Triangulation

First used by Campbell and Fiske in 1959. Denzin in 1989 identified four different

types. Data Triangulation Investigator triangulation Theoretical triangulation Methodological Triangulation

Kimchi, Polivka, and Stevenson (1991) have suggested a fifth type Multiple Triangulation

Data Triangulation Collection of data from multiple

sources Intent is to obtain diverse views of

the same phenomenon. (Longitudinal is different and is looking for change)

Validate data by seeing if it occurs from different sources

Investigator Triangulation Two or more investigators with

different research backgrounds examining the same phenomenon

Clarifies disciplinary bias Adds to validity of data

Theoretical Triangulation Using all the theoretical

interpretations that could conceivably be applied to a given area

Each view is critically examined for utility and power

Increased the confidence of the hypothesis

Can lead to even greater T. F. beliefs

Methodological Triangulation

The use of two or more research methods in a single study Design level Data collection level

Two major types Within-method (all are one

philosophy) Across-method (across philosophies)

Pros and Cons of Triangulation Very trendy in the 90’s Can be used with smaller N Combined methods may just be

the rise of a new method There are philosophical risks Complex designs and therefore

complex analysis