The Japan International Welding Show 2014-organized by the Japan

Welding Engineering Society (JWES) and Sanpo Publications Inc.-

was held over four days, from April 23 to 26, at Tokyo Big Sight in Koto-

ku, Tokyo. To coincide with the show, between April 23 and 25, the 21st

AWF (Asian Welding Federation) Governing Council Meeting, the 14th

CWCS (Common Welder Certification Scheme) Meeting, and the 4th

Standardization Task Force Meeting were also held at the same venue. A

total of 50 representatives from 10 AWF member countries attended the

gathering. This 10th anniversary year of the AWF’s foundation marks a

turning point in the federation’s activities, as the federation focuses on

reviewing its organizat ion and

structure to propel it through the next

10 years.

This issue offers an account of these

important AWF meetings.

Before the commencement of the task

force meetings on April 23, Hirosada

Irie (JWES International Activities

Committee) offered a few words of

welcome to participants: “We are very

pleased to welcome you all at this wonderful time of year in Japan. There are

many things to discuss in today’s task force meetings and I expect that we

will have a good deal of enthusiastic debate.” Next, AWF Secretary General

Ang Chee Peng (formerly president of the Singapore Welding Society)

also addressed the gathering: “Firstly, I would like to thank the JWES for

arranging for us to use these

modern facilities and meeting

venue. This is a very important

meeting for us because we will

be reflecting on our organization

and structure, setting up a new

executive, and generally talking

about how to take the AWF to the

next stage of its evolution.”

At the 14th CWCS Task Force Meeting, there was a discussion on the

measures that the AWF needs to take for ensuring specification conformity

to ASME codes, as well as proposals for formulations of OP-22 “Document

Management” and OP-23 “Records Management” of the CWCS. The meeting

also dealt with details of welder skill testing, and the completion of OP-12,

AWF Governing Council and Task Forces Meeting- AWF Looks to Consolidate Organizational Structure as it Turns 10 -

Vol.15 June 2014Contents

AWF News

▲ Hirosada Irie of the JWES gives a welcome address

▲ Secretary General Ang Chee Peng

2 AWF News / AWF Governing Council and Task Forces Meeting- AWF Looks to Consolidate Organizational Structure as it Turns 10 -

5 Area Spot-1 / JapanThe Japan International Welding Show (JIWS) 2014

9 Area Spot-2 / MalaysiaThe 9th International Materials Technology Conference & Exhibition, 2014

11Feature / The Phenomenon of Welding Arcs Made Simple for Welders- Part 1 Arc Characteristics and Their Application to Welding -

14Hot News / Asia Welding Show in Jakarta 2014-Indonesia’s First Ever Full-scale International Welding Exhibition -

15Statistics / Crude steel production - December 2013

16 Product Reviews17A Window Into the World: The Newsletter of the AWS18 Guide to International Events /

Departments

PublisherSANPO PUBLICATIONS INCOPORATED1-11 Kanda, Sakuma-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0025, JAPAN TEL. +81-3-3258-6411FAX. +81-3-3258-6430

Sanpo Publicat ions, Inc. publishes not only Welding Promenade, Welding News, N DT News , Weld i ng Tech nolog y a nd other welding related books in Japan, but also sponsors and organizes the Japan Internat ional Welding Show 2014 and HUBTEC-Welding & Laser Exposition.

Announcing Welding Promenade

New Digital Versionfor

Smartphones snd Tables(fee-based)

Start receiving in December!

Vol. 15 June 20142

▲ CWCS Task Force Meeting▲ Scene from AWF Governing Council Meeting

based on the results of surveys of expertise from China

and Mongolia and taking into account the results of a

trial of ISO9606 conducted by the JWES. There was also

discussion comparing ISO9606-1 with AWS2.1 and ASME

Section IX, and an examination of WPS.

Another notable focus of the meeting was the formation

of a new task force group to review the organization and

structure of the AWF and examine the establishment of a

sustainable executive.

At the 4th Standardization Task Force

Meeting, the JWES Welding Consumables

Division presented two reports, on the

impact of Japanese comments on welding-

related ISO standards, and on examples

of CE mark implementat ion and the

importance of ISO. Additionally, the Thai

Welding Society gave a presentation on five

standards relating to welding consumables

used in Thailand.

At the 21st AWF Governing Council Meeting, held on

April 24, JWES President Takashi Miyata, representing

host country Japan, opened the meeting with a greeting to

participants: “There are 10 member countries represented

at this gathering. Thank you all for taking the time out of

your busy schedules to come to Japan. I trust that that

this conference will come to a successful conclusion.” He

▲ JWES President Takashi Miyata, representing host country Japan, giving an

opening address

▲ AWF President Na Suck-Joo kicks off proceedings

3Vol. 15 June 2014

then conveyed his condolences to

AWF President Na Suck-Joo (Korean

Welding and Joining Society) on the

the tragic sinking of the South Korean

ferry MV Sewol one week earlier.

President Na then offered a brief

greeting, expressing his hope for

the continued development of AWF

activities: “This meeting marks a

turning point in the operation of the

AWF. I hope to see some deep discussion on the CWCS

and standardization.”

Proceedings included reports on the progress of the

AWF web site, on the corporate registration of the AWF

in Singapore, and on progress in the development of a

dictionary of welding terminology by the JWES. It was

also decided that the next Governing Council Meeting in

autumn would be held concurrently with the 4th East-

WJ (East Asia Symposium on Technology of Welding and

Joining) in October in Xi’an, China.

In the study groups on the AWF’s CWCS and MOS

schemes in the afternoon, the welding associations of

China, Thailand, Singapore, and Japan reported on their

CWCS implementation plans. According to the reports,

the China Welding Association is set to obtain ACB

(certification body) authorization and begin ATC (testing

body) auditing by April 2015. The Thai Welding Society

and Singapore Welding Society are due to obtain ACB

authorization and begin ATC auditing by November 2014.

The JWES is set to gear up similarly by October 2015.

After the conclusion of the Governing Council Meeting,

all the participants gathered for a commemorative group

photo.

On the following day, April 25, 16 people got together for

the 8th Auditors Study Meeting, and an auditor evaluation

test was conducted with 11 participants.

As mentioned above, this gathering marked the 10th

anniversary of the AWF’s establishment—a good time to

think seriously about creating a new system to meet the

demands of the coming decade. The current meeting was

seen as a first step in this endeavor, and an opportune

moment to adopt a fresh approach to further developing

a network to facilitate the sharing of welding-related

information throughout Asia.

The AWF members from around Asia that took the

opportunity to come to Japan for the Japan International

Welding Show 2014 were able to directly acquaint

themselves with the latest in Japanese welding technology,

as well as to exchange news and views with other

countries and foster closer relations with exhibitors. All in

all, it was a rich and rewarding experience for them.

▲ Commemorative group photo of AWF members

▲ Scene from Auditors Study Meeting

Vol. 15 June 20144

The Japan International Welding Show (JIWS) 2014

1 Japan

The Japan International Welding Show (JIWS)

2014 (organizers: Japan Welding Engineering

Society and Sanpo Publications Inc.) was held for four

days, from April 23 to 26, at Tokyo Big Sight in Koto-

ku, Tokyo. A total of 215 companies exhibited at the

show, 5% more than in 2010, when the event was last

held in Tokyo. This year’s show was nearly the big-

gest ever. With 95,873 visitors in all over the four days

(photos 1, 2), the event is clearly generating a high level

of interest and high expectations.

This year’s JIWS focused on the theme “Think Future,

Act Now! Gateway to a Great Success in Asia”. The

event has traditionally served as a technology showcase

and a specialized exhibition focused on welding, which

is a vital and fundamental technology for manufactur-

ing. On top of this, it is increasingly serving as a trade

show and as a forum for addressing the challenges fac-

ing the welding industry.

The following is an outline of what the show offered.

In the area of arc welding, there were many exhibits of

welding solutions that combined robots with peripheral

equipment. These included a variety of offerings by

several manufacturers of low-spatter welding processes

to address the perennial challenge of spatter. In the area

of welding consumables, there were numerous ground-

breaking processes combining welding consumables

▲ Inside the bustling show venue

▲ Booth overflowing with visitors

5Vol. 15 June 2014

with power

s u p p l i e s ,

a n d a s a

notable fea-

ture, there

were many

exhibits of

w e l d i n g

c o n s u m a -

bles aimed at the energy sector. In the area of cutting,

it seems that fiber laser cutters have entered into practi-

cal use, and various

companies competed

in showing off their

hydrogen cutting solu-

tions. In the field of la-

ser processing, a wide

range of applications

were offered for differ-

ent oscillators; whereas

manufacturers previ-

ously competed largely

on power, they are now

focused more

on highlight-

ing specia l-

ized process-

ing methods

suited to the

f e a t u r e s o f

p a r t i c u l a r

lasers and ap-

plications. In the area of resistance welding, there were

many displays of high-quality welding technology to

cater to an increasingly diverse range of steel plate va-

rieties. In addition,

among the exhibitors

of welding peripher-

al equipment, moni-

tor ing equipment

a nd dev ic es t ha t

feature visualization

and display captured

considerable interest.

Another notable fea-

ture of JIWS 2014

▲ Wire for twin-tandem welding for shipbuilding (Nippon Steel & Sumikin Welding)

▲ Composite wire suitable for use with 100% argon in MIG welding

(Nippon Welding Rod)

▲ Welding consumables for special materials (Voestalpine Bohler Welding)

▲ Synchro-feed welding system (Daihen)

Vol. 15 June 20146

was the other events that coincided with the show.

For example, the Skills Transmission Plaza was aimed

at promoting welding skills education and training in

the format of a demonstration. From April 23 to April

25, high school students competed in a contest of weld-

ing challenges. Highly skilled and experienced welders

provided explanations of contest tasks to the assembled

spectators. The welders discussed the instructions

provided in welding training at companies and high

schools. This event allowed high school teachers and

students to deepen their understanding of the contest

tasks in which they experienced difficulty.

A related feature was high school welding contests,

which created a social buzz. During the show, the 5th

Kanto-Koshinetsu High School Students Welding

Competition and the National Selection High School

▲ TAWERS application (Panasonic Welding Systems)

▲ High-speed welding system using a learning robot (Fanuc)

▲ Remote welding with 4 kW fiber laser (Amada Group)

▲ Laser seam welding system combining clamping and laser

welding (IPG Photonics)

▲ Demonstration of 5 kW fiber laser cutter (Koike Sanso Kogyo)

▲ Unveiling of fiber laser cutter (Nissan Tanaka)

▲ Proposal of EAGLE method (Yaskawa Electric)

▲ MIG/MAG welding CMT twin by Fronius (Aichi Sangyo)

▲ Space-saving 2-arc system for steel frames (Kobe Steel)

7Vol. 15 June 2014

Welding Competition were both held.

The customary “five main forums” at this show were

on lasers, steel frames, precision processing, coat-

ing, and non-destructive testing. Each forum featured

presentations on the latest technology as well as future

directions. The Trend Seminar, conducted as a work-

shop, offered practical insights on the latest technology

trends and technical explanations. The seminar, which

featured practical examples of state-of-the-art technol-

ogy and ideas for improving production environments,

was very popular.

▲ Hydrogen mixed gas cutting system, a hot topic (Iwatani)

▲ Proposal of high-speed seam welding for automotive parts (Nachi-Fujikoshi)

▲ Laser spot welding using direct LD laser (Panasonic Welding Systems)

▲ 4 kW high-brightness direct LD laser featuring Teradiode (Feira)

▲ Inverter-condenser-type projection welding system

(Nas Toa Welding Technologies)

▲ Spot welding system that automatically distinguishes

operating conditions (Nadex)

▲ FSW device suited to high-quality aluminum joining (Isel)▲ Metal powder and devices for 3D

printing (Aichi Sangyo)

▲ Adhesive for metals that boasts low strain (Cemedine)

▲ Demonstration by highly skilled and experienced welders at the Skills Transmission

Plaza

▲ Scene from High School Welding Competition

Vol. 15 June 20148

2 Malaysia

The 9th International Materials Technology Con-ference & Exhibition (IMTCE), organized by the

Institute of Materials Malaysia, was held at the Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malay-sia for four days (May 13–16, 2014).The event featured five symposiums in different fields: ISAPM 2014 (International Symposium on Advanced Polymeric Materials), ISMTC 2014 (International Symposium on Material Characterisation and Test-ing), ISCT 2014 (International Symposium on Coatings Technology), ISMWT 2014 (International Symposium on Metallurgy and Welding Technology), and ISCMD 2014 (International Symposium on Corrosion & Mate-rials Degradation). The objective of the conference was to provide a platform for the exchange of knowledge and expertise between industrial practitioners, industry professionals, and higher learning institutions, and to provide a forum for discussion and exchange of views on opportunities and challenges in the area of materi-als processing and applications through collaborations between industry and academia.Approximately 500 registered participants from 50 countries took part in the conference. More than half of the participants were from outside Malaysia, and thus reflected the high level of international interest in the event.ISMWT 2014, which focused on the theme of “Facility Safety through Welding Integrity”, was held on May 14, the second day of the conference. The first session of the symposium, Session 1A, was chaired by Dr. Ed-win Jong Nyon Tchan (Institute of Materials Malaysia, Malaysia). The session opened with a keynote lecture entitled “Status and Prospects of Advanced Structural Steel and Its Weldability” by Prof. Yuichi Komizo (Osaka University, Japan).

Abstracts of the keynote lectures are given below.• Status & Prospects of Advanced Structural Steel and Its Weldability (Yuichi Komizo, Osaka University, Ja-pan)With the combination of TMCP steels, a variety of welding technologies have been developed to increase

welding speed, deposition rate, and integrity of welds. However, because safety and durability of steel struc-tures are a concern, improved HAZ toughness, crack arrestability, corrosion resistance, and fatigue strength have been demanded for advanced structural steels. As discussed in this presentation, much progress has taken place over the last thirty years in steel plates and weld-ing technologies.• New Possibilities with Friction Deposition: From Overlay Coatings to Buttering to Additive Manufactur-ing (G.D. Janaki Ram, Indian Institute of Technology, India)Friction deposition, also known as friction surfacing, has received renewed interest in recent years. Work at IIT Madras in the last five years has shown that fric-tion deposition can provide a superior alternative to conventional fusion welding processes for depositing corrosion- and wear-resistant overlay coatings. Also, friction deposition has been shown to be a very use-ful technique for buttering, in which fusion welding of austenitic stainless steels to borated stainless steels, as well as Al-Cu alloys to Al-Zn-Mg alloys, has been successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, a new solid-state additive manufacturing process based on friction deposition has been developed. In this process, layers of material are successively friction deposited one over another, while each layer is shaped to its corresponding slice contour by computer numerical control machin-ing. The process is uniquely capable in many ways and can significantly widen the scope and applicability of additive part fabrication in metallic materials.• AWF CWCS & MOS (Ang Chee Pheng, Asian Weld-

The 9th International Materials Technology Conference & Exhibition, 2014

9Vol. 15 June 2014

Program in Asian Industries (Hideaki Harasawa, JWES, Japan)Asian welding industries are now very active, as shown by the increase of steel consumption in Asia at over 60% of that of the world. To achieve the required weld quality together with the development and implemen-tation of new welding technology, it is essential for manufacturers and/or related welding industries to rely on qualified/certified welding engineers whose com-petence and knowledge have been obtained by educa-tion, training, and/or relevant practical experiences. In accordance with ISO 14731 “Welding Coordination: Tasks and Responsibilities”, welding is a special proc-ess that requires the coordination of welding operations in order to establish confidence in welding fabrication and reliable performance in service. The tasks and re-sponsibilities of personnel involved in welding-related activities should be clearly defined. Also, in accord-ance with ISO 3834 “Quality Requirements for Fusion Welding of Metallic Materials”, a qualification test may be required to demonstrate the engineer’s level of competence and knowledge. In Japan, the importance of an education and certification system for welding en-gineers has been well recognized for many years, since JWES created the original system in 1972. In 1998, the system was revised to conform to ISO 14731 and to be closely related with IIW documents of IWE, IWT, and IWS for technical knowledge. The number of certi-fied welding engineers is now approximately 30,000 in Japanese industries. Furthermore, since 2005, JWES has worked in conjunction with AWF. JWES has also developed systems with the welding societies in some member countries. This lecture introduces recent JWES activity regarding the education and certification system for welding engineers in Japan and other coun-tries.(The above information is excerpted from the IMTCE 2014 PROGRAMME BOOK)The evening session of ISMWT featured two “Spe-cial Lectures”: “Achieving Effective Project Delivery through a Structured QA & QC Approach” by Ir. Pramod Kumar Karunakaran (Petronas, Malaysia) and “Cost Effectiveness in the Oil & Gas Industry: Quality & Safety Assured” by Datuk Mohd Anuar Taib (Petro-nas Carigali, Malaysia).The day’s program concluded with a banquet dinner and an exchange of technical information between the participants from different countries.

ing Federation, Singapore)The precursor of the AWF Common Welder Certifica-tion Scheme (AWF CWCSA) was first organized in the late 1980s, primarily to reduce the wasteful practice of repeated welder qualification tests by the petrochemical companies in Singapore. At that time, welders qualified by Esso and Mobile were subjected to similar tests, and vice versa, when they sought work at Shell, SRC, etc., even though the test may have been carried out by the same testing company. Such a practice was not only wasteful in terms of cost but also welder productiv-ity. The answer to this problem was to have a common welder qualification scheme that met the requirements of all these companies. This was the beginning of the CWQS. In order for the CWQS to be accepted by all participating petrochemical companies, plant own-ers together established the common qualification standards by working with SWS and other interested stakeholders, testing/inspection companies, SPRING Singapore, and contractors. Since then, CWQS has been applied successfully for more than 20 years. SWS, as guardian of the scheme, has ensured that the stand-ard of qualification is upheld. In May 2004, the Asian Welding Association initiated a meeting to explore the possibility of forming the Asian Welding Federation (AWF). Since then, one of the activities of the AWF has been the development of the AWF CWCS & MOS. The certification scheme is now ready for implementation.• Welding Inspection (Hasbi Razak, Petronas Carigali, Malaysia)Most of the developments in welding technology focus on improving process efficiency, productivity, quality, and safety, all of which directly or indirectly lead to time and cost savings. Recently, the welding industry has been experiencing a number of shifts, including the increasing role of software technology and automation and demands for welders to be more knowledgeable than their traditional workscope. The need for smarter state-of-the-art technology with higher quality work and quicker, easier, safer, and lighter equipment are the preferred choices for future welding. Looking into fu-ture challenges in the oil and gas industry and ventur-ing into more complicated conditions or environments with higher investment cost, we must step out from our comfort zone to find more reliable and efficient joining methods onsite.• Significant Role of Welding Engineer to Enhance Weld Integrity: Contribution of JWES Certification

Vol. 15 June 201410

1. IntroductionThe concept of welding by using the heat of an arc to melt metals was first devised more than 100 years ago and since that time a great deal of research and development has been conducted on the subject, ranging in focus from the fundamentals of the arcing phenomenon itself to its technological application to the fabrication of actual structures.Some aspects of the arcing phenomenon are still not technically understood, but in this first part, “Fundamentals of Arcing”, we examine the characteristics of arcs and the arcing phenomenon in welding techniques. Part 2 focuses on electrode-side phenomena to investigate the melting and transfer of consumable electrodes, which is closely related to the welded materials. In Part 3, our attention turns to penetration of the weld pool and bead formation, which depends on the parent material. Finally, Part 4 deals with the relationship between consumable electrodes and weld pools, and discusses, for example, spatter formation, the biggest challenge in gas metal arc (GMA) welding, and control methods for welding power supplies.

2. Characteristics of Welding Arcs2.1 Arc dischargeSuppose that an electric current is passed through two electrical conductors in contact with each other, inside a discharge tube filled with a gas at low pressure. If the two conductors are separated slightly, an electrical discharge will occur across the gap between the materials. The type of discharge that occurs—e.g., Townsend dark discharge or glow discharge—depends on the value of the electric current and voltage. However, as welders, we are interested in arc discharges, which occur when the current is approximately 10 A or more (see Fig. 1). Compared to other kinds of discharges, arc discharges occur at low voltage and high current, which endows them with a key characteristic: the high energy level required to melt metals, which makes them a convenient heat source for welding.Figure 2 shows the arc discharge in more detail by showing the structure and voltage distribution of the arc. At both the cathode and the anode, there is a very narrow region (0.01 mm at the cathode) known as the voltage fall region; between these two regions is the arc column fall region, where the electrical resistance is relatively low. The arc voltage can be expressed as the sum of the cathode fall voltage, the arc column fall voltage, and the anode fall voltage.The electrons that flow from the cathode are accelerated by the cathode fall voltage, enter the arc column, and move toward the anode. The electrons are then accelerated again in the anode fall region and flow to the anode, but the voltage distribution there depends on factors such as the electrode shape and material, the type of atmospheric gas, pressure, and current.What happens at the cathode and anode is not clearly understood in many cases. For example, in Fig. 2 the anode fall voltage has a positive value, which serves to accelerate the electrons, but many researchers claim that in the case of high-current arcs, the voltage value is zero or negative, such that the movement of electrons needs to be braked immediately before entering the anode.

2.2 Arc voltage and current characteristicsFigure 3 shows the current and voltage characteristics of an arc discharge under typical conditions of real-world welding. The graph plots the characteristics for the case of a water-cooled copper plate (anode) and a tungsten electrode (cathode) for different separation distances (i.e., arc lengths) for the arc discharge in an atmosphere of argon gas.It is clear that when the electric current is small, the voltage tends to fall sharply (known as a negative resistance characteristic). On the other hand, at high values of current, the voltage tends to increase steadily (known as a rising characteristic). The same pattern is seen for each of the different arc length values.In practice, welding is usually performed under the conditions of the rising characteristic, and the curve for this arc characteristic shows that the energy consumed by the arc lies on the curve. This should be kept in mind because it is necessary for understanding the section below on characteristics of welding power supplies for maintaining a stable arc. Figure 4 shows the relationship between arc length and voltage when the current is constant. Arc length and voltage are approximately directly proportional to each other: the longer the arc length, the higher the voltage. The graph shows the

The Phenomenon of Welding Arc Made Simple for WeldersPart 1 Arc Characteristics and Their Application to Welding by Masaharu Sato

Japan Welding Engineering Society

1000

800

600

400

200

010－11 10－10 10－5 10－4 10－3 10－2 10－1 102 1031 10

Self-sustaining discharge voltage（V）

Discharge current（A）Fig. 1 Discharge phenomenon in a low-pressure discharge tube

Townsend darkdischarge Glow discharge Arc discharge

Arc column

Anode fall voltage

Arc column fallvoltage

Cathode fallvoltage

Arc voltage

Voltage

Fig. 2 Arc structure and voltage distribution

Cathode（‒） Anode（+）

Arc length: 2.5㎜

Arc length: 5㎜

Arc length: 10㎜

18

16

14

12

10

8

0 100 200 300 400

Fig. 3 Relationship between current and voltagein real-world welding

Shield gasBase plateElectrode

: 100% Ar: water-cooled copper plate（anode）: ø3.2 mm（Th-W）

Arc voltage（V）

Current（A）

100%He

100%Ar

25

20

15

10

5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fig. 4 Relationship between arc length and voltageArc length（㎜）

Arc voltage（V）

: 200A: water-cooled copper plate（anode）: φ3.2㎜（Th-W）

CurrentBase plate

Electrode

11Vol. 15 June 2014

relationship between arc length and voltage when helium or argon is used as the shield gas. This graph demonstrates that for a given value of arc length, the voltage varies substantially according to the type of gas. It follows from this that the appropriate voltage in welding applications is different for different shield gases.

2.3 Stabilization of Arcs by Welding Power SuppliesTo utilize an arc discharge as a heat source for welding, it is necessary to sustain the discharge stably. This is achieved by designing the discharge circuits of the welding power supplies used to supply the energy in a certain way, and various kinds of power supplies are used to match the requirements of different welding techniques, as described below. How the welding power supply characteristics affect arc stability is explained with the simplest example of an electric discharge circuit.

In the discharge circuit shown in Fig. 5, the arc voltage (VD) is a function of the power supply voltage, where E is the no-load voltage (no discharge), the current is I and the resistance is R.

VD=E－I×R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .（1）In Fig. 5, this relationship is graphed with voltage on the vertical axis and current on the horizontal axis. This curve (a straight line in this example) is called the external characteristic curve of the power supply. The external characteristic of the power supply is the energy on this curve that is supplied by the power supply.Furthermore, this graph shows the arc voltage and current characteristics from the previous section, that is, the characteristic curve of the energy that the arc consumes. To achieve a stable arc discharge, the energy supplied by the power supply and the energy consumed by the arc need to be balanced. This condition is satisfied at the two intersection points of the curves (P, Q).However, even though the energy supplied and consumed is balanced at both P and Q, point P is a point of instability, whereas operation point Q is a point of stability.At point P, if the arc energy balance is disrupted for some reason, the current increases and the voltage supplied from the power supply increases. The voltage becomes higher than the voltage necessary for the arc, and this leads to a further increase in current. Ultimately, conditions reach those corresponding to operation point Q, where the arc consumption and power supply energy become balanced again. Conversely, if the energy balance disruption results in a decrease in current, the current decreases

until the arc is extinguished.However, if the balance at operation point Q is disrupted with an increase in current, the power supply voltage falls below the value of voltage necessary for the arc, so the current cannot increase. As a result, the operation point returns to point Q.

Conversely, even if the current decreases, the power supply voltage remains high, causing operation to return to point Q. In other words, if the current fluctuates somewhat, operation is always restored to point Q, which enables the arc to be sustained stably. A simple analogy to explain this is that point P is like placing a ball at the peak of a mountain, while point Q is like placing a ball at the bottom of a valley.The external characteristic of the power supplies used in real-world arc welding is not like the steep straight line shown in Fig. 5, but rather a curve that is appropriate to the particular welding technique being used. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of external characteristics: the drooping characteristic (constant current characteristic) and the constant voltage characteristic. Below, we explain how each kind of power supply manages to maintain arc stability in an actual welding operation when a common disruption occurs, such as when the arc length undergoes change.Figures 6(a) and (b) show a drooping and constant current external characteristic curve, respectively, for a power supply. In the case of the drooping characteristic, the voltage gradually decreases when the current increases. In the case of the constant current characteristic, we make use of the region of the curve where only the voltage changes while the current value remains constant, as shown in the figure.Figure 6 also shows the arc characteristic curves described earlier, where one corresponds to a long arc length, and the other corresponds to a short arc length. The intersection points of the two curves are the operation points where the energy consumption and supply are balanced, as described above.Now, if the arc length is increased from L1 to L2, the operation point changes from S1 to S2. However, this does not result in any significant change in the current level. That is, a welding power supply with this kind of drooping or constant current characteristic is able to maintain a generally constant current value even when there is a change in arc length—a feature that is useful in achieving stable weld penetration. This kind of power supply is widely employed in shielded metal arc welding, TIG welding, and submerged arc welding.Of course, this does not mean that it is fine to aimlessly change the arc length by large amounts. To maintain a constant arc length in shielded metal arc welding and semi-automatic tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding, the welder has to keep a steady arm so that the height of the holder or torch remains unchanged, whereas in submerged arc welding, it is necessary to control the speed at which the consumable electrode (welding wire) is fed.Figure 7 shows the constant voltage external characteristic curve of a power supply along with the arc characteristic curves for two arc length values: long and short. Although this is classified as a constant voltage characteristic, to improve welding operability, the curve actually slopes down to the right slightly, as shown in the figure. This kind of power supply is used in gas metal arc (GMA) welding, in which a consumable electrode of small diameter (welding wire) is supplied.In GMA welding, the welding wire is fed at a relatively high speed, but it is difficult to control the supply speed for a moment in response to a change in arc length. However, if a power supply with a constant voltage external characteristic is used, then as long as the welding wire is fed at a constant speed, a steady arc length will be automatically maintained. This is a useful characteristic.In Fig. 7, we consider what happens when the arc length increases from L1 to L2. The operation point shifts from S1 to S2 and the

S 2 S 2

S 1S 1

L 2L 1

L 1

L 2

Current

Power supply externalcharacteristic curve

Arc characteristiccurve

Voltage

Current

Voltage

Fig. 6 Power supply external characteristic curve

（a） Drooping characteristic （b）Constant currentcharacteristic

VoE

I

RP

E

Q

Power supply external characteristic curve（VD＝E-IR）

Simplest discharge circuit

Discharge

Current

Arc characteristic curve

Voltage

Fig. 5 Power supply external characteristics and operation points

S 2

S 1

L 2L 1

Arc characteristic curvePower supply externalcharacteristic curve

Current

Voltage

Fig. 7 Constant voltage characteristic

Vol. 15 June 201412

current falls substantially, whereas the voltage cannot change by any significant amount.Welding wire is fed at a constant speed, so if only the current decreases, the volume of melt decreases and the tip of the wire approaches the weld pool. In other words, the arc length becomes gradually smaller and returns to its original value.Conversely, when the arc length tends to decrease, the current increases and the wire burns more rapidly. As a result, the arc length is restored to its original value. Likewise, when a power supply has the constant voltage characteristic, the current is very sensitive to changes in arc length, and a constant arc length is maintained. This kind of operation is referred to as power supply self-regulating operation.Another similar term is “arc-specific self-regulating operation”. Due to limited space, we omit the details, but this is an arc length stabilization phenomenon that occurs under a constant current, distinct from the self-regulating operation of the above power supply.In any case, the existence of operation modes such as these enable GMA welding to be performed at a constant arc length, even when welding wire is fed at a constant speed.

3. Welding and the Phenomenon of ArcingIn arc welding, one of the electrodes is the welding rod, tungsten electrode, or welding wire, while the other electrode is the parent material that is being welded. Thus, in order to understand more easily how welding wire melts and penetrates into the parent material, we explain the thermal energy that enters each type of electrode. (More detail is given in Part 2 of this series.) The heat that enters the anode (PA) is determined by the energy generated by the electrons that flow from the arc column, as expressed approximately by the following equation.

PA=Ia（Va＋Vwa＋Ve）..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .（2）Ia is the arc current and Va is the anode fall voltage, which is approximately 2 V. Vwa is a work function of the anode. This function, which varies with the material, expresses the energy discharged when electrons are captured by the metal material of the anode and converted into a voltage value. Its value is approximately 3 to 4.5 V. Vt is a voltage value equivalent to the thermal energy corresponding to the temperature of the arc column, and is estimated to be approximately 1 V.On the other hand, the heat entering the cathode (PC) is a more complex subject and cannot be understood as easily as the anode heat. At the cathode, ions from the arc column enter the electrode and release energy. At the same time, however, electrons consume energy within the electrode (thereby cooling the cathode by a corresponding amount) and flow into the arc column. For this reason, the equation below for the heat entering the cathode (PC) involves subtraction.

PC=Ia（1－S）（Vc＋VI－Vwc＋Vt）－s×Ia×Vwc . . . . . . .（3）In this equation, Vc is the cathode fall voltage, which is approximately 10 V. Vwc is a work function of the cathode. This function, converted into a voltage value, corresponds to the energy consumed by electrons in terms of the energy necessary to draw electrons from inside the electrode to its surface. As in the case of the anode, the value is approximately 3 to 4.5 V. Vl is the ionization potential of the ions, which varies according to the composition of the shield gas. In the case of argon, the value of Vl is approximately 15 V. In addition, factor s, which is peculiar to the cathode, denotes the rate of the electron current (the current carried by the electrons) with respect to the total arc current at the surface of the cathode.Comparing the heat input to the electrodes on the basis of these equations, we find that the heat input for the anode is more or less proportional to the current, but the heat input for the cathode is greatly influenced by the electron current rate (s) and the cathode fall voltage Vc.These equations are difficult to understand, so let us try to think qualitatively about the heat input to the electrodes by an application of actual welding techniques. Suppose we have a tungsten electrode and we are welding steel using a DC current (i.e., TIG welding). Tungsten electrodes are often used as cathodes (– pole) and so we examine the reason for this from the viewpoint of

heat input to the electrode in the following example.If a tungsten electrode is used as an anode, the heat input to the anode (PA), in accordance with equation (2), is approximately PA ≒ 7.5 × Ia (taking Vwa to be 4.5 V). On the other hand, in the case of a tungsten cathode, we need to take into account the rate (δ) of the electrons from the tungsten that carry the electric current by virtue of their flow.Now, since tungsten metal has a high boiling point, it can be heated to very high temperatures, whereby the electrons within the electrode are easily released (thermionic emission). In other words, at the surface of a tungsten cathode, a large part of the arc current can be carried by released thermal electrons. This means that the electron current rate (δ) approaches a value of 1.Thus, if we estimate the heat input to the cathode (s = 0.75, Vc = 10 V, Vwc = 4.5 V), we estimate from equation (3) the heat input PC to be approximately PC ≒ 2.0 × Ia, which clearly corresponds to a lower heat input than that in the case of using tungsten as an anode. In welding applications, heat input to an electrode constitutes wasteful energy consumption, so lowering this input results in higher energy efficiency and also enables lower electrode consumption.Table 1 shows the current carrying capacity for the tungsten electrode in TIG welding. Note that when tungsten is used as an anode, it is not possible to sustain a large current. This can be explained by the above reasoning.A cathode that makes use of thermal electrons by heating, as described for tungsten, is known as a hot cathode. In addition to tungsten, molybdenum and carbon can also be utilized as hot cathodes.In contrast, with more familiar materials such as steel and aluminum, the welding wire itself, which serves as an electrode, melts before thermal electrons are sufficiently released. Such materials are thus called non-hot cathodes. When a sufficient quantity of thermal electrons cannot be released, the value of the electron current rate (s) changes, but unfortunately the mechanism of this process and the question of how much the value of (s) changes is not yet well understood.If we observe the phenomenon of wire melting in the actual practice of GMA welding, in which the electrode heat input characteristics have a significant influence, we find that in the case of solid wire for mild steel and 490 MPa class high-tensile strength steel, using the welding wire as a cathode results in faster melting of the wire. If certain alloy elements are added to the wire, however, the difference in melting speed between using the welding wire as a cathode and using it as an anode tends to disappear. For the same steel materials, we find that with self-shielded arc welding, using the wire as an anode results in higher melting speed. In summary, wire melting behavior varies according to the wire material. (Further explanation of wire melting is discussed in Part 2 of this series.)

Finally, for further details on the phenomenon of welding arcs, a substantial list of related literature is provided at the end of this article. Some of this literature served as references in the writing of this article. Please make use of these references to understand arcing phenomena not explained in this article and to obtain more detailed knowledge of the subject.

0.51.01.62.43.24.04.86.4

Electrodediameter（㎜） W

W：Th-W：

Pure tungsten electrodeThorium-tungsten electrode

Th-W

Welding current （A）

Table 1 Tungsten electrodes and current carrying capacity

W, Th-WDC（‒ electrode）AC DC（+ electrode）

Th-W5～1510～6050～100100～160150～210200～275250～350325～475

5～2015～8070～150140～235225～325300～425400～525500～700

5～2018～8075～150150～250250～400400～500500～800800～1100

10～2015～3025～4040～5555～8080～125

13Vol. 15 June 2014

Hot News

The Indonesia Welding Society and Sanpo Publications Inc. are proud to announce the inaugural Asia Welding

Show in Jakarta (2014), to be held this coming autumn over three days – November 26 to 28 – at Jakarta International Expo (JIEXPO) in Indonesia. The organizers wish to invite companies to participate as exhibitors at this special event in Indonesia, which is a major center of the rapidly expanding Asia-Pacific market.Indonesia is a fast developing emerging market and an increasingly developed country that is driving economic growth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Its outstanding potential is now drawing the attention of the entire world. The Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry earmarked transportation equipment and automotive parts as two sectors of the nation’s domestic manufacturing for special development through to 2015. Vigorous growth is also expected over the coming years in the field of chemical engineering plants, utilizing the country’s exceptional wealth of natural resources, and in the construction industry, in order to cater to the strong demand for infrastructure development. The economy is also supported by 234.3 million people – making Indonesia the fourth largest country in the world by population – and a massive domestic market.At the same time, international manufacturing business supply chains spanning the Asia region are growing ever more mature and sophisticated. The incorporation of the Asian market further into the flow of such supply chains is fueling the expansion of exports and imports of industrial products. Welding and joining-related products, which are essential to the diversification of manufacturing and industry, are an important part of this process. In the years ahead, this evolution of Indonesian industry will play a major part in the development of a single, unified Asian market.For all these reasons, numerous companies in the welding and joining industry from around Asia are expected to venture into the Indonesian market in order to cater to the needs and demands of the fast growing and highly promising manufacturing sectors of the domestic economy mentioned above.It is with all this in mind that we decided to organize the Asia Welding Show in Jakarta 2014 as an international exhibition that will bring together the very latest in welding technology and products under one roof, and thus help in advancing Asia’s welding industry while contributing to the formation of a single, vast, integrated market for welding products and services in Asia.With this event, we aim to bring together products and

technologies targeted at the Asian market, and to attract large numbers of visitors not only from Indonesia but from around the world, particularly from Asia, and from the booming automobile, chemical engineering, and construction sectors that are powering development of manufacturing in Asia.In addition to functioning as an exhibition, the show will also offer trend seminars by exhibiting companies, as well as the chance for business matching between visitors and participating companies or between participating companies themselves, amongst other things.In view of today’s increasingly globalized world, we see this show as an opportunity to promote the creation of a larger Asian market, and we highly recommend all interested companies come to exhibit at the show.

Below is an outline of the event:[Title] Asia Welding Show in Jakarta 2014 (AWSJ 2014)

[Dates] November 26 (Wed.) to 28 (Fri.), 2014

[Venue] Jakarta International Expo (JIEXPO), Hall D1

[Organizers] Indonesia Welding Society, Sanpo Publications Inc.

[Co-Organizer] Japan Welding Engineering Society

[Supported by] Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy,

Republic of Indonesia, Japan External Trade Organization

American Welding Society, Asian Welding Federation

[Concurrent events] Exhibitor presentation seminars

[Focus of exhibition] Arc welding; resistance welding; other

welding technologies; laser processing; micro processing; steel

frame processing; non-destructive testing; surface reforming;

thermal cutting; machining; tools and labor-saving equipment;

safety, sanitation and environment; welding adjuvants; plant

equipment; high-pressure gases; logistics; computers; others

Asia Welding Show in

J a k a r t a 2 0 1 4 ( AW S J

2014) Secretariat

w w w . n e w s p e e d . j p /

awsj2014

Sanpo Publications Inc.

T o k y o H e a d O f f i c e :

S a n p o S a k u m a B l d g . ,

1-11 Sakuma-cho, Kanda,

Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-

0025

E-mai l :wp@sanpo-pub.

co.jp

Asia Welding Show in Jakarta 2014- Indonesia’s First Ever Full-scale International Welding Exhibition -

▲ Information for Intrested Exhibitors

Vol. 15 June 201414

Statistics Crude steel production - December 2013

The figures below are in thousand tonnes.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalAustria 672 631 640 694 683 625 658 642 648 708 669 672 7,943Belgium 627 561 645 578 580 616 498 571 638 617 654 507 7,093Bulgaria 43 41 42 42 40 40 47 46 45 45 e 45 e 45 e 522Czech Republic 443 419 460 404 470 435 430 450 411 400 442 406 5,171Finland 300 288 326 299 269 255 286 301 287 279 316 311 3,517France 1,351 1,290 1,337 1,245 1,424 1,378 1,343 1,161 1,373 1,287 1,308 1,188 15,685Germany 3,585 3,415 3,814 3,568 3,654 3,536 3,397 3,166 3,618 3,765 3,668 3,456 42,641Greece 87 81 50 102 82 109 106 31 103 105 99 100 e 1,055Hungary 78 37 59 56 74 84 88 83 88 89 83 64 883Italy 1,756 2,121 2,188 2,115 2,307 2,193 2,099 988 2,144 2,213 2,148 1,786 24,058Luxembourg 186 186 170 145 172 136 198 145 200 214 183 140 2,075Netherlands 612 440 399 546 586 597 582 601 569 604 562 616 e 6,713Poland 649 592 681 668 633 616 805 729 651 653 641 640 7,957Slovakia 388 376 425 388 419 341 320 312 374 391 382 395 4,511Slovenia 42 50 55 52 49 60 49 54 60 50 54 44 618Spain 1,000 1,081 1,207 1,272 1,258 1,207 907 1,060 1,320 1,299 1,218 911 13,740Sweden 371 339 391 400 405 370 282 318 369 403 405 352 4,404United Kingdom 824 878 1,018 960 988 1,051 1,011 1,002 1,075 1,057 973 1,105 11,855Other EU (27) 417 e 422 e 468 e 491 e 452 e 431 e 443 e 338 e 375 e 474 e 455 e 385 e 5,160European Union (27) 13,430 13,247 14,377 14,026 14,545 14,081 13,549 11,997 14,346 14,652 14,305 13,124 165,601Bosnia-Herzegovina 61 55 70 63 66 59 63 58 38 50 69 68 722Croatia 3 10 19 18 6 13 17 2 10 6 14 10 e 125Macedonia 5 0 0 27 0 16 0 19 10 1 20 e 0 e 100Norway 52 49 49 53 46 52 20 56 54 60 53 49 605Serbia 0 0 0 0 76 49 47 48 70 63 45 0 396Turkey 2,854 2,647 2,972 2,883 3,037 2,927 2,794 2,547 2,987 3,050 3,057 2,899 34,658Other Europe 2,975 2,761 3,109 3,045 3,231 3,116 2,940 2,730 3,169 3,228 3,257 3,026 36,606Byelorussia 226 203 232 229 232 224 150 154 150 135 152 160 e 2,250Kazakhstan 198 225 292 277 274 256 268 235 305 318 330 345 e 3,325Moldova 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 35 40 32 35 e 185Russia 5,704 5,510 5,968 5,780 6,036 5,697 5,756 5,875 5,683 5,863 5,688 5,842 69,402Ukraine 2,878 2,632 2,872 2,748 2,756 2,728 2,814 2,804 2,700 2,622 2,553 2,715 32,824Uzbekistan 58 56 62 66 70 69 68 65 66 56 55 60 e 755CIS (6) 9,065 8,625 9,427 9,099 9,368 8,974 9,057 9,175 8,940 9,034 8,811 9,157 108,741Canada 1,096 1,048 1,131 996 931 1,040 e 1,040 e 1,040 e 1,020 e 1,050 e 1,020 e 1,050 e 12,460Cuba 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 30 31 30 e 30 e 315El Salvador 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 10 e 10 e 115Guatemala 26 27 27 28 29 30 32 34 35 37 35 e 30 e 370Mexico 1,552 1,422 1,597 1,418 1,492 1,339 1,603 1,655 1,522 1,623 1,570 e 1,625 e 18,420Trinidad and Tobago 59 53 35 52 42 53 57 51 53 58 46 57 616United States 7,362 6,805 7,339 7,142 7,364 7,092 7,439 7,466 7,289 7,361 7,100 7,197 86,955North America 10,122 9,385 10,160 9,667 9,891 9,589 10,208 10,284 9,960 10,172 9,811 9,999 119,251Argentina 320 321 468 429 449 417 462 479 463 477 469 434 5,186Brazil 2,776 2,587 2,848 2,917 3,007 2,826 2,914 2,988 2,975 2,978 2,707 2,655 34,178Chile 141 111 97 99 95 127 127 113 96 110 105 e 100 e 1,325Colombia 89 89 100 112 112 115 111 101 114 119 115 e 120 e 1,295Ecuador 46 47 44 39 41 43 46 48 50 53 50 e 55 e 565Paraguay 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 e 5 e 45Peru 87 82 85 91 90 87 92 93 94 99 95 e 95 e 1,090Uruguay 0 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 e 10 e 90Venezuela 175 232 208 185 246 214 202 214 132 148 145 e 150 e 2,250South America 3,634 3,478 3,859 3,883 4,051 3,840 3,966 4,049 3,937 3,998 3,701 3,624 46,023Algeria 19 21 62 49 60 50 20 28 30 e 35 e 30 e 35 e 440Egypt 677 511 520 524 557 525 516 523 592 615 632 562 6,754Libya 41 65 75 72 73 64 43 40 42 61 70 70 715Morocco 53 56 55 50 52 48 43 31 49 51 43 27 558South Africa 615 465 508 610 711 619 634 e 625 e 608 e 615 e 595 e 615 e 7,220Africa 1,405 1,118 1,219 1,305 1,453 1,306 1,256 1,248 1,321 1,377 1,370 1,309 15,687Iran 1,111 1,199 1,215 1,264 1,287 1,284 1,302 1,292 1,364 1,378 1,375 1,350 15,422Qatar 197 179 201 188 192 191 195 196 186 187 162 162 2,236Saudi Arabia 463 437 468 457 479 453 464 464 352 467 389 461 5,352United Arab Emirates 216 230 251 181 271 247 245 254 247 245 249 240 2,878Middle East 1,987 2,045 2,135 2,091 2,229 2,175 2,206 2,206 2,149 2,278 2,174 2,214 25,888China 63,622 61,830 66,293 65,650 67,034 64,664 65,472 66,277 65,424 65,081 60,879 62,350 779,040India 6,955 6,486 6,980 6,659 6,966 6,681 6,845 6,706 6,672 6,676 6,679 6,908 81,213Japan 8,863 8,321 9,453 9,169 9,625 9,280 9,291 9,144 9,289 9,527 9,273 9,336 110,570South Korea 5,928 4,979 5,667 5,498 5,529 5,457 5,553 4,890 5,165 5,891 5,593 5,857 66,008Taiwan, China 1,776 1,551 2,057 2,035 1,952 1,848 1,875 1,975 1,672 1,881 1,821 1,880 e 22,320Asia 87,144 83,167 90,450 89,011 91,105 87,930 89,036 88,992 88,221 89,055 84,245 86,332 1,059,151Australia 408 391 387 399 406 371 402 407 375 392 380 327 e 4,645New Zealand 83 66 78 68 79 74 78 76 75 66 77 80 e 900Oceania 491 458 465 467 485 445 480 482 450 459 457 407 5,545Total 65 countries 130,253 124,285 135,202 132,593 136,359 131,456 132,699 131,163 132,493 134,253 128,132 129,191 1,582,493

e - estimatedThe 65 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 99% of total world crude steel production in 2012.Annual total figures include revisions not shown on a monthly basis.Source: worldsteel.org

15Vol. 15 June 2014

Product Reviews

Oxy-fuel cutting feature upgrade. The gas tube is located

outside the crossbeam and makes maintenance easy.

Practical plasma cable support frame. Pre-heat oxygen is CNC

controlled. Easy operation. Non-step cutting. X-axis drive mode

is optimized for the SteelTailor Power machine. The introduction

of a guiding rail in the X-axis of the machine allows more stable

movement of the crossbeam and prevents the decline of the cut-

ting head. Max cutting area: 1.56 M × 15.00 M, 95–250 V voltage

range. Power II is adaptable to all civil power supplies. Checkups

and maintenance of the controller can be done simply by remov-

ing the top cover.

SteelTailor Ltd. http://www.steeltailor.com/

POWER II Portable CNC Cutting Machine

The standard version of the MEBW-60 is equipped with a very

compact working chamber and turning chuck mounted

on a motorized z-shifter. The outer work piece dimensions can

range in this case between ca. o 3 mm up to o 135 mm.　Micro

welding/drilling/brazing. Micro surface structuring/hardening.

Micro engraving. 60kV/2kW e-beam generator. SEM mode for

workpiece observation. Easy to use by computer control. Low

installation and operation effort. Ideal for R&D, prototyping and

small batch production

FOCUS Gmbhhttp://www.focus-gmbh.com

High Precision Electron Beam Welding　”Focus MEBW-60”

Vol. 15 June 201416

This is the sixth issue of a newsletter launched by the American Welding Society. This newsletter, which will be sent out to readers, contains information on the activities of the American Welding Society and other topics condensed into a single page.

6

A Window Into the World: The Newsletter of the AWS

17Vol. 15 June 2014

Cutting & Welding Equipment Expo Date : 4 - 6 September 2014 Venue : Pragati Maidan New Delhi, India

International Welding Engineering FairDate : 29 Sep. - 3 Oct. 2014 Venue : Brno Exhibition Centre, Czech Republic

Manufacturing MyanmarDate : 2 - 4 October 2014 Venue : Brno Exhibition Centre, Czech RepublicMyanmar Convention Centre, Yangon, Myanmar

Weldex / RossvarkaDate : 7 - 10 October 2014Venue : ECC Sokolniki, Moscow, Russia

METALEX VietnamDate : 9 - 11 October 2014Venue : Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center(SECC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Asia Welding show in JakartaDate : 26 - 28 November 2014Venue : Jakarta International Expo(JIExpo), Jakarta, Indonesia

Preliminary announcement of Vol. 16Area Spotlight: Singapore, China, IndonesiaAWF News, Trend, Statistics, Product Reviews, and more.

ADVERTISER INDEXNissan Tanaka Co. …………… 3Tünkers Maschinenbau GmbH…… 4Taseto Co., Ltd. ………………… 6

Dengensha Mfg. Co., Ltd.…… 16Kobe Steel, Ltd.…………… OBCvoestalpine Böhler Welding Asia Paci�c ………………… OBC

OBC = Outside Back Cover　

Nissan Tanaka Co. ……………………………………………………… 3Taseto Co., Ltd. …………………………………………………………… 5Dengensha Mfg. Co., Ltd. ………………………………………… 13Koyo Giken Inc. ………………………………………………………… 16Kobe Steel, Ltd. ……………………………………………………… OBCOBC = Outside Back Cover

Guide to New Digital Version of Welding Promenade for Smartphones and Tablets

(fee-based)Welding Promenade (WP) has been available in an electronic version for PCs since Vol. 10 (March 2013). Now, in response to the demands of our subscribers, we are set to launch a new digital version of the magazine for a wide range of devices including smartphones and tablets. The first issue of WP to be released in the new format will be Vol. 18 (March 2015).We are aiming to make use of all the features and convenience of the latest mobile computing devices to give you a better reading and viewing experience than ever.

Main features of the new digital version:

• Viewable by subscription on a wide range of devices including smartphones and tablets (Android/iOS) and PCs

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Notes:* Since WP is a quarterly, the subscription period is 1 year (4

issues per year: approx. March, June, Sept. Dec.)* To subscribe to a smartphone or tablet (Android/iOS) it is

necessary to download the app “bookend” from Google Play (Android) or the Apple App Store (iOS).

* Electronic documents for viewing on a PC are in PDF format.* Payments can be made conveniently by credit card.

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Welding Promenade- English quarterly Journal -

19Vol. 15 June 2014