tri m p : trapped radioactive isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental physics
DESCRIPTION
TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperiments Oscar Versolato. TRI m P : Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics. Outline. Where’s The Netherlands in Amsterdam? Introduction to research group TRI m P TRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperiments - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TRIP:: Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental
Physics
TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperiments
Oscar Versolato
Outline
• Where’s The Netherlands in Amsterdam?
• Introduction to research group TRITRIPP
• TRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperimentsTRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperiments
• Bonus material 1: shelvingBonus material 1: shelving
• Bonus material 2: ion trappingBonus material 2: ion trapping
To US
Kingdom of The NetherlandsWhere people are Dutch and from Holland
Er gaat niets boven Groningen
Groningen: a students dream come true
However...
Accelerator Laboratory: KVIwith superconducting cyclotron AGOR
TRITRIP:P:
Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics
MotivationLow-energy tests of the Standard Model
The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is incomplete searches for physics “beyond the SM” at two, complementary, fronts:
Collider expt’s at high energy: direct observation of new particles
Indirect searches at lower energies, but with high precision
High-energy physics Atomic physics (theory and experiment) < 1%
CERN
Large Hadron Collider
KVI
TRIP
TRITRIPP
TRITRIPPAtomicPhysics
NuclearPhysics
ParticlePhysics
Theory
Precision ExperimentsPrecision ExperimentsSearch for Physics beyondSearch for Physics beyond
Standard ModelStandard Model
Core Program
T-violation P-violationT-violation P-violation
External Users- lifetimes, CKM- branching ratios- 12C → 3a- 8B → 2a- …
Lorentz-violation
- Ion/Atom Collisions- Zernike LEIF- ALCaTRAZ- Instrument Developments- …
App lications
TRIP:: Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental
Physics
In-House Core ProgramIn-House Core Program
T – violation: T – violation: • -decays-decays
• 21Na• ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients• lifetime, branching ratio
• Future Possibilities• 39Ca , 19Ne
• EDMsEDMs• Ba/Ra – atom
• trapping• polarization
• deuterondeuteron
P – violation:P – violation:• Single IonSingle Ion
• sinsin22 ϴϴWW
• clockclock
Lorentz - violation:Lorentz - violation: • Weak InteractionsWeak Interactions
2121Na in trapNa in trap
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 200
50
100
150
X 100
Detuning of 1 [MHz]C
ount
rate
[10
6/s
]
Ba MOTBa MOT
E2E2 E3E3
TI
NaINaI
NaINaI
MOTNaINaI
NaINaI
IFPE1E1
Target
SHT2
FFP
Stepdegrader neutralizer
MCPNaINaI
NaINaI
TRITRIPP Separator Separator
Fundamental Interactions group
Technical {2 + pool}
Undergrad.
Foreign stud.
Theory group
Atomic Physics group
Faculty
PhD student
Scientific Personnel 2007-2008
Postdoc
AGOR group+ operators & technici
TRITRIPP
In-House Core ProgramIn-House Core Program
T – violation: T – violation: • -decays-decays
• 21Na• ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients• lifetime, branching ratio
• Future Possibilities• 39Ca , 19Ne
• EDMsEDMs• Ba/Ra – atom
• trapping• polarization
• deuterondeuteron
P – violation:P – violation:• Single IonSingle Ion
• sinsin22 ϴϴWW
• clockclock
Lorentz - violation:Lorentz - violation: • Weak InteractionsWeak Interactions
2121Na in trapNa in trap
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 200
50
100
150
X 100
Detuning of 1 [MHz]C
ount
rate
[10
6/s
]
Ba MOTBa MOT
TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperiments
Atomic parity violation &All-optical atomic clock
Atomic Parity ViolationThe weak interaction gives the nucleus a weak charge
q
Weak charges of nuclear quarks add coherently:Qw = –N+(1–4 sin2θW)Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics”
where θW is the weak mixing (or Weinberg) angle.
e-
q
e-
Z0
Weak interaction (violates parity)• Mediated by Z0 bosons, mass ≈ 91 GeV, so short-range• Violation of selection rules (E1PNC transitions) • Strength scales ~ Z3
• Nucleus has also a weak charge Qw
e-
q q
e-
Coulomb interaction (conserves parity)• Mediated by photons, massless, so long-range• Gives the atomic spectrum and E1 etc. transitions• Strength scales ~ Z• Nucleus has an electric charge
γ
The running of the Weinberg angleA poorly tested prediction of the Standard Model
High energy (near the Z0-pole)• LEP @ CERN
Medium energy• E158 @ SLAC
• parity viol. electron scattering
• NuTeV @ Fermilab• neutrino scattering
• Qweak @ TJNAF• Qw(p) of the proton
Low energy: atomic parity violation (APV) • Cesium atoms: 6S–7S transition
Experiment: 0.35% by Wieman group, Boulder; theory: 0.5%• Barium ions: 6S–5D3/2 transition
Experiment: Fortson group, Seattle; theory: 0.5%• Francium atoms: 7S–8S transition
Experiment: Stony Brook and Legnaro • Radium ions: 7S–6D3/2 transition
Experiment & theory: KVI, University of Groningen
A. Czarnecki and W.J. Marciano, Nature (2005).
Advantages of Ra+ vs. Cs, Fr, Ba+
• Heavy (APV signal scales faster than ~ Z3)
• “Easy” lasers: semiconductor diodes
• Single ion techniques:
Superior control of systematics
Novel -frequency- measurement method: light shifts
S-S S-D
Cs0.9
Ba+
2.2
Fr14.2
Ra+
46.4
E1APV
The case for radiumWhy the radium ion is the ideal candidate
Electromagnetism
q
e-
e-
q
γ
7S
7P
6D
Radium Ion
q
e-
q
e-
Weak interaction
Z0
+ a bit of 7P
parity
≠
Atomic Parity Violationin a Radium ion
E1APV + E2
Atomic parity violation in Ra+
Interference of E2/E1APV in AC Stark shift
Interference produces differential light shift of ground state m-levels:
7S1/2 (+ εn n P1/2)
6D3/2
Ra+
6D5/2
7P1/2
Repumpλ = 1.08 μm
Off-resonantlaser
λ = 828 nm
Cooling & detectionλ =468 nm
7P3/2
E1
E2
0
0
diff0 m=+1/2
m=-1/2
diff
pnc
7S1/2 (+ n n P1/2)
6D3/2
Ra+
6D5/2
7P1/2
Repumpλ = 1.08 μm
Off-resonantlaser
λ = 828 nm
Cooling & detectionλ =468 nm
7P3/2
E1
E2
7S1/2 (+ n n P1/2)
6D3/2
Ra+
6D5/2
7P1/2
Repumpλ = 1.08 μm
Off-resonantlaser
λ = 828 nm
Cooling & detectionλ =468 nm
7P3/2
E1APV
E2
0
0
diff0 m=+1/2
m=-1/2
diff
pnc
0
0
0
0
diff0 m=+1/2
m=-1/2
diff
pnc
2APV'
2'
2' |||| mm
Emmmm
)Re(2|| 2'
*APV'
22'
Emmmm
Emm
,,,
0
2
,
,|ˆ|,
4 mlllml
mlrEmlI
E1+E2
From here to the Standard Modelthere and back again
)/(10)4.1(4.461 011
PNC NQieaE w
1) measure the AC stark shift get E1 amplitude from differential part of the light shift
2) calculate atomic theory to < 1% and extract the weak charge
3) add a bit of QFT and find the Weinberg angle OR NEW PHYSICS
)Re(2|| 2'
*APV'
22'
Emmmm
Emm
Qw = –N+(1–4 sin2θW)Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics”
Optical Atomic ClockSpin-off project
Based on 7S1/2-6D3/2 E2 transition:
• Narrow (Δν ~ 1 Hz)• Optical regime (4 x 1014 Hz)
• Absence of electric quadrupole shift in 223Ra (I=3/2)•Heaviest system: 2nd order Doppler ~ 1/mass• Ra+: search for variation of fine structure constant
7S1/2
6D3/2
214/226 -Ra +
7P1/2
clock laserλ = 828 nm
E2
7S1/2
6D3/2
214/226 -Ra +
7P1/2
clock laserλ = 828 nm
E2
7S 1/2
6D3/2
223 - Ra +
clock laserλ = 828 nm
E2
7P1/2F=2
F=1
F=2
F=1
F=3
F=1F=0
F=2
7S 1/2
6D3/2
223 - Ra +
clock laserλ = 828 nm
E2
7P1/2F=2
F=1
F=2
F=1
F=3
F=1F=0
F=2
High quality clock based on off-the-shelf available semiconductor lasers
Status & outlookFrom here to sin2(Θw)
Experiment• Multiple ion traps have been constructed• Ba+ & Ra+ lasers set up in new, dedicated laser lab• Ra isotopes produced with AGOR cyclotron and TRIμP facility
Theory• 3 % calculation finished, pushing for < 1 % accuracy now (inclusion of Breit, neutron skin and RCC improvements)
First trapping & optical detection of radium ions in 2009!
)/(10)4.1(4.461 011
PNC NQieaE w
L.W.Wansbeek et al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 050501 (2008)
• Precise experimental input is an absolute necessity (e.g. D-state lifetimes, E1 transition strengths and hyperfine constants)
• Study of different isotopes
First experimental goals
APV
PMT
coun
ts [a
.u.]
Time [s]
Done!
ExperimentExperiment
O. BO. Bööll (bachelor student) ll (bachelor student)
G. S. Giri (PhD student)G. S. Giri (PhD student)
O. O. Versolato (PhD student)O. O. Versolato (PhD student)
L. Willmann L. Willmann
K. JungmannK. Jungmann
TheoryTheory
L. W. Wansbeek (PhD studentstudent)
B. K. Sahoo (postdoc)
R. G. E. Timmermans
The TRIμP radium ion experiment at the KVICrew
InternationalInternational collaboratorscollaborators
B. P. Das (India)
N. E. Fortson (USA)
FundingFunding
• NWO Toptalent (OV)NWO Toptalent (OV)
• NWO VENI (BS)NWO VENI (BS)
• FOM Projectruimte (KJ, RT)FOM Projectruimte (KJ, RT)
You? You?
Interested?Interested?
Bonus material 1:
Electron shelving method
7S1/2
7P1/2
7P3/2
6D5/2
6D3/2
Shelved state
381nm shelvingR
= 0.3s
Bonus material 2:
Trapping ions in a Paul trap
Are there quantum jumps?
"…we never experiment with just one atom or (small) molecule. In thought experiments we sometimes assume that we do; this invariably entails ridiculous consequences."
Erwin Schrödinger (1952)
Precision experiments on a single trapped ionhow to trap an ion using E&M
Harmonic potential
3D case
Maxwell !
No charge enclosed
Problem: Only 2D trapped BUT 1D repulsive!
The Paul trapand its mechanical analogue
Solution: Apply a rotating potential!
Needed: hyperbolically shaped surface