s s i o n o f
h o W document
o b j e c t s a r e s c a l e d a s
t h e y
a r e mo ved t h r o u g h t h e document
W o r k s p a c e
i s
n o t deemed n e c e s s a r y .
D o c u m e n t C o l l e c t i o n s
I n t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t , c o l l e c t i o n s o f
documents
m a y b e i m p o r t e d o r t h e y c a n b e
c r e a t e d
dynami
c a l l y .
WebBo ok s
a r e
a n
eXample
o f c o l l e c t i o n s o f
documents
t h a t
a r e
i m p o r t e d .
ynamic
W ay o f c r e a t i ng
a c o l l e c t i o n
i s
t h r o u g h
“ p i l i n g ”
documents
on
t o p
o f e a c h
o t h e r t o
c r e a t e a
p i l e .
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i s c r e a t e d
s i m p l y b y m o v i n g
o n e d o c u m e n t
o n t o
a n o t h e r
document u s i n g a t o u c h
d r o p
g e s t u r e . I t s h o u l d
b e
n o t e d t h a t
a
p i l e
m a y
be added t o
a n o t h e r
p i l e
t o
c r e a t e a n
e v e n b i g g e r
p i l e .
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c r e a t e d
a
“ t r a y ” i s
p l a c e d
u n d e r t hem t o
i n d i c a t e
t h e i r
r e l a t i o n s h i p
a s a p i l e . T h e t r a y
a l s o
p r o v i d e s a c o n v e n i e n t
“ h a n d l e ”
f o r
s e l e c t i n g t h e
e n t i r e
p i l e .
T h e
d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s
a r e
p o s i t i o n e d
i n
t h e p i l e b y
h a v i n g e a c h n e W
page one quantum
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t h e c e n t e r
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p i l e i n
p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s ) . T h e a n g l e f r o m
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i s chosen randomly
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i t m a y be c o n s t a n t
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a r e i n - l i n e . W h e n
t h e
a n g l e
f r o m t h e
c e n t e r
i s
c h o s e n r a n d o m l y , e a c h
p i l e
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h a v e
a d i s t i n c t
a p p e a r a n c e a n d e a c h document i n t h e p i l e W i l l b e v i s i b l e .
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o f p i l e s
W i t h
t h e a n g l e
f r o m
t h e c e n t e r c h o s e n
r a n d o m l y i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F I G S . 1 0 — 1 2 . R e f e r r i n g t o F I G . 1 0 ,
o cument
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has a
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1002 Which i s l o c a t e d a t t h e
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a t c o o r d i n a t e s 0 , 0 ) .
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i l l u s t r a t e s
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t h i r d
document b e i n g p l a c e d o n t h e p i l e . R e f e r
r i n g
t o F I G .
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h a v i n g
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p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t , e a c h d o c u m e n t may b e
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b e g e n e r a t e d
a u t o m a t i c a l l y o r m a n u a l l y . I n
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c r i t e r i a .
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d i s p l a y
s y s t e m f o r m o v i n g
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o b j e c t s i n a t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l
document
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s p a c e
i s
d i s c l o s e d .
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t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
i s
d e s c r i b e d
W i t h r e s p e c t
t o a
p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t ,
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a p p a r e n t
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one
s k i l l e d
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t o p r a c t i c e t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
W i t h
Case5:15-cv-00280-NC Document1-1 Filed01/20/15 Page18 of 20
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5 , 8 3 8 , 3 2 6
1 1
We l a i m :
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c o n t r ol l e d d i s p l a y
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s p a c e on a d i s p l a y , s a i d c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l ed d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
c o m p r i s i n g :
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f o r r e t r i e v i n g
document
o b j e c t s ;
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p o i n t e r
d e v i c e f o r p o i n t i n g a
c u r s o r a t
document o b j e c t s ,
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i n p u t
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d e t e c t i n g
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d e v i c e
i s i n s a i d
s e c o n d doWn
p o s i t i o n ;
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f o r
d e t e c t i n g
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i s
moved a n d
draWing a l i n e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e
mov ement
o f
s a i d c u r s o r ;
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a
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W i t h
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p e r f o r m i n g
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s e n s i t i v e
o p e r a t i o n
b a s e d on
s a i d d e s t i n a t i o n document
o b j e c t ;
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d i s p l a y c i r c u i t r y f o r g e n e r a t i n g d i s p l a y
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d i s p l a y c i r c u i t r y c o m p r i s i n g :
c i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
a
f o c u s
s p a c e ,
s a i d f o c u s s p a c e
f o r d e t a i l d i s p l a y o f
a
document o b j e c t ;
c i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
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i m m e d i a t e
s p a c e , s a i d
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d i a t e
s p a c e
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o b j e c t s t h a t
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i n
u s e b u t
n o t i n f o c u s ; and
c i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
a t e r t i a r y
s p a c e ,
s a i d t e r t i a r y
s p a c e f o r p o s i t i o n i n g
document
o b j e c t s
t h t
a r e n o t
i n u s e .
2 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m
1
W h e r e i n
s a i d
p o s i t i o n i n g
means
s f u r t h e r c o m p r i s e d
o f
? i c k
g e s t u r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n means f o r d e t e c t i n g t h a t a ? i c k
g e s t u r e h a s
been p e r f o r m e d on
a
document
o b j e c t
a n d
r e - p o s i t i o n i n g s a i d document o b j e c t a t a p o s i t i o n c o r r e
s p o n d i n g t o
s a i d ? i c k g e s t u r e .
3 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m 2
Wherein s a i d ? i c k g e s t u r e
i s
i n
a n
up d i r e c t i o n and
s a i d r e - p o s i t i o n i n g
o f
s a i d
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
i s
i n t o
s a i d
immediate s p a c e .
4 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
a s r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m 2 Wherein s a i d ? i c k g e s t u r e i s i n a d oW n d i r e c t i o n and
s a i d r e - p o s i t i o n i n g o f s a i d
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t i s i n t o s a i d
f o c u s
s p a c e .
5 .
The c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
a s r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m 2 Wherein
s a i d ? i c k g e s t u r e i s
t o W a r d s
a document
o b j e c t r e p r e s e n t i n g
s a i d
t e r t i a r y s p a c e a n d
s a i d
r e - p o s i t i o n i n g
o f s a i d d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s i s i n t o
s a i d
t e r t i a r y
s p a c e .
6 .
ethod
f o r moving
document
o b j e c t s
on
a
computer
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m f o r
d i s p l a y i n g d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s
on a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
document
Workspace s a i d
computer
c o n t r ol l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m h a v i n g
a
p o i n t e r
d e v i c e
f o r
c o n
t r o l l i n g a c u r s o r, s a i d p o i n t e r d e v i c e h a v i n g a s W i t c h c a p a b l e
o f b e i n g i n
a ? r s t up
p o s i t i o n
a n d a s e c o n d doWn p o s i t i o n ,
10
1 5
25
35
45
55
1 2
b d e t e c t i n g t h a t a u s e r
h a s
s e l e c t e d a
? r s t
document
o b j e c t
u s i n g
s a i d
p o i n t e r d e v i c e
a n d
t h a t
s a i d
s W i t c h
a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h s a i d p o i n t e r
d e v i c e i s
i n s a i d
s e c o n d
doWn p o s i t i o n ;
c d e t e c t i n g t h a t
s a i d
c u r s o r h a s b e e n m o v e d ;
d v i s i b l y
t r a c i n g
t h e
movement
o f
s a i d c u r s o r ;
e d e t e c t i n g t h a t
s a i d
c u r s o r p o i n t s t o
a
s e c o n d
document
o b j e c t
a n d t h a t
s a i d
s W i t c h a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h s a i d
p o i n t e r
d e v i c e
i s
i n
s a i d
s e c o n d up
p o s i t i o n ; a n d
f c a u s i n g a c o n t e X t d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n t o b e
p e r f o r m e d
b a s e d on s a i d s e c o n d
document
o b j e c t .
7 . The method a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m
6 Wherein s a i d s t e p
o f
c a u s i n g
a c o n t e X t
d e p e n d e n t
o p e r a t i o n
t o b e p e r f o r m e d
b a s e d on
s a i d
s e c o n d
document o b j e c t i s f u r t h e r c o m p r i s e d
o f
t h e s t e p
o f
d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t s a i d s e c o n d d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
i s a
b o o k c a s e a n d moving s a i d
? r s t
document
o b j e c t
t o s a i d
b o o k c a s e .
8 . The method a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 6 Wherein s a i d s t e p
o f
c a u s i n g a c o n t e X t d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n t o b e b a s e d on
s a i d
s e c o n d d o c u m e n t o b j e c t
i s
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s e d o f
t h e
s t e p
o f
d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t
s a i d
s e c o n d d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
i s
a s e c o n d a r y
a r e a i n s a i d
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
document Workspace a n d
moving
s a i d document o b j e c t
t o s a i d s e c o n d a r y a r e a .
9 . The method a s r e c i t e d
i n c l a i m
6
Wherein
s a i d ? r s t
document o b j e c t i s a ? r s t document
a n d
s a i d s t e p o f
c a u s i n g
a
c o n t e x t
d e p e n d e n t
o p e r a t i o n t o b e
performed b a s e d on s a i d
s e c o n d
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
i s f u r t h e r c o m p r i s e d
o f
t h e s t e p
o f
d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t
s a i d
s e c o n d document
o b j e c t
i s a s e c o n d
document and s a i d c r e a t i n g a document c o l l e c t i o n c o m
p r i s e d o f
s a i d
? r s t document a n d
s a i d
s e c o n d d o c u m e n t .
1 0 . The method a s r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m 9 Wherein s a i d
document
c o l l e c t i o n
i s a
p i l e .
1 1 .
The
method
a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m
1 0
w h e r e i n
s a i d
s t e p
o f
c r e a t i n g
a document
c o l l e c t i o n
i s f u r t h e r c o m p r i s e d o f
t h e
s t e p s o f :
p o s i t i o n i n g
s a i d
s e c o n d
document
o b j e c t
a t a random
o r i e n t a t i o n W i t h
r e s p e c t t o
s a i d ? r s t d o c u m e n t ; a n d
d i s p l a y i n g
a t r a y
v i s u a l i Z a t i o n u n d e r s a i d ? r s t document
a n d s a i d s e c o n d d o c u m e n t .
1 2 . The method
a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 1 1 Wherein
s a i d
document
c o l l e c t i o n
i s p l a c e d a c c o r d i n g t o l o c a l p o l a r
c o o r d i n a t e
s y s t e m ,
a n d s a i d s t e p
o f
p o s i t i o n i n g s a i d
s e c o n d
document a t a
random
o r i e n t a t i o n With r e s p e c t t o s a i d ? r s t
d o c u m e n t
i s
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s e d
o f t h e s t e p s o f :
d e t e r m i n i n g a
d i s t a n c e
c o o r d i n a t e f o r a
c e n t e r o f
s a i d
second
document
based
on
t h e n u m b e r o f documents i n
s a i d
p i l e ;
a n d
d e t e r m i n i n g a n a n g u l a r
c o o r d i n a t e
f o r s a i d c e n t e r o f s a i d
document a t random.
1 3 .
The method
a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 6 Wherein s a i d s t e p
o f
c a u s i n g a c o n t e X t d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n t o
b e
p e r f o r m e d
b a s e d on
s a i d
s e c o n d document
o b j e c t
i s f u r t h e r c o m p r i s e d
o f
t h e s t e p
o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t
s a i d
s e c o n d d o c u m e n t o b j e c t
i s a n e X i s t i n g document c o l l e c t i o n a n d a d d i n g s a i d ? r s t
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
t o
s a i d
e X i s t i n g d o c u m e n t c o l l e c t i o n .
1 4 . o m p u t e r c o n t r ol l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
document
o b j e c t s i n a
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
document
Work
s p a c e
on a d i s p l a y ,
s a i d c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
c o m p r i s i n g :
document r e c e i v i n g
means
f o r
r e c e i v i n g document
o b j e c t s ;
p o s i t i o n i n g
means
o r r e c e i v i n g u s e r i n p u t f o r p o s i t i o n i n g
document o b j e c t s W i t h i n s a i d t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l d o c u
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5 8 3 8 3 2 6
1 3
1 4
W o r k s p a c e a n d
s a i d
document o b j e c t s
s a i d
W o r k s p a c e a
s e l e c t i o n means
f o r
s e l e c t i n g
a document o b j e c t ; a n d
d i s p l a y
c i r c u i t r y c o m p r i s i n g : means f o r i n d i c a t i n g a d e s t i n a t i o n f o r a s e l e c t e d document
c i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
a
f o c u s s p a c e s a i d f o c u s s p a c e
o b j e c t
f o r
d e t a i l
d i s p l a y o f
a
document
o b j e c t ;
1 6 . The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m a s
r e c i t e d i n
C i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g a n i m m e d i a t e
S p a c e s a i d
imme-
5
c l a i m 1 5 W h e r e i n
s a i d s e l e c t i o n mea ns i s C O I I l p I ‘ l S G d
O f
d i a t e
s p a c e
f o r
e p h e m e r a l
p o s i t i o n i n g o f
document
c i r c u i t r y f o r
p o s i t i o n i n g
a
c u r s o r
on
a
document
o b j e c t
a n d
o b j e c t s t h a t a r e i n u s e b u t n o t i n f o c u s ; and i n V O k i n g a S e l e c t O p e r a t i o n and
c i r c u i t r y
f o r d i s p l a y i n g a t e r t i a r y s p a c e
s a i d
t e r t i a r y
s a i d means
f o r
i n d i c a t i n g
a
d e s t i n a t i o n
f o r a
s e l e c t e d
s p a c e f o r p o s i t i o n i n g
document
o b j e c t s t h a t a r e
n o t
document
o r
document
c o l l e c t i o n i s c o m p r i s e d o f c i r
i n u s e .
1 0
c u i t r y f o r
p o s i t i o n i n g
s a i d
c u r s o r
at a
d e s i r e d
l o c a t i o n
1 5 . The c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y s y s t e m
a s r e ci t e d i n
a n d
i n v o k i n g a
m o v e
o p e r a t i o n .
c l a i m 14 Wherein
s a i d p o s i t i o n i n g m e a n s
i s f u r t h e r c o m
p r is e d
o f :
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Exhibit B
Case5:15-cv-00280-NC Document1-2 Filed01/20/15 Page1 of 19
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US005 847709A
United States Patent [ 1 9 ]
[ 1 1 ] P a t e n t
N u m b e r : 5 , 8 4 7 , 7 0 9
Card e t a l . [ 4 5 ]
Date
o f P a t e n t : * D e c . 8 ,
1 9 9 8
[ 5 4 ]
3-D DOCUMENT
WORKSPACE
WITH FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
[ 7 5 ]
FOCUS IMMEDIATE
AND
TERTI RY
SPACES
9322738 11/1993 WIPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G06F 15/62
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
B a l l a y ,
J . M . , “ D e s i g n i n g W o r k s p a c e T M : An
n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y
E x p e r i e n c e , ” Human
F a c t o r s i n C o m p u t i n g S y s t e m s , CHI
’ 9 4 ,
C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s , p p . 1 0 — 1 5 .
M a n d e r , R . , S a l o m o n , G . , a n d W o n g , Y . Y . , “A
i l e ’
M e t a
p h o r f o r S u p p o r t i n g
C a s u a l
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f
I n f o r m a t i o n , ”
Human
a c t o r s i n
Computing y s t e m s , CHI ’ 9 2 C o n f e r e n c e
P r o c e e d i n g s , May 3 — 7 , 1 9 9 2 ,
p p .
6 2 7 — 6 3 4 .
S t a p l e s , L . ,
“ R e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n V i r t u a l S p a c e : V i s u a l
Con
v e n t i o n i n t h e G r a p h i c a l
U s e r
I n t e r f a c e , ” Human
a c t o r s
i n
C o m p u t i n g S y s t e m s , I n t e r c h i ’ 9 3
C o n f e r e n c e P r o c e e d i n g s ,
A p r . 2 4 — 2 9 , p p . 3 4 8 — 3 5 4 .
H o r n , R . E . ,
M a p p i n g H y p e r t e x t : A n a l y s i s ,
L i n k a g e , a n d
D i s p l a y
o f
Knowledge
o r
t h e
N e x t
G e n e r a t i o n
o f
On—Line
T e x t a n d G r a p h i c s , 1 9 8 9 ,
T h e
L e x i n g t o n
I n s t i t u t e ,
L e x i n g
t o n , MA.
P r i m a r y
Examiner—John
E .
B r e e n e
A t t o r n e y , A g e n t , o r Firm—Richard
B .
Domingo
[ 5 7 ]
ABSTRACT
A h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e f o r
i n t e r a c t i n g
W i t h l a r g e n u m b e r s o f d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s . Adocument
o b j e c t
may e a
document
o r a
document
c o l l e c t i o n . The
document
W o r k s p a c e i s d i v i d e d
h i e r a r c h i c a l l y
i n t e r m s o f
i n t e r a c t i o n
r a t e s . A
o c u s s p a c e i s
Where d i r e c t
i n t e r a c t i o n
With a
document o r document
c o l l e c t i o n
o c c u r s . An
immediate
memory
s p a c e o r d e s k t o p
i s
f o r
p l a c i n g
p a g e s
o r
books
t h a t
a r e i n u s e , b u t n o t c u r r e n t l y b e i n g i n t e r a c t e d W i t h . A e r t i a r y
s p a c e o r
bookcase
i s Where many book s and pages t h a t a r e
n o t
i n
u s e , b u t Which t i s d e s i r a b l e t o have r e a d y a c c e s s t o .
Moving d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s
i n
t h e
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e i s
f a c i l i t a t e d
b y
t o u c h - d r o p a n d ? i c k g e s t u r e s .
T h e
t o u c h - d r o p
g e s t u r e
a d d r e s s e s t h e p r o b l e m o f o b s c u r i n g d i s t a n t h e n c e
s m a l l e r ) d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s b y p r e s e n t i n g a v i s u a l
l i n e i n d i
c a t i n g
a d e s t i n a t i o n f o r a
moved document
o b j e c t .
F l i c k
g e s t u r e s
a r e
u s e d t o q u i c k l y move
document o b j e c t s
W i t h i n
t h e document W o r k s p a c e .
A s e r
may c h a n g e t h e i r vieW
o f
t h e document W o r k s p a c e i n
o r d e r t o vieW
i f f e r e n t p o r t i o n s
o f
t h e Workspace i n more d e t a i l .
1 2 C l a i m s ,
1 1
Drawing
S h e e t s
I n v e n t o r s :
S t u a r t K . C a r d , L o s A l t o s
H i l l s ,
C a l i f . ;
G e o r g e G . R o b e r t s o n , R e d m o n d ,
W a s h . ; W i l l i a m M.
Y o r k ,
L o s A l t o s ,
C a l i f .
A s s i g n e e :
X e r o x C o r p o r a t i o n , S t a m f o r d , C o n n .
N o t i c e : The t e r m
o f t h i s
p a t e n t s h a l l n o t e x t e n d
b e y o n d
t h e e x p i r a t i o n d a t e
o f P a t . N o .
5 , 8 3 8 , 3 2 6 .
A p p l . N o . : 7 2 1 , 2 9 3
F i l e d :
S e p .
2 6 ,
1 9 9 6
Int. Cl.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G06F /00
US.
l . 345/355;
345/351;
345/329;
3 4 5 / 3 5 8 ; 3 4 5 / 9 7 6
Field o f
Search
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345/326—358
3 4 5 / 9 7 6 ; 7 0 7 / 5 2 6 , 5 1 4 , 5 0 0 , 5 0 1 ,
5 1 3
R e f e r e n c e s C i t e d
U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
5 060 135 10/1991 Lev ine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345/351
5 , 1 4 0 , 6 7 7 8/1992 Fleming e t a l . 395/159
5 295 243 3/1994 Robertson e t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345/355
5 347 295
9/1994 Agulnick
e t
a l .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345/358
X
5 , 3 5 9 , 7 0 3 1 0 / 1 9 9 4 R o b e r t s o n e t a l . 3 4 5 / 3 5 5 X
5 381 158
1/1995
Takahara e t a l . 345/355 X
5 386 507 1/1995 Teig e t a l . 345/355 X
5 , 4 5 2 , 4 1 4
9 / 1 9 9 5
R o s e n d a h l
e t
a l .
3 4 5 / 3 5 5 X
5 463 722
10/1995
Venolia . . . . . . . . . . .
345/355 x
5 499 330
3/1996
Lucas e t
a l .
345/355
X
5 , 5 0 0 , 9 3 5 3 / 1 9 9 6 Moran e t a l . 3 4 5 / 3 5 8 X
5 , 5 0 9 , 1 1 4 4 / 1 9 9 6
Moran
e t a l . 3 4 5 / 3 5 8
X
5 , 5 4 6 , 5 2 9 8 / 1 9 9 6 Bowers e t
a l .
3 4 5 / 3 5 5
X
5 555 354
9/1996
S t r a s n i c k
e t
a l . 345/355 X
5 602 564 2/1997 Iwamura
e t
a l .
345/355
X
5 608 850
3/1997
Robertson . . . . . . .
345/355
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5 , 6 7 0 , 9 8 4 9 / 1 9 9 7 R o b e r t s o n e t
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5 , 8 4 7 , 7 0 9
1
3-D
DOCUMENTWORKSP CE
WITH
FOCUS,
IMMEDI TE
ND
TERTI RY
SP CES
CROSS
REFERENCE TO REL TED
PPLIC TION
T h e p r e s e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n
i s
r e l a t e d
t o
c o - p e n d i n g
US.
p a t e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n
S e r . N o .
0 8 / 7 2 1 , 3 0 2 ,
e n t i t l e d “ S y s t e m F o r
Moving Document O b j e c t s
I n
h r e e - D i m e n s i o n a l Docu
m e n t W o r k s p a c e ” ? l e d c o n c u r r e n t l y W i t h t h e p r e s e n t a p p l i
c a t i o n .
1 .
F i e l d
o f t h e I n v e n t i o n
The
p r e s en t i n v e n t i o n i s
r e l a t e d t o t h e
? e l d
o f c o m p u t e r
u s e r i n t e r f a c e s , and i n p a r t i c u l a r ,
a
u s e r
i n t e r f a c e
f o r
d i s
p l a y i n g a n d n a v i g a t i n g t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i o n s o f r e l a t e d
d o c u
ments.
2 . B a c k g r o u n d
Access
t o
and u s e o f e l e c t r o n i c documents i s groWing a t
a v e r y e x p l o s i v e
p a c e .
To
f a c i l i t a t e
u s e
o f
l a r g e
c o l l e c t i o n s
o f e l e c t r o n i c
d o c u m e n t s , n eW
t e c h n i q u e s f o r
q u e r y i n g a n d
v i s u a l i Z i n g t h e
c o n t e n t o f
s u c h c o l l e c t i o n s
a r e b e i n g
d e v e l
o p e d .
F o r e x a m p l e , US. P a t .
N o . 5 , 5 4 6 , 5 2 9 ,
d e s c r i b e s a
t e c h n i q u e
f o r
v i e W i n g t h e r e s u l t s
o f
a
d a t a b a s e s e a r c h t h a t
h a s been m a ppe d
t o
a t r e e
s t r u c t u r e .
T h e t r e e s t r u c t u r e
i s
v i s u a l l y
mapped a l o n g
a
s t a t i c r e f e r e n c e s u r f a c e
h a v i n g
s e p a r a t e
d e t a i l
and
c o n t e x t a r e a s .
One
s o u r c e
o f
t h e
groWth o f a c c e s s
t o
e l e c t r o n i c
d oc u
m e n t s i s t h e I n t e r n e t , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e f a c e t
o f
t h e
I n t e r n e t knoWn a s t h e World-Wide
W e b
r e f e r r e d
t o
s i m p l y
a s t h e Web). The W e b
p r o v i d e s
a
means
f o r making
m u l t i
media s t y l e d
documents
o v e r
t h e
I n t e r n e t . These
documents
a r e
t e r m e d
We b
p a g e s
h e r e i n a f t e r
p a g e s ) .
P a g e s may
r e f e r
t o
and
p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o o t h e r
pages
on
t h e W eb.
Each page
has a s s o c i a t e d With i t an i d e n t i ? e r termed a
Uniform
R e s o u r c e L o c a t o r U R L ) . a g e i s
a c c e s s e d
b y s p e c i f y i n g
i t ’ s
URL.
The
c o n t e n t s
o f
a page i s s p e c i ? e d i n a do cumen t
f o r m a t t i n g
l a n g u a g e
knoWn
a s
t h e
H y p e r - T e x t Mark-Up
Language HTML). e f e r e n c e
t o a n o t h e r p a g e
on
t h e W e b
i s termed a l i n k . Links m a y b e s p e c i ? e d i n e i t h e r a b s o l u t e o r
r e l a t i v e t e r m s . Alink
s p e c i ? e d
i n
a b s o l u t e
t e r m s r e f e r s
t o
i t ’ s
e n t i r e URL.
i n k
speci?ed i n r e l a t i v e
t e r m s
assumes a
c e r t a i n p o r t i o n
o f
t h e URL
s
t h e same
a s
t h e ex i s t i n g p a g e .
The
s p e c i ? c a t i o n i s t h u s
r e l a t i v e
t o
t h e URL f t h e page
on
Which t i s
d e ? n e d .
T o access an d v i eW a d o c u m e n t o n
t h e W eb,
a Web
b r o W s e r i s
n e e d e d .
Web
r o W s e r
p r o v i d e s
s e a r c h ,
t r a v e r s a l
and vieWing
f u n c t i o n s needed t o a c c e s s
documents on t h e
Web. V a r i o u s W e b b r o W s e r s
e x i s t
f o r t h e Web, . g . N e t S c a p e
a v a i l a b l e f r o m N e t S c a p e , I n c .
o f
M o u n t a i n V i e W , C a l i f .
T r a v e r s i n g
t h r o u g h d o c u m e n t s c o n t a i n e d on t h e W e b i s
s i m i l a r t o f o l l o W i n g a p a t h
t h r o u g h
a n e t W o r k . S i n c e e a c h
p a g e m a y c o n t a i n l i n k s t o ma n y
o t h e r
p a g e s ,
t r a v e r s i n g
t h r o u g h t h e p a g e s i s a s i m p l e
m a t t e r
o f f o l l o W i n g t h e l i n k s .
Most We b b r o W s e r s p r o v i d e
c o n t r o l s f o r
g o i n g
b a c k W a r d s
a n d
f o r W a r d s i n
t h e
l i s t o f
l i n k s .
They
a l s o
m a i n t a i n a h i s t o r y
l i s t o f t h e
l i n k s
t o e n a b l e
jumping
d i r e c t l y t o a s p e c i ? c
p r e v i o u s l y
v i e W e d
p a g e .
M o s t p u b l i c l y
a v a i l a b l e
Web roWsers
o p e r a t e
on a com
p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m h a v i n g a g r a p h i c a l u s e r
i n t e r f a c e
W i t h
m u l t i p l e
W i n d o W s .
T y p i c a l l y ,
s u c h Web
b r o W s e r s
o p e r a t e
s u c h
t h a t
a
W i n d o W
m a y d i s p l a y
o n l y o n e
p a g e
a t
a
t i m e .
M u l t i p l e
p a g e s a r e vieWed by o p e n i n g
10
1 5
20
25
30
35
40
45
55
60
2
p r o v i d e
r e n d e r i n g m e a n s f o r v i e W i n g a u d i o , v i d e o a n d
g r a p h i c a l p o r t i o n s o f
documents
a s
W e l l
a s a g r a p h i c a l u s e r
i n t e r f a c e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g
a c c e s s
t o d o c u m e n t s . The
g r a p h i c a l
u s e r
i n t e r f a c e i s t y p i c a l l y o n e
Which p r o v i d e s f o r v er t i c a l
a n d
h o r i Z o n t a l
s c r o l l i n g
v i a s c r o l l b a r s
a n d
p o i n t
a n d
c l i c k
manipulation
o f
a
c u r s o r
c o n t r o l
d e v i c e
t o
invoke broWse r
o p e r a t i o n s eg t o t r a v e r s e l i n k s .
C o l o r , u n d e r l i n i n g o r
r e v e r s e
v i d e o a r e t e c h n i q u e s
used
t o
i n d i c a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f
a link on a
page.
R e l a t e d m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e :
D e c k s c a p e : A n E x p e r i m e n t a l Web B r o W s e r , Marc H .
BroWn
a n d R o b e r t
A . S h i l l n e r , DEC
S y s t e m s
R e s e a r c h
C e n t e r
R e p o r t
1 3 5 a ,
M a r . 1 , 1 9 9 5 . T h e D e c k S c a p e Web
broWser
u t i l i Z e s
t h e
metaphor o f a deck
a s
a
c o l l e c t i o n
o f
Web
a g e s . Only
one Web page
o n
a
deck
i s v i s i b l e a t one
t i m e , a l t h o u g h
m u l t i p l e d e c k s may b e v i s i b l e .
D e c k S c a p e
i s
a l s o m u l t i t h r e a d e d s o t h a t e a c h deck
m a y
be
“ a c t i v e ” ,
e . g .
doWnloading a g e s , a t
t h e
sa me t i m e .
A d e c k
m a y
b e
c r e a t e d
based
o n a t r a v e r s a l through
t h e
Web
r
a s
t h e r e s u l t
of
an
o p e r a t i o n s u c h a s
“ e x p a n d
a l l
t h e l i n k s o n
t h i s p a g e . ”
US.
P a t .
N o .
5 , 4 9 9 , 3 3 0
e n t i t l e d
Document
D i s p l a y S y s
tem F o r O r g a n i Z i n g A n d D i s p l a y i n g Documents
As S c r e e n
O b j e c t s O r g a n i Z e d A l o n g S t r a n d
P a t h s .
As d e s c r i b e d i n t h e
A b s t r a c t , t h i s
r e f e r e n c e s
d i s c l o s e s
a s y s t e m f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
documents
i n a
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y d e v i c e .
“The
s y s t e m
d i s p l a y s d o c u m e n t s e i t h e r i n a
c o m p l e t e l y f r e e - f o r m ,
a
u s e r c o n t r o l l e d
con?guration
o r
a s s t r a n d s ,
such t h a t
documents i n
a
s t r a n d
f o l l o W a
s t r a n d p a t h . The s t r a n d
p a t h
i s
a
tWo
dimensional
l i n e
through a t h r e e dimensional
d i s p l a y
s p a c e .
The
documents d i s p l a y e d on t h e s t r a n d a r e
k n o W n
a s c h i l d
documents, and e a c h
s t r a n d
a l s o h a s a
p a r e n t
document.
V a r i o u s
c o n s t r a i n t s de?ning
t h e s t r a n d
a r e
a s s o
c i a t e d
W i t h
t h e
p a r e n t
d o c u m e n t ,
i n c l u d i n g
a s t r a n d
f u n c t i o n
d e ? n i n g t h e
s t r a n d
p a t h , minimum a n d maximum s e p a r a t i o n
c o n s t r a i n t s d e ? n i n g t h e d i s t a n c e
b e t W e e n
t h e c h i l d
d o c u
ments on t h e s t r a n d , a n d
a n
o r i g i n c o n s t r a i n t d e ? n i n g t h e
p o s i t i o n a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f
t h e s t r a n d p a t h
t o
t h e s c r e e n o b j e c t
o f t h e p a r e n t d o c u m e n t . ”
P i l e ’ M e t a p h o r
f o r
S u p p o r t i n g C a s u a l O r g a n i Z a t i o n o f
I n f o r m a t i o n , R i c h a r d M a n d e r , G i t t a S a l o m a n , Y i n Y i n
Wong, C h i
’ 9 2 C o n f e r e n c e
P r o c e e d i n g s ,
CM o n f e r e n c e
on
H u m a n F a c t o r s
i n
Computing S y s t e m s , p g s
6 2 7 — 6 3 4 ,
M ay 3 — 7 , 1 9 9 2 . T hi s
a r t i c l e
d e s c r i b e s t h e d e s i g n
a n d
d e v e l
opment
o f a
d e s k t o p i n t e r f a c e
e l e m e n t
r e f e r r e d t o a s p i l e s .
P i l e s r e p r e s e n t
s e t s o f r e l a t e d d o c u m e n t s . These
p i l e s a r e
a n a l o g o u s t o
s t a c k s o f p a p e r o f t e n found
i n
a p e r s o n s o f ? c e
o r
Workspace. P i l e s
We re
observed t o have t h e
u s e f u l
prop
e r t i e s o f b e i n g a l e s s r i g i d c a t e g o r i Z a t i o n s y s t e m a n d t o b e
s e l f - r e v e a l i n g a n d
b r o W s a b l e . T h e d e s c r i b e d d e s i g n
i n c l u d e s
d i r e c t m a n i p u l a t i o n
t e c h n i q u e s
a n d
s u p p o r t
f o r b r o W s i n g ,
a u t o m a t i c p i l e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d
r e o r g a n i Z a t i o n .
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n
i n V i r t u a l S p a c e : V i s u a l
C o n v e n t i o n i n
t h e
G r a p h i c a l U s e r
I n t e r f a c e ,
L o r e t t a S t a p l e s , Hu m a n
F a c t o r s
i n
Computing Systems
INTERCHI’93
Conference
P r o c e e d i n g s ,
p g s
3 4 8 — 3 5 4 , A p r . 2 4 — 2 9 1 9 9 3 . T h i s a r t i c l e s
d e s c r i b e s t h e
use o f
t h r e e
dimensional v i s u a l cues o f p e r
s p e c t i v e and l i g h t i n g , i n t h e
c o n t e x t
o f ? a t o r tWo
dimensional
Workspace.
T h e use of transparency
a s a
m e a n s
o f e n h a n c i n g
t h e W o r k s p a c e i s
a l s o
d e s c r i b e d . e s k t o p
“ l a n d s c a p e ” i s
p r o p o s e d
t h a t i s d i v i d e d by a h o r i Z o n l i n e
d e n o t i n g tWo s e p a r a t e
a r e a s :
a n
a c t i v e
f o r e g r o u n d
s p a c e
a n d
a p a s s i v e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e .
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5 , 8 4 7 , 7 0 9
3
document
o b j e c t
i s a
g r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
a n i n d i
v i d u a l d o c u m e n t o r
a
d o c u m e n t
c o l l e c t i o n . The
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e
h a s
b e e n i m p l e m e n t e d
f o r u s e t o d i s p l a y
a n d
i n t e r a c t W i t h d o c u m e n t s , t y p i c a l l y
Web
p a g e s ,
t h a t h a v e
b e e n
doWnloaded from t h e World
Wide Web.
HoWever, t h e docu
ment
Workspace
s
a l s o s u i t a b l e f o r
u s e
t o
d i s p l a y documents
o r d o c u m e n t
c o l l e c t i o n s
o b t a i n e d fro m o t h e r s o u r c e s e g
f r om a
CD-ROM). Docum e n t c o l l e c t i o n s
a r e
t y p i c a l l y i n t h e
fo rm
o f
W e b B o o k s o r
p i l e s .
W e b B o o k s a r e d o c u m e n t c o l
l e c t i o n s
t h a t
a r e
r e p r e s e n t e d t o
a
u s e r u s i n g
a
b o o k m e t a p h o r .
A
i l e
i s
a
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f a
document
c o l l e c t i o n t h a t
r e s e m b l e s a p i l e
o f
p a p e r
c o n t a i n e d
i n a p a p e r t r a y . Apile i s
c r e a t e d
by
moving
o n e document
o b j e c t
on
t o a n o t h e r
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t .
T h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e i s
d i v i d e d
h i e r a r c h i c a l l y i n
t e r m s o f i n t e r a c t i o n r a t e s . o c u s s p a c e
i s
Where d i r e c t
i n t e r a c t i o n With a d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
o c c u r s . The i n t e r a c t i o n s
o c c u r s i n a m a n n e r s u i t a b l e f o r t h e d o c u m e n t o b j e c t i n t h e
f o c u s s p a c e .
The
f o c u s
s p a c e i s g e n e r a l l y t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
d i s p l a y
a r e a
A n
i m m e d i a t e m e m o r y
s p a c e
i s
f o r
p l a c i n g
document o b j e c t s
t h a t a r e
i n
u s e ,
b u t n o t c u r r e n t ly b e i n g
i n t e r a c t e d W i t h . V i s u a l l y i n
t h e
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e
t h e
immediate m e m o r y s p a c e i s
d i v i d e d
i n t o
a n
“ a i r ”
s p a c e
and
a “ d e s k ” .
The d e s k i s
a f a m i l i a r metaphor f o r p l a c i n g
d o c u m e n t s o n t h a t
a r e n o t c u r r e n t l y
b e i n g v i e W e d ,
b u t a r e i n
u s e . The “ a i r ” i s l o c a t e d
“ b e h i n d ”
t h e f o c u s s p a c e . The “ a i r ”
i s f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n t o s u b a r e a s . Each o f t h e s u b a r e a s c o r
r e s p o n d s
t o
a d i s t a n c e b a c k i . e . i n t h e Z - d i r e c t i o n ) i n
W h i c h
t h e d o c u m e n t o b j e c t
i s
p o s i t i o n e d . T h e f u r t h e r b a c k , t h e
s m a l l e r
t h e
s i Z e o f t h e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f
t h e d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t .
A
e r t i a r y s p a c e i s W h e r e m a n y
document
o b j e c t s , eg
W ebB o o k s
and
f r e q ue n t l y r e f e r e n c e d
d o c u m e n t s
t h a t
a r e
n o t
c u r r e n t l y
i n
u s e
m a y
b e p o s i t i o n e d .
T h e
t e r t i a r y
s p a c e i s
v i s u a l l y
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s
a
b o o k s h e l f .
Moving d o c u m e n t o b j e c t s
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e
i s
f a c i l i t a t e d
by
a t o u c h a n d d r o p g e s t u r e . W h e n a
document
o b j e c t i s t o u c h e d ,
and a
b u t t o n
o n
t h e a s s o c i a t e d
c u r s o r
c o n t r o l d e v i c e r e m a i n s d e p r e s s e d , a
l i n e
i s dr aWn
t o
i n d i c a t e
Where t h e o b j e c t i s t o b e d r o p p e d . T h i s h e l p s f a c i l i t a t e
a
d e t e r m i n a t i o n
o f W h e r e t h e document
o b j e c t i s
t o
b e p l a c e d .
Docum e n t
o b j e c t s m a y a l s o
b e
? i c k e d
t o t h e i m m e d i a t e
a n d
t e r t i a r y
a r e a s s o
a s t o p e r m i t r a p i d m o v e m e n t o f t h e d o c u
m e n t o b j e c t s .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF
THE
DRAWING
F I G .
1
i s
a
b l o c k d i a g r a m
o f a computer c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m a s
m a y
b e u t i l i Z e d i n
t h e c u r re n t l y p r e f e r r e d embodi
ment
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n .
F I G . 2a i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d e f a u l t vieW
o f
t h e
document
W o r k s p a c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
F I G .
2b
i l l u s t r a t e s
t h e d e f a u l t
vieW o f
t h e document
Wor k s p ace
With a r e c e i v e d
page
a r e a .
F I G .
3
i s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f a vieW
shoWing
t h e
t e r t i a r y
s p a c e i . e .
t h e
b o o k c a s e ) i n
t h e
f o c u s s p a c e o f
t h e
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e .
FIGS.
4—5
i l l u s t r a t e a
t o u c h d r o p
g e s t u r e
a s m a y be
p e r f o r m e d
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e
o f
t h e
c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n .
FIGS.
6—7 i l l u s t r a t e t h e
c o n t e X t
s e n s i t i v e n a t u r e
o f
t h e
t o u c h d r o p
g e s t u r e a s
m a y
b e p e r f o r m e d
i n t h e
document
W o r k s p a c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t
o f t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
10
1 5
25
35
45
55
4
FIGS.
10—12 i l l u s t r a t e t h e c r e a t i o n
o f p i l e s a s
m a y
b e
p e r f o r m e d
i n
t h e d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .
DETAILED
DESCRIPTION
OF THE
INVENTION
A
o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
f o r d i s p l a y i n g a
t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l
document Workspace
i s d i s c l o s e d . One
o r
m o r e d o c u m e n t s o b j e c t s a r e
p r e s e n t
i n t h e
d o c u m e n t W o r k
s p a c e .
The
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n p r o v i d e s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n W i t h
t h e c o l l e c t i o n s ,
e . g .
v i e W i n g , m o v i n g a n d s t o r i n g ,
W h i l e
b a l a n c i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y t r a d e o f f s o f
r a p i d
a c c e s s ,
number
o f
c o l l e c t i o n s
a n d
a s s o c i a t e d
d o c u m e n t s ,
and a v a i l a b l e s c r e e n
s p a c e .
T h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e n
t i o n
i s
i m p l e m e n t e d f o r
u s e W i t h c o l l e c t i o n s o f
p a g e s
i . e .
d o c u m e n t s ) o b t a i n e d
f r o m t h e
p o r t i o n o f
t h e I n t e r n e t
k n oWn
a s t h e
World
Wide W e b h e r e i n a f t e r t h e
W e b ) .
H o W e v e r , t
s h o u l d b e
n o t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
i s
n o t
l i m i t e d
t o
u s e
on t h e
Web
and
m a y
be
u t i l i Z e d i n
any system
Which
p r o v i d e s a c c e s s t o
c o l l e c t i o n s
o f d o c u m e n t s . F o r e x a m p l e ,
t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n m a y
b e
u s e d i n
a
s y s t e m W h e r e i n
d o c u m e n t s
a r e o b t a i n e d through a CD ROM e d i a .
The f o l l o W i n g
terms d e? ne d
h e r e i n
a r e
f a m i l i a r
t o u s e r s
o f
t h e W e b a n d
t a k e
on
t h e s e
f a m i l i a r m e a n i n g s :
W o r l d - W i d e
Web
r
Web
The p o r t i o n o f t h e I n t e r n e t t h a t i s used t o
s t o r e and a c c e s s
l i n k e d m u l t i - m e d i a d o c u m e n t s .
P a g e
A ocument a c c e s s i b l e on t h e Web. A age m a y
have
multi-media c o n t e n t a s Well
a s
r e l a t i v e a n d
a b s o l u t e
l i n k s t o
o t h e r
p a g e s .
L i n k
An
n d i c a t o r
o n
a
Web
age
Which
r e f e r s
t o
a n o t h e r
Web
page
a n d Which c a n t y p i c a l l y b e r e t r i e v e d
i n a
p o i n t a n d
c l i c k
f a s h i o n . The L i n k W i l l s p e c i f y
t h e
Uniform
R e s o u r c e
L o c a t o r URL) o f t h e
o t h e r
W e b p a g e .
Web BroW s e r o r BroW s e r
o o l
Which
e n a b l e s a
u s e r
t o t r a v e r s e through and
vieW
documents r e s i d i n g on t h e Web.
O t h e r r e n d e r i n g
m e a n s
a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h
t h e B r o W s e r W i l l p e r m i t l i s t e n i n g t o a u d i o
p o r t i o n s o f a document o r
v i e W i n g v i d e o o r image
p o r t i o n s
of
a d o c u m e n t .
W e bB o o k
A e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f
a n a g g r e g a t i o n
o f W e b
p a g e s Which
p r o v i d e s
r a p i d
l o c a l i n t e r a c t i o n .
WebBooks
a r e
d e s c r i b e d i n
f u r t h e r
i n
c o - p e n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n
S e r .
N o . 0 8 / 5 2 5 , 9 3 6
e n t i t l e d
“ D i s p l a y
S y s t e m
F o r D i s p l a y i n g
L i s t s
Of
L i n k e d
Documents” ? l e d S e p . 8 , 1 9 9 5 , Which s a s s i g n e d
t o
t h e same
a s s i g n e e o f t h e p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n a n d W h i c h i s h e r e b y
i n c o r p o r a t e d b y r e f e r e n c e .
Document O b j e c t o r
O b j e c t
A n y g r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a n e n t i t y , eg
p a g e
o r
WebBook, i n t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e .
The
c o m p u t e r b a s e d s y s t e m on Which t h e c u r r e n t l y
p r e
f e r r e d embodiment
o f t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
m a y b e i m p l e
mented i s d e s c r i b e d W i t h r e f e r e n c e t o F I G . 1 .
The
computer
b a s e d
s y s t e m a n d a s s o c i a t e d
o p e r a t i n g
i n s t r u c t i o n s e . g .
s o f t W a r e ) e m b o d y c i r c u i t r y
u s e d
t o
i m p l e m e n t t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n . R e f e r r i n g t o F I G . 1 ,
t h e
c o m p u t e r
b a s e d s y s t e m
i s
c o m p r i s e d o f a p l u r a l i t y o f c o m p o n e n t s c o u p l e d v i a a b u s
1 0 1 .
The
b u s
1 0 1 m a y
c o n s i s t o f
a p l u r a l it y
o f
p a r a l l e l
b u s e s
e . g . a d d r e s s , d a t a a n d s t a t u s
b u s e s )
a s W e l l a s a
h i e r a r c h y
o f
b u s e s e g
a
p r o c e s s o r
b u s , a
l o c a l b u s a n d a n I / O b u s ) . I n
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5
memory 103
i s
t y p i c a l l y a
c o m b i n a t i o n o f Random
Access
a n d
Read O n l y
M e m o r i e s ) .
The p r o c e s s o r
1 0 2
W i l l
b e u s e d
t o
p e r f o r m
v a r i o u s o p e r a t i o ns
i n s u p p o r t
o f o b t a i n i n g Web
p a g e s ,
c o n v e r t i n g
eb
p a g e s i n t o a
s u i t a b l e f o r m a t
f o r
d i s p l a y
i n
t h e
d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e a n d
i n t e r p r e t i n g
a n d
c a r r y i n g o u t
movement
e s t u r e s .
I n s t r u c t i o n s
f o r
p e r f o r m i n g
s u c h o p e r a t i o n s a r e r e t r i e v e d from I n t e r n a l memory 1 0 3 .
The
r o c e s s o r
102
a n d
I n t e r n a l
memory
103 may
e
d i s c r e t e
components o r a
s i n g l e
i n t e g r a t e d d e v i c e s u c h a s
a n
Appli
c a t i o n
S p e c i ? c a t i o n
I n t e g r a t e d
C i r c u i t A S I C ) c h i p .
Also c o u p l e d t o
t h e
bus 101 a r e a keyboard 104 f o r
e n t e r i n g
a l p h a n u m e r i c i n p u t , e X t e r n a l
s t o r a g e
1 0 5 f o r s t o r i n g
d a t a , a c u r s o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e 106 f o r manipulating a
c u r s o r ,
a d i s p l a y 1 0 7 f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
v i s u a l o u t p u t e . g . t h e
d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e ) a n d a n e t W o r k c o n n e c t i o n 1 0 8 .
The
k e y b o a r d
1 0 4
Would
t y p i c a l l y b e a s t a n d a r d QWERTY
e y b o a r d
b u t
may a l s o b e
a
t e l e p h o n e l i k e k e y p a d . The e X t e r n a l
s t o r a g e
105
may b e ?xed o r removable m a g n e t i c
o r o p t i c a l
d i s k
d r i v e .
T h e cursor c o n t r o l device 106, eg
a
mouse o r
t r a c k b a l l ,
W i l l t y p i c a l l y
h a v e
a
b u t t o n o r s W i t c h a s s o c i a t e d
W i t h i t t o Which t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f
c e r t a i n f u n c t i o n s
c a n b e
p r o g r a m m e d . I n t h e
c u r r e n t l y
p r e f e r r e d
embodiment
s u c h
a
s W i t c h W i l l have a ? r s t u p p o s i t i o n and a second doWn
p o s i t i o n
Which
a r e used t o s e l e c t and
move
document
o b j e c t s W i t h i n
t h e
document W o r k s p a c e . The n e t W o r k c o n
n e c t i o n 108
p r o v i d e s means f o r a t t a c h i n g t o a n e t W o r k ,
eg
a
Local Area
NetWork
LAN)
c a r d
o r modem
c a r d
W i t h
a p p r o p r i a t e s o f t W a r e . The
n e t W o r k
u l t i m a t e l y a t t a c h e d t o i s
t h e I n t e r n e t , b u t
i t
may
b e
t h r o u g h
i n t e r m e d i a r y n e t W o r k s
o r
On-Line s e r v i c e s s u c h
a s
America O n - Li n e , P r o d i g y
TM
r
CompuServ TM.
T h e c u r r e nt l y p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t o f
t h e p r e s e n t
i n v e n
t i o n
h a s
b e e n
i m p l e m e n t e d
on
a
S i l i c o n G r a p h i c s W o r k s t a
t i o n
W i t h
g r a p h i c s
f a c i l i t i e s
a s
d e s c r i b e d
i n
SGI G r a p h i c s
L i b r a r y P r o g r a m m i n g G u i d e , S i l i c o n G r a p h i c s , I n c . o f
M o u n t a i n V i e W , C a l i f .
The S i l i c o n
G r a p h i c s W o r k s t a t i o n
p r o v i d e s f o r g e n e r a t i n g s o f t W a r e
p r o g r a m s
W h i c h m a n i p u
l a t e g r a p h i c a l o b j e c t s i n a t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e , s o
d e s c r i p t i o n o f p r o g r a m m i n g t e c h n i q u e s
f o r
r e n d e r i n g
g r a p h i c a l o b j e c t s i n a
t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l
s p a c e i s n o t deemed
n e c e s s a r y .
I t
s h o u l d b e
n o t e d
t h a t
i t Would
have
been a p p a r e n t
t o
one
o f
s k i l l i n t h e a r t t o
implement
h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n on o t h e r
s u i t a b l e c o m p u t e r s y s t e m s
p r o v i d i n g
f u n c t i o n a l i t y f o r
m a n i p u l a t i n g g r a p h i c a l o b j e c t s i n a
t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e .
S u c h i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s W o u l d n o t d e p a r t f r o m t h e s p i r i t a n d
s c o p e
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n .
F i n a l l y ,
t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n
i s
impl emented on
a
com
p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
h a v i n g
a
G r a p h i c a l
U s e r
I n t e r f a c e G U I ) . O p e r a t i o n s f o r moving p a g e s
o r
p a g e
c o l l e c t i o n s
i n
t h e GUI
have
been c r e a t e d t h a t s u p p o r t
u s e
i n
t h e
Document
o r k s p a c e . Such o p e r a t i o n s a r e
d e s c r i b e d
i n
g r e a t e r
d e t a i l b e l o W .
O t h e r o p e r a t i o n s
a r e invoked i n a
s i m i l a r f a s h i o n
and perform
a s i m i l a r
f u n c t i o n a s i n knoWn
GUIs. F or
e X a m p l e ,
t h e
a c t o f
“ t o u c h i n g ”
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i n t e r a c t e d W i t h . I n
F I G .
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t h e
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b e h i n d
t h e
f o c u s s p a c e c o m p r i s e
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o f
t h e I m m e d i a t e Memory
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a t
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i n
t h e 3D s p a c e .
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document
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r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s a r e p l a c e d
i n
t h e t e r t i a r y s p a c e . R e f e r r i n g
t o F I G .
2 a ,
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t e r t i a r y s p a c e i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a
b o o k c a s e
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t h e
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pages
i n
t h e
b o o k c a s e s , i t W i l l a u t o
m a t i c a l l y “ ? y ” t o t h e
f o c u s s p a c e
2 0 1 .
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page
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t h e I m m e d i a t e
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i s
a n
a n i m a t i o n
Which
shoWs
t h e
movement o f o b j e c t s from
one
space
t o a n o t h e r .
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t h e
c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d
embodiment i s
d e s i g n e d
t o p e r f o r m m u l t i p l e t a s k s c o n c u r
r e n t l y . So
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i n t o
t h e d o c u m e n t W o r k s p a c e f o r s u b s e q u e n t i n t e r
a c t i o n . F I G . 2b i l l u s t r a t e s t h e document W o r k s p a c e
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pages
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10
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25
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8
t h e
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o f a document
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t h e s e
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c o n s t r a i n t o f t h e t o u c h - d r o p
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on
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c a s e , t h e
u n i q u e a c t i o n
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d o c u m e n t o b j e c t i s
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a
doWn?ick
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t o
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5
1 5
25
35
45
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t i e r .
U p ? i c k i n g
s e n d s
documents
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f a r t h e r t i e r Which i s
n o t
o c c l u d e d a n d t h e X
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more t h a n one document o b j e c t from
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o r
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F l i c k i n g i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F I G S . 8 — 9 . R e f e r r i n g t o F I G . 8 ,
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d i s c u s s i o n
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I n t h e c u r r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t , c o l l e c t i o n s o f
documents
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ynamic
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p r o v i d e s a c o n v e n i e n t
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s e l e c t i n g t h e
e n t i r e
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t h e p i l e b y
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document 1201 h a v i n g a c e n t e r 1202 i s
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o t h e r con?gu
r a t i o n s . Such a l t e r n a t e embodiments Wou ld n o t
c a u s e
d e p a r
t u r e
f r o m
t h e
s p i r i t
a n d
s c o p e o f
t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n .
We
l a i m :
1 . o m p u t e r c o n t r o l le d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
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5 8 4 7 7 0 9
1 1
document r e c e i v i n g
means
f o r r e c e i v i n g document
o b j e c t s ;
W o r k s p a c e d i s p l a y c i r c u i t r y f o r
g e n e r a t i n g
d i s p l a y i n f o r
m a t i o n f o r
d i s p l a y i n g s a i d
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
document
W o r k s p a c e a n d s a i d
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s s a i d W o r k s p a c e
d i s p l a y
c i r c u i t r y
c o m p r i s i n g :
c i r c u i t r y f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
a
f o c u s s p a c e s a i d f o c u s
s p a c e
f o r
d e t a i l d i s p l a y
o f
a
document
o b j e c t ;
c i r c u i t r y f o r d i s p l a y i n g a n i m m e d i a t e
s p a c e
s a i d imm e
d i a t e
s p a c e
f o r
e p h e m e r a l p o s i t i o n i n g
o f
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s
t h a t a r e i n u s e b u t
n o t
i n f o c u s ;
and
c i r c u i t r y f o r d i s p l a y i n g a t e r t i a r y s p a c e s a i d
t e r t i a r y
s p a c e f o r p o s i t i o n i n g
document
o b j e c t s
t h t
a r e
n o t
i n u s e .
2 . The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m 1 W h e r e i n
s a i d
immediate s p a c e i s c o m p r i s e d o f a
p l u r a l i t y
o f t i e r s
a l o n g a
Z - a X i s
W h e r e i n
e a c h o f s a i d t i e r s
c a u s e s
a
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t
t o
be
s c a l e d t o
a
corresponding
p r e d e t e r m i n e d s i Z e .
3 .
The c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
a s r e c i t e d i n
claim
2 Wherein s a i d
immediate
space
f u r t h e r
h a s a n
a r e a
v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d a s
a d e s k t o p .
4 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m
a s
r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m
1
W h e r e i n
s a i d t e r t i a r y s p a c e
i s
v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d
a s
a b ookcase
5 .
The c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m
a s
r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m 1 f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s i n g
a
r e c e i v e d
document s p a c e f o r
d i s p l a y i n g r e q u e s t e d
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s a s t h e y a r e r e c e i v e d .
6 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m
a s
r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m 1
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s i n g n a v i g a t i o n means f o r p r o v i d i n g
u s e r
i n p u t f o r
p o s i t i o n i n g
a
u s e r v i e W p o i n t W i t h i n
s a i d
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l d o c u m e n t
W o r k s p a c e .
7 . The c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m a s
r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m
1 W h e r e i n s a i d document
a c c e s s i n g
means
i s
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s e d o f
W e b i n t e r a c t i o n means
f o r
r e t r i e v i n g
p a g e s
from t h e World Wide Web
1 5
25
35
1 2
8 . The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m
1
f u r t h e r
c o m p r i s i n g
WebBook g e n e r a t i o n means f o r
c r e a t i n g
a W e b B o o k
f r om
a n
i d e n t i ? e d c o l l e c t i o n
o f r e l a t e d
W e b
p a g e s .
9 .
o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
document
o b j e c t s
i n a
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
document Work
s p a c e
on a d i s p l a y
s a i d c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
c o m p r i s i n g :
document
r e t r i e v a l
m e a n s
f o r
r e t r i e v i n g
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s ;
p o s i t i o n i n g
means o r
r e c e i v i n g
u s e r
i n p u t
f o r
p o s i t i o n i n g
document o b j e c t s W i t h i n s a i d t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l d o c u
m e n t W o r k s p a c e ;
W o r k s p a c e
d i s p l a y
c i r c u i t r y f o r
g e n e r a t i n g d i s p l a y
i n f o r
m a t i o n
f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
s a i d t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l document
W o r k s p a c e
a n d s a i d d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s
s a i d
t h r e e
d i m e n s i o n a l W o r k s p a c e c o m p r i s i n g :
a f o c u s s p a c e f o r d i s p l a y i n g a c t i v e
i n
u s e
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s ;
a n
immediate
s p a c e
f o r
d i s p l a y i n g
i n
u s e
d o c u m e n t
o b j e c t s ; a n d
a t e r t i a r y
s p a c e
f o r d i s p l a y i n g document
o b j e c t s
t h a t a r e
not i n u s e .
1 0 . The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y
s y s t e m
a s r e c i t e d i n
c l a i m
9
Wherein
s a i d a
? r s t p a r t o f s a i d immediate s p a c e i s
v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d by a
d e s k t o p a n d
a
s e c o n d
p a r t
o f
s a i d
i m m e d i a t e s p a c e i s v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d by
a n a i r
s p a c e
b e h i n d s a i d ? r s t p a r t .
1 1 .
The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m
a s
r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m
1 0
W h e r e i n
s a i d f o c u s
s p a c e i s
p o s i t i o n e d
a b o v e
s a i d
? r s t p a r t o f s a i d i m m e d i a t e s p a c e .
1 2 . The
c o m p u t e r
c o n t r o l l e d
d i s p l a y s y s t e m a s r e c i t e d
i n
c l a i m 9 W h e r e i n s a i d t e r t i a r y s p a c e i s v i s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d b y
a b ookcase
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JS 44 Reverse (Rev. 09/11)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR ATTORNEYS COMPLETING CIVIL COVER SHEET FORM JS 44
Authority For Civil Cover Sheet
The JS 44 civil cover sheet and the information contained herein neither replaces nor supplements the filings and service of pleading or other papers as reqby law, except as provided by local rules of court. This form, approved by the Judicial Conference of the United States in September 1974, is required fuse of the Clerk of Court for the purpose of initiating the civil docket sheet. Consequently, a civil cover sheet is submitted to the Clerk of Court for eachcomplaint filed. The attorney filing a case should complete the form as follows:
I. (a) Plaintiffs-Defendants. Enter names (last, first, middle initial) of plaintiff and defendant. If the plaintiff or defendant is a government agency, us
the full name or standard abbreviations. If the plaintiff or defendant is an official within a government agency, identify first the agency and then the official, gboth name and title.
(b) County of Residence. For each civil case filed, except U.S. plaintiff cases, enter the name of the county where the first listed plaintiff residestime of filing. In U.S. plaintiff cases, enter the name of the county in which the first listed defendant resides at the time of filing. (NOTE: In land condemncases, the county of residence of the “defendant” is the location of the tract of land involved.)
(c) Attorneys. Enter the firm name, address, telephone number, and attorney of record. If there are several attorneys, list them on an attachment, nin this section “(see attachment)”.
II. Jurisdiction. The basis of jurisdiction is set forth under Rule 8(a), F.R.C.P., which requires that jurisdictions be shown in pleadings. Place an “X” of the boxes. If there is more than one basis of jurisdiction, precedence is given in the order shown below.
United States plaintiff. (1) Jurisdiction based on 28 U.S.C. 1345 and 1348. Suits by agencies and officers of the United States are included here.
United States defendant. (2) When the plaintiff is suing the United States, its officers or agencies, place an “X” in this box.
Federal question. (3) This refers to suits under 28 U.S.C. 1331, where jurisdiction arises under the Constitution of the United States, an amendment
Constitution, an act of Congress or a treaty of the United States. In cases where the U.S. is a party, the U.S. plaintiff or defendant code takes precedence, an1 or 2 should be marked.
Diversity of citizenship. (4) This refers to suits under 28 U.S.C. 1332, where parties are citizens of different states. When Box 4 is checked, the citizensthe different parties must be checked. (See Section III below; federal question actions take precedence over diversity cases.)
III. Residence (citizenship) of Principal Parties. This section of the JS 44 is to be completed if diversity of citizenship was indicated above. Mark this sfor each principal party.
IV. Nature of Suit. Place an “X” in the appropriate box. If the nature of suit cannot be determined, be sure the cause of action, in Section VI belsufficient to enable the deputy clerk or the statistical clerks in the Administrative Office to determine the nature of suit. If the cause fits more than one natsuit, select the most definitive.
V. Origin. Place an “X” in one of the seven boxes.
Original Proceedings. (1) Cases which originate in the United States district courts.
Removed from State Court. (2) Proceedings initiated in state courts may be removed to the district courts under Title 28 U.S.C., Section 1441. When the pefor removal is granted, check this box.
Remanded from Appellate Court. (3) Check this box for cases remanded to the district court for further action. Use the date of remand as the filing date
Reinstated or Reopened. (4) Check this box for cases reinstated or reopened in the district court. Use the reopening date as the filing date.
Transferred from Another District. (5) For cases transferred under Title 28 U.S.C. Section 1404(a). Do not use this for within district transfers or multidlitigation transfers.
Multidistrict Litigation. (6) Check this box when a multidistrict case is transferred into the district under authority of Title 28 U.S.C. Section 1407. Whebox is checked, do not check (5) above.
Appeal to District Judge from Magistrate Judgment. (7) Check this box for an appeal from a magistrate judge’s decision.
VI. Cause of Action. Report the civil statute directly related to the cause of action and give a brief description of the cause. Do not cite jurisdictional staunless diversity. Example: U.S. Civil Statute: 47 USC 553
Brief Description: Unauthorized reception of cable service
VII. Requested in Complaint. Class Action. Place an “X” in this box if you are filing a class action under Rule 23, F.R.Cv.P.
Demand. In this space enter the dollar amount (in thousands of dollars) being demanded or indicate other demand such as a preliminary injunction.
Jury Demand. Check the appropriate box to indicate whether or not a jury is being demanded.
VIII. Related Cases. This section of the JS 44 is used to reference related pending cases if any. If there are related pending cases, insert the docket nuand the corresponding judge names for such cases.
Date and Attorney Signature. Date and sign the civil cover sheet.
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