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Hoofdstuktitel 3

2015the Netherlands

Tren

ds in th

e Neth

erlands 20

15 Trends in

2015the Netherlands

Trends in

3003 201501 A-3

Explanation of symbols

. Data not available * Provisional figure ** Revised provisional figure (but not definite) x Publication prohibited (confidential figure) – Nil – (Between two figures) inclusive 0 (0.0) Less than half of unit concerned empty cell Not applicable 2014–2015 2014 to 2015 inclusive 2014/2015 Average for 2014 to 2015 inclusive 2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, school year, etc., beginning in 2014 and ending in 2015 2012/’13– 2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, etc., 2012/’13 to 2014/’15 inclusive Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond to the sum of the separate figures.

Publisher Statistics Netherlands Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492 JP The Hague www.cbs.nl Prepress: Statistics Netherlands, Studio BCO Printed by: Tuijtel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam Information Telephone +31 88 570 70 70 Via contact form: www.cbs.nl/infoservice Where to order Obtainable via www.cbs.nl Price: € 10.00 (excluding postage) ISBN 978-90-357-2105-0 ISSN 0303-6448 © Statistics Netherlands, The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire 2015. Reproduction is permitted, provided Statistics Netherlands is quoted as the source.

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ForewordTrends in the Netherlands replaces the Statistical

yearbook of the Netherlands. It describes trends in Dutch economy and society from five perspectives. The book gives a colourful impression of the information Statistics Netherlands compiles. It also describes two innovative products: the web apps voor open data and for corporate news. The open data web app presents all datasets in Statistics Netherlands’ StatLine databank in graphs and maps, while users of the corporate news web app can take a look behind the scenes at Statistics Netherlands.

Like all publications, Trends in the Netherlands

2015 can be downloaded in PDF from

www.cbs.nl. The graphs, tables, maps and text in this book are examples of what is available; the range is much wider. All statistical data, including the most up-to-date results, are

available in the online statistical databank StatLine. The databank can be accessed free of charge via www.cbs.nl/statline and via the open data web app (http://opendata.cbs.nl/Dataportaal).Nearly every day, Statistics Netherlands publishes news and background articles on its website www.cbs.nl. You can keep up with all publications via the RSS feeds and via Twitter (http://twitter.com/statisticscbs). I hope you enjoy the book, and invite you to visit the website for much more information. Director General,Dr T.B.P.M. Tjin-A-Tsoi The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire, July 2015


http://statline.cbs.nl/statweb/?LA=en

http://opendata.cbs.nl/Dataportaal/#_la=en

http://opendata.cbs.nl/Dataportaal/#_la=en


https://twitter.com/statisticscbs

Contents1 Corporate information 7

2 EconomyTrends 11

Facts and figures 17

International trade 17

Prices 17

Financial markets 18

Bankruptcies 19

Construction and housing 20

Trade, hotels and restaurants 21

Financial and business services 21

Traffic and transport 22

Government 23

3 Labour and incomeTrends 25


Purchasing power 31

Sickness absence 32

Labour market 33

4 Population and wellbeingTrends 39


Population 47

Health and welfare 52

Leisure and culture 57

5 Public sectorTrends 65


Education 71

Security 75

Fire services 76

6 EnvironmentTrends 79


Energy 85

Agriculture 90

Nature and wildlife 95

6 Trends in the Netherlands 20152 Trends in Nederland 2015

CBS online 2015

50videos on CBS-YouTube

3,600datasets in StatLine

98,000followers on Twitter

Corporate information 72 Trends in Nederland 2015

CBS online 2015

50videos on CBS-YouTube

3,600datasets in StatLine

98,000followers on Twitter

1. Corporate informationStatLine App and Open data portal Statistics Netherlands is a constantly innovating organisation, one aspect of which is the development of new products. Last year was a productive year in this respect: Statistics Netherlands launched its Open data portal in mid-2014, making all 3,600 datasets in its StatLine databank publicly accessible as open data. A web app for StatLine on the basis of open data is now also available. In just two clicks this web app presents all tables in the StatLine databank as graphs or maps. Naturally the app can also show the data in tabular form. It is easier to use than StatLine, and can also be used by people who do not know how the databank works. The new products are accessible via www.cbs.nl.

Neighbourhood statistics In April 2015 Statistics Netherlands launched a new version of its interactive neighbourhood statistics website CBSinuwbuurt.nl, with map-based data on 75 neighbourhood and local population variables.


http://CBSinuwbuurt.nl

8 Trends in the Netherlands 2015

Corporate news web appThe web app corporate.cbs.nl has been developed as a platform for news about the organisation itself. Three times a week new articles are published about topical items, new services and products, international developments and events. The corporate news web app has been developed to keep external relations of Statistics Netherlands up-to-date with what is happening in and around the organisation. Its users include businesses, journalists, policymakers, students, and anyone else interested in news about official statistics. The web app has easy-to-use filter and search features, and users can share items via Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. Director General Tjark Tjin-A-Tsoi is enthusiastic about this new product. ‘We used to have a paper magazine for our external relations. The print run was 2,500 copies and it was published every quarter. Against the background of today’s fast communication methods, this was obviously an outdated concept, and therefore we have developed a modern, user-friendly web app which everyone can use – on all kinds of devices – to keep up with news about Statistics Netherlands.’

http://corporate.cbs.nl

Corporate information 9

Statistics Netherlands on social mediaTo make its data even more widely available, Statistics Netherlands also publishes them via social media. Anyone who wants the latest up-to-date figures can follow @statistiekcbs, and the English account @statisticscbs, on Twitter. Statistics Netherlands tweets new data, relevant data about topics in the news, and nice-to-know facts. In the space of five years, the number of followers has risen to 98,000 (June 2015). Statistics Netherlands also has a YouTube channel, youtube.com/statistiekcbs, with around fifty videos explaining certain statistical concepts, such as inflation, and social issues such as population ageing, as well as recorded press conferences.

https://twitter.com/statistiekcbs

https://twitter.com/statisticscbs

http://youtube.com/statistiekcbs


Transport equipment industry

3.1% production growth in 2014

€ 13,825,000,000turnover in 2013

45,400employed persons in 2013

Economy 11

2. EconomyTrends

Economy growing, but still not at pre-crisis levelDutch economic growth was positive again in 2014, following a period of negative growth that lasted longer than in neighbouring countries. Economic activity, exports and employment all increased, and the housing market also picked up. It is a slow process, though: the size of the economy is still 2 percent below the level of 2008. Many economies in Europe are now already doing better than before the start of the crisis.

Broad-based growth The Dutch economy grew by 0.9 percent in 2014, signalling a cautious continuation of the recovery which began in mid-2013. Household consumption increased slightly, by 0.1 percent. For the first time in a number of years, consumers purchased more durable goods, particularly electronics. Government consumption, on the other hand, decreased in 2014 for the fourth year in a row.

Dutch economic growth is driven by exports – aided by the sharp devaluation of the euro – but also by consumer spending and private investment. Household consumption and investment increased for the first time since 2011. In previous years, only exports had grown, tempering the level of recession to some extent. Levels of consumer and producer confidence both increased. Most sectors of the economy showed improve-ment in 2014. The manufacturing industry grew by 1.1 percent, and within this sector, the manufacture of machinery and transport equipment rose particularly strongly, partly as a result of increased investment. For wood, paper and publishing, the – limited – growth was even the first positive result after six successive years of contraction. By contrast, the growth rate in the food, drinks and tobacco industry decreased slightly, and production in the mineral extraction sector was down as the mild winter pushed down demand for natural gas.


Construction output increased by 3.4 percent, the first substantial growth following years of decline. At the end of 2014, the construction sector was still over 20 percent smaller than in 2008. Agriculture recorded the highest growth rate: 4.2 percent, partly as a result of increased exports of fruit and vegetables in the first few months of the year and a good potato crop.

Fewer employees, more self-employedEmployment picked up in 2014. The number of employee jobs lagged slightly behind 2013, while the number of self-employed rose. This marks a trend which has prevailed for some time: since the crisis started at the end of 2008, the number of employee jobs has been falling, while more and more people are starting their own business. Job losses are especially numerous in the care and construction sectors. The care sector is now no longer the employment provider it used to be, partly as a result of cutbacks in childcare jobs. Employment in construction has decreased steadily since 2008 and the number of jobs in this sector is now 100,000 lower. Employee jobs account for most job losses in construction; the number of self-employed has remained roughly unchanged in recent years.

100,000

job losses in construction

Bb

2.1 Gross domestic product (GDP)

–5

–4

–3

–2

–1

0

1

2

3

4

5

IVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIII

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Change Index (right-hand scale)

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

% year-on-year volume change seasonally adjusted, 2008-I=100

Economy 13

Economic recovery in EuropeAt 0.9 percent, the Dutch growth rate was lower than average in the European Union (1.3 percent), but at the same level as the eurozone average (also 0.9 percent). Germany and the United Kingdom are leading the recovery in Europe, with relatively high growth rates of 1.6 percent and 2.6 percent respectively. The economies of Italy, Croatia, Cyprus and Finland did not grow at all in 2014. Despite the upturn, the volumes of both the Dutch and the eurozone economies are still nearly 2 percent below their pre-crisis levels. Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy are all also still below their 2008 levels. The economies in Belgium and France are already slightly above the level of early 2008, while the German economy is already 4 percent and the British economy 3.4 percent above this level.

2.2 GDP and spending

2008 2011 2012 2013 2014

% year-on-year volume change

GDP 2 .1 1 .7 −1 .6 −0 .7 0 .9

Imports 1 .8 3 .5 2 .8 0 .8 4.0

Exports 1 .5 4 .4 3 .3 2 .0 4.0

Household consumption 1 .0 0 .2 −1 .4 −1 .6 0 .1

Government consumption 4 .1 −0 .2 −1 .6 −0 .3 −0 .3

Investment 4 .8 5 .6 −6 .0 −4 .0 3 .4

2.3 Employed labour force by type of employment

Self-employed with employees

Self-employed without employees

Employees with flexible contract

Employees with permanent contract (right-hand scale)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2014201320122011201020092008

0

4.4

4.8

5.2

5.6

6.0x mln x mln


0.4% eurozone

inflation in 2014

Aa

Fast recovery for economies outside EuropeOutside Europe, the United States continued its solid economic growth, recording a 2.4 percent increase in GDP in 2014. US economic growth has been above 2 percent for three years now. In Asia and most emerging markets, growth rates have levelled off somewhat in recent years. Chinese growth slowed from 10 percent in 2008 to 7 percent in 2014. The American economy was quicker to bounce back than those in Europe and is now 9 percent above its pre-crisis level. Japan’s economy seemed to have found a way back up at the beginning of 2014, only to relapse again subsequently. As a result, the Japanese economy was slightly smaller at the end of 2014 than at the start of 2008.

2.4 International inflation

2008 2011 2012 2013 2014

% year-on-year change

Eurozone 3 .3 2 .7 2 .5 1 .3 0 .4

Netherlands 2 .2 2 .5 2 .8 2 .6 0 .3

Germany 2 .8 2 .5 2 .1 1 .6 0 .8

France 3 .2 2 .3 2 .2 1 .0 0 .6

United Kingdom 3 .6 4 .5 2 .8 2 .6 1 .5

United States 4 .4 3 .8 2 .1 1 .3 1 .3

Source: Eurostat.

Economy 15

2.5 Economic growth

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

IVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIII

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Germany NetherlandsUnited KingdomUnited StatesJapanEurozone

2008-I=100

��´Turning point for Dutch economy in 2014

0.9%increase in GDP

1.0% infl ation lowest level since 1988

7.4%of labour force unemployed

Economy 17

��´Turning point for Dutch economy in 2014

0.9%increase in GDP

1.0% infl ation lowest level since 1988

7.4%of labour force unemployed

Facts and figures

International tradeDutch companies imported and exported more goods in 2014 than in 2013, the fifth year-on-year increase in a row. Low oil prices resulted in lower import prices than in 2013. As a result there was hardly any net change in the value of imports. The value of exports did rise slightly.The trade surplus was 50 billion euros, 3 billion euros more than in 2013. Accounting for a share of 9 percent of Dutch imports, China is the third largest supplier of goods to the Netherlands. Its share was 2 percentage points higher than in 2008. Germany is still the main trading partner of the Netherlands: 16 percent of Dutch imports come from Germany and 24 percent of Dutch exports go there.

PricesFactory-gate prices of Dutch manufactured products were 2.2 percent lower in 2014 than in the previous year, mainly as a result of lower oil prices. It was the second year in a row that manufacturers’ prices decreased. Not only the

2.6 Value of imports and exports of goods, 2014*

22%

4 %

13%

9%

10%

14%

28%

17%

5%

13%

9%

13%

17%

26%

Inedible raw materials excl. fuels

Manufactured goods

Food and live animals

Chemical products

Mineral fuels

Machines and transport equipment

Other

Imports (total 383 bn euros)

Exports (total 432 bn euros)


oil industry was able to reduce its prices as a result of lower purchasing costs of crude petroleum, the chemical industry also lowered its prices. Price reductions were smaller in the food, drinks and tobacco industry. Manufacturers of textiles and construction materials raised their product prices slightly in 2014. Consumer goods were 0.4 percent cheaper on average in 2014. Prices of consumer electronics were substantially lower, and clothes, glass, pottery and other household items also cost less. Rent levels rose by just over 4 percent. The average inflation rate for 2014 was 1.0 percent.

Financial marketsStock exchanges worldwide benefited from the growth in the American economy in 2014. Returns on shares were 8 percent on average. The Amsterdam AEX index closed 6 percent higher than twelve months previously. Interest on European government bonds fell further in 2014. In the Netherlands interest on 10-year government bonds fell below 1 percent for the first time. This offered the government a low-cost option to finance the increasing government debt.

2.7 In�ation

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2014201320122011201020092008


2.8 AEX index, 31 December

Source: De Nederlandsche Bank

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

20142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001

Economy 19

The value of the euro fell substantially in 2014 against other currencies. As a result of this devaluation, it was relatively cheap for non-eurozone countries to buy goods in the Netherlands.

BankruptciesWhile a record number of 9.4 thousand businesses in the Netherlands went bankrupt in 2013, in 2014 this number fell to 7.6 thousand of the 1.4 million companies active in that year. The decrease in the number of bankruptcies is a sign that the economy is doing better. The number of bankruptcies fell in almost all sectors of industry, but by most in construction (39 percent). The number of bankruptcies in manufacturing was 33 percent lower, in the trade sector it was 23 percent down. In financial services, however, the number of bankruptcies rose by 30 percent. In 2014, 13 in every thou-sand businesses in this sector were pronounced bankrupt. Business failure rates are usually lower in agriculture: in 2014 1.4 per thousand businesses went bankrupt, fewer than usual.

2.9 Pronounced bankruptcies

0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

201420132012201120102009

x 1,000

7,621 businesses

went bankrupt in 2014

Cc


Construction and housingFollowing two years of contraction, construction turnover grew by 1.5 percent in 2014. The con-struction sector also showed improvement in other aspects: the number of bankruptcies fell substantially, and at the start of 2015 confi-dence of construction businesses was positive for the first time since the end of 2008. Building permits were granted for nearly 40 thousand new homes, one and a half times as many as in 2013. The number of jobs in construction did fall, however, from 532 thousand in 2013 to 511 thousand in 2014. Nearly 154 thousand existing homes changed hands in 2014, many more than in 2013 (110 thousand). House prices (excluding new construction) rose by nearly 1 percent in 2014.

2.10 Building permits for new homes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2014201320122011

Rental homesOwn homes

x 1,000

Economy 21

Trade, hotels and restaurantsRetail sales rose again in 2014 for the first time in six years. As prices were slightly lower, turn-over hardly improved, however. Turnover in the hotel and restaurant sector rose by 5.6 percent, the largest increase in recent years. Consumers went out more to eat and drink, and also spent more nights in hotels. All branches within the hotel and restaurant sector realised more turnover than in 2013. Car dealers reported a drop in turnover in the last quarter of 2014 in particular compared with twelve months previously. Turnover was excep-tionally high in the fourth quarter of 2013 as consumers and private companies purchased cars in anticipation of tax measures for new cars that came into effect on 1 January 2014.

Financial and business servicesThe long-term interest for pension funds fell by 45 percent in 2014. As a result, investment rose by 18 percent, and pension commitments by 21 percent. Pension commitments are a measure of how much money the funds have to have in hand to be able to pay future pensions. If interest rates are low, the funds need more money to pay the ultimate amount due. As the

2.11 Turnover in trade, hotels and restaurants, 2014

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10

restaurants

snack bars

hotels

cafés, pubs, etc.

of which

Hotels and restaurants

mail order and web shops

food

non-food

of which

Retail trade

Wholesale trade

Car trade



commitments rose by more than investment, the financial position of pension funds deteriorated overall in 2014.

Traffic and transportOver 365 million tonnes of goods were transported by inland vessels in 2014. This accounts for one third of all goods transported within Dutch borders last year. Transported volumes were up for nearly all products, but especially for sand and gravel, other construc-tion materials and containers. Volumes of coal for power plants and iron ore were smaller than in 2013.As smaller vessels have been taken out of service, the overall loading capacity of dry bulk ships (gravel) has been decreasing since 2012. As a result, the average loading capacity per inland vessel has continued to rise. For liquid bulk carriers (e.g. oil), both the number and total cargo capacity continue to rise, although the increase is slowing down.

2.12 E�ect of interest rates on pension commitments

Total investment

Bu�er

Pension commitments

15-year interest rate (right-hand scale)

–200

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

2014*2013201220112010200920082007

–1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6bn euros %

2.13 Goods transport, 2014

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Sand and gravel

Other goods

Containers

Construction materials

Iron ore

Coal

year-on-year change in mln tonnes

Economy 23

GovernmentDutch government deficit amounted to 2.3 percent of GDP in 2014. This is the same level as in 2013 when it was within the European deficit norm of 3 percent for the first time in five years. In 2009 the deficit was still 5.5 percent of GDP.Government debt was 68.8 percent of GDP in 2014. It is the first time since the start of the credit crisis that the debt-to-GDP ratio remained at the same level. The volume of the debt in euros did increase further, by 10 billion euros. The extra debt was necessary to finance the government deficit. The interest due on the debt continued to decrease as a result of falling interest rates.

2.14 Government deficit and government debt

2012 2013 2014

bn euros

Government revenues 278 .7 286 .2 290 .5

Government spending 304 .0 300 .8 305 ,4

Government deficit (EMU) −25 .3 −14 .6 −14 .9

Government debt (EMU) 426 .1 441 .0 451 .0

% of GDP

Government deficit (EMU) −4 .0 −2 .3 −2 .3

Government debt (EMU) 66 .5 68 .6 68 .8

Revenues 43 .5 44 .5 44 .3

taxes and premiums 36 .0 36 .8 37 .6

Spending 47 .5 46 .8 46 .6

68% debt-to-GDP ratio in 2014Aa

8 Trends in Nederland 2015

741,000 households with no mortgage debt in 2014

1,480,000households with negative equity in 2014

€ 142,000average household wealth in 2013

Wealth

Labour and income 25

3. Labour and incomeTrends

Unequal distribution of income and wealth Income inequality is relatively small and stable in the Netherlands, and even remained so since the start of the crisis at the end of 2008. Average household wealth has decreased substantially since 2008, however, mainly as a result of the fall in value of own homes. Average (standardised) household income in the Netherlands was 23.6 thousand euros in 2013. Income is not evenly distributed across households: half of households have less than 21.1 thousand euros and one quarter have less than 16 thousand euros. Forty thousand households (0.6 percent) even have negative income; half of these are self-employed people who made a loss. Thirty thousand households (0.4 percent) had an income of over 100 thousand euros.Average income rose steadily in the period 1977–2013, although the upward trend was interrupted a number of times by economic recession. The lowest level of income was

recorded around 1985, at the time of severe economic recession. Around 1994 and 2004, too, the economy relapsed, although less substantially. Income peaked in 2007, during a period of economic revival, only to decrease every year in the period up to 2013 as a result of the subsequent economic crisis.

Wealth differs more than incomeWealth is even more unequally distributed among households than income. Average household wealth in 2013 was 142 thousand euros. This includes assets such as an own home, balances on bank and savings accounts, shares and securities, minus outstanding debts. Half of all households have assets worth less than 19 thousand euros, while more than one and a half million households are worth more than 200 thousand euros. At the beginning of 2013, 85 percent of wealth in the Netherlands was in the hands of the 20 percent wealthiest households.


According to the definition used by Statistics Netherlands, wealth is transferable and at the disposal of the household. As this is not the case for pension entitlements, these are not included in household wealth. Pension entitlements largely consist of compulsory contributions to pension funds. Other collective forms of wealth such as the social safety nets and education are also excluded from Statistics Netherlands’ calculation. As a result of the compulsory participation in pension schemes and the wide availability of collective provisions, the Dutch do not need to build up capital for their old age. There is therefore little point in comparing the Netherlands with countries with fewer collective regulations for social and old-age provisions.

Substantial fall in wealth The wealth position of households has deteriorated continuously since the start of the crisis at the end of 2008: average household capital fell from 51 thousand euros (2008) to 19 thousand euros (2013). The drop was mainly the result of the reduction in the value of own homes: from 256 thousand euros on average at the beginning of 2008 to 207 thousand euros at the beginning of 2013. In the same period, the

3.1 Households by income, 2013*

0

200

400

600

800

1009080706050403020100

households (x 1,000)

standardised income (1,000 euros)

average mortgage debt rose from 143 thousand euros to 165 thousand euros.Just under 4.3 million households had an own home at the beginning of 2013; 1.5 million of these homes were worth less than the outstanding fiscal mortgage debt on them. Since the crisis, the share of households with negative equity has risen substantially: from 13 percent in 2008 to 34 percent in 2013, although the rise did not continue in 2014. People who had bought a house shortly before the crisis broke out were the main group affected: the value of their homes has dropped sharply. Nearly half of Dutch homeowners (2.1 million) lived in properties that were


worth more than the outstanding fiscal mortgage debt at the beginning of 2013 and the beginning of 2014. The fiscal mortgage debt does not take into account capital built up in savings-based and endowment mortgages, as no data are available on this.

Economic inequality between groupsDifferences in income and wealth between population groups can largely be explained by the age composition of the population. To a large extent the age of the household’s main earner determines its level of income and amount of capital. People starting out on the labour market earn relatively little; they cannot save much and often take out large mortgages to buy a property. As they grow older, their financial position improves. Income rises as a result of experience and transfers to better-paid jobs, enabling them to build up more capital growth, for example by repayments on the mortgage debt. Although their income drops when they retire, many over-65s have almost or completely repaid their mortgages and are relatively wealthy. In addition to demographic factors there are other causes of inequality. Self-employed people, for example, have higher incomes than

3.2 Average disposable and standardised household income1)

Standardised income Disposable income1) Due to a revisison, figures for 1977–2000 are not directly comparable with those

for 2000–2013.

0

10

20

30

40

201520102005200019951990198519801975

1,000 euros (2013 prices)

3.3 Median household wealth, 1 January 2013

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2013*2012201120102009200820072006

1,000 euros (2013 prices)


employee households and benefit claimants. And homeowners are wealthier than tenants in rented accommodation. Even if home ownership is not taken into account, median wealth is 3 thousand euros lower for tenants than for homeowners (28 thousand euros). Tenants in rented accommodation include relatively many low-income households such as singles and single parents.

Employed or studying, own home or rentingEconomic inequality is also present within population groups. The large inequality between young main earners (younger than 25 years) is caused by different economic activities. One third of them are students living in student housing with a relatively low income, while just over half of this age group have a well-paid job. Inequality in income and wealth decreases in older age groups. Another factor in the substantial wealth inequality in this group is different types of accommodation. Some young people rent accommodation and usually have only modest savings, others have just bought their first house, with a large mortgage and often negative equity. Income and wealth inequality are smallest for households of the over-65s.

3.4 Households by home equity (property value minus outstanding mortgage debt), 1 January

0

1

2

3

4

5

2014*20132012201120102009200820072006

No outstanding debtPositive equityNegative equity

mln households


Inequality increased after 2009Differences in wealth fluctuated significantly more in the period 2006–2013 than differences in income, and since 2009 wealth inequality has increased visibly. The main cause of this was the reduction in the value of own homes during the crisis. The capital of less wealthy groups consists mainly of the value of the own home minus outstanding mortgage. Their capital thus decreased by relatively more than that of wealthier households, many of whom also have shares and savings. As a result the differences in wealth between households increased. If the value of the home and the outstanding mortgage debt are not taken into account, wealth inequality hardly rose at all. Indeed the increase in wealth inequality is a direct consequence of the collapse of the housing market at the beginning of the crisis.

3.5 Economic inequality by background characteristics, 2013*

Wealth incl. own home Income

median Gini Theil median Gini Theil

1,000 euros 1,000 euros

Total 19 .1 0 .895 1 .750 23 .6 0 .281 0 .155

Age of main earner

younger than 25 yrs 1 .1 . 3 .111 10 .1 0 .396 0 .273

25–44 yrs 1 .4 . 3 .043 22 .8 0 .264 0 .132

45–64 yrs 59 .0 0 .821 1 .527 26 .5 0 .281 0 .154

65 yrs or older 99 .6 0 .709 1 .155 23 .1 0 .230 0 .115

Main source of income

Labour 9 .2 1 .031 1 .991 25 .7 0 .246 0 .115

Own business 95 .1 0 .844 1 .665 28 .9 0 .377 0 .286

Benefits or pension 24 .5 0 .753 1 .194 19 .1 0 .245 0 .116

of which 61 .0 0 .703 1 .021

unemployment benefits 2 .6 0 .944 1 .625 16 .3 0 .205 0 .077

illness/disability benefits 2 .8 0 .887 1 .648 16 .6 0 .173 0 .051

pension 91 .5 0 .672 0 .931 21 .8 0 .205 0 .083

income support 0 .4 1 .109 3 .299 11 .9 0 .138 0 .061

Homeowner/tenant

Own home 115 .3 0 .789 1 .350 28 0 .256 0 .134

Rented home 2 .9 0 .941 2 .153 17 .8 0 .250 0 .121

��∂175,000young people unemployed in 2014

1,600,000people (15–64 yrs) had a disability in 2013

10.3%of households below poverty threshold in 2013

Income and labour market


��∂175,000young people unemployed in 2014

1,600,000people (15–64 yrs) had a disability in 2013

10.3%of households below poverty threshold in 2013

Income and labour market Facts and figures

Purchasing power The purchasing power of the Dutch population decreased by 1.1 percent in 2013. This was the fourth year in a row that purchasing power decreased. Only for employees did it increase slightly in 2013, by 0.4 percent. The largest fall was for the self-employed, 3.3 percent, but decreases were also substantial for benefit claimants, especially people on disability benefits: 1.4 percent. Pensioners’ purchasing power fell by 3.0 percent, as pension payments were no longer increased to compensate for inflation and in some cases even reduced as the coverage ratios of the pension funds fell below the required level.

Just over one in ten households (10.3 percent) had an income below the poverty threshold in 2013. This is more than in 2012 (9.3 percent), 2011 (8.2 percent) and 2010 (7.4 percent). The increase is reflected in all high-risk groups: single-parent families, income support claimants, households with a non-western foreign back-ground and singles younger than 65 years.

3.6 Purchasing power, 2013*

–3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5

income support claimants

pension

disability benefit

of whom

Benefit claimants

Self-employed

Employees

Total population


726,000 households below

low-income threshold in 2013

Aa


Sickness absence The sickness absence rate among employees in the Netherlands fell to 3.8 percent in 2014, the lowest rate since 1996. The low absence rate may be an effect of the economic situation: employees are more concerned about the future of their jobs. The mild flu outbreak at the start of 2014 also contributed to the low rate of sickness absence. Absence is highest in education and public administration (including government), and lowest in the hotel and restaurant sector. The differences in sickness absence rates correlate with the age compositions of the various sectors of industry. Many workers in the hotel and restaurants sector, for example, are young, while employees in the education sector are often in the older age groups. Sickness absence increases with age.

One in seven 15–64-year-olds in 2013 – nearly 1.6 million people – had a disability or long-term illness that made it more difficult for them to work or find a job. One third of them had a paid job of at least 12 hours a week, often a permanent contract and relatively often part-time. Labour participation rises with education

3.7 Low-income households by household composition, 2013*

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Other

at least one adult child

underage children only

Single-parent family

at least one adult child

underage children only

Couple

65 yrs or older

younger than 65 yrs

Couple without children

65 yrs or older

younger than 65 yrs

Single

Total

Low income for four years or longer Low income

%


level, but even at the highest education level it is lower than participation among people without a disability. Not only is labour participation low among people with a disability, relatively many of them are unemployed: the unemployment rate in this group is 15.8 percent, more than twice as high as in the group without a dis-ability (7.6 percent).

Labour marketOver half of all employed people aged 15–64 years in the Netherlands in 2014 worked part-time. The share of part-time workers is much smaller in other countries of the European Union. Austria and Germany are joint second with 28 percent of workers working part-time, in the United Kingdom this is 27 percent and in Sweden 26 percent. On average just over one in five workers in the 28 countries of the European Union work part-time. It is Dutch women who put the Netherlands at the top of the part-time league table. In 2014 more than three-quarters of working women in the Netherlands (77 percent) worked part-time. In all other countries of the EU this was less than half of women. On average fewer than one in three working women in the EU had a part-time job.

3.9 People with a disability (15–64 yrs), 2013

Men Women

x 1,000

15–24 yrs 65 78

25–34 yrs 74 102

35–44 yrs 123 164

45–54 yrs 164 245

55–64 yrs 239 297

3.8 Sickness absence by sector, 2014

0 2 4 6

Government

Education

Health and welfare

Water and waste management

Manufacturing

Netherlands

Financial services

ICT companies

Agriculture

Specialist business services

Hotels and restaurants

%


Although the share of Dutch men working part-time is small (28 percent), it was still higher in 2014 than in every other country in the EU.

Youth unemployment has risen strongly in recent years. In 2014, 175 thousand young people (15–24 years) in the Netherlands were unemployed, 12.7 percent of this age group. In 2008, before the crisis, 8.6 percent of young people were out of work. Although the percentage of unemployed young people is high compared with total unemployment of 7.4 percent, it is relatively low in a European perspective. In the 28 countries of the European Union, an average 22 percent of young people are unemployed. In Germany this was 8 percent, in Austria 10 percent. But in Italy and Croatia youth unemployment is over 40 percent, and in Spain and Greece even above 50 percent.

3.10 Part-time workers in the European Union, 2014

MenWomen

0 20 40 60 80 100

European Union (28 countries)

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Croatia

Hungary

Latvia

Czech Republic

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Estonia

Greece

Portugal

Slovenia

Cyprus

Finland

Spain

Malta

France

Italy

Ireland

Denmark

Luxembourg

Sweden

Belgium

United Kingdom

Austria

Germany

Netherlands

% of employed labour force

Source: Eurostat.


3.12 Employment, 2014*

Total EmployeesSelf-

employed

1,000 persons

Total employed persons 8,677 7,220 1,457

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 212 95 117

Industry (excl. construction) and energy 831 793 38

Construction 459 298 161

Trade, transport, hotels and restaurants 2,167 1,898 269

Information and communication 260 221 39

Financial services 237 231 6

Leasing and real estate 73 62 11

Business services 1,683 1,238 444

Government and care 2,392 2,144 248

Culture, recreation, other services 364 240 124

3.11 Unemployment in the European Union, 2014

TotalYounger than 25 yrs

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

European Union (28 countries)

Germany

Austria1)

Malta

Luxembourg

Czech Republic

United Kingdom

Denmark

Romania

Estonia

Netherlands

Hungary

Sweden

Belgium

Finland

Poland

Slovenia

France

Lithuania

Latvia

Ireland

Bulgaria

Italy

Slovakia

Portugal

Cyprus

Croatia

Spain

Greece

1) 2013.

%

Source: Eurostat.


3.13 Unemployment by sex, age and ethnic origin

2012 2013 2014

% of labour force

Total 5 .8 7 .3 7 .4

Men 5 .5 7 .2 7 .2

Women 6 .2 7 .3 7 .8

15–24 yrs 11 .7 13 .2 12 .7

25–34 yrs 5 .1 6 .8 6 .5

35–44 yrs 4 .5 5 .9 6 .2

45–54 yrs 4 .4 5 .6 5 .9

55–54 yrs 5 .3 6 .8 7 .7

65–74 yrs 3 .8 4 .8 5 .7

Native Dutch 4 .6 5 .8 6 .1

Western foreign background 7 .3 8 .9 8 .7

Non-western foreign background 14 .1 16 .5 16 .5

3.14 Jobs of employees

0

3,400

3,800

4,200

4,600

5,000

2014*2013*2012*2011201020092008

Women Men

3.15 Jobs of employees, 2014*

Total Men Women

1,000 persons

Total employees 7,725 4,043 3,682

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 103 69 34

Industry (excl. construction) and energy 808 631 176

Construction 304 269 35

Trade, transport, hotels and restaurants 2,019 1,137 882

Information and communication 229 168 61

Financial services 238 132 106

Leasing and real estate 66 35 31

Business services 1,361 792 569

Government and care 2,299 696 1,603

Culture, recreation, other services 298 114 184

9,782,000

jobs in 2014

Bb


3.16 Benefit claimants, 31 December

2012 2013 2014*

x 1,000

Disability benefits 786 787 789

for young persons (Wajong) 216 228 239

under former scheme (WAO) 397 366 336

for self-employed (WAZ) 21 18 16

under current scheme (WIA) 160 185 208

Unemployment (WW) 351 441 447

Income support 428 460 482

Benefits for older unemployed (IOAW) 15 18 22

Benefits for older former self-employed (IOAZ) 2 2 2

Children's allowance 1,928 1,919 1,906

Survivors' benefits 75 55 42

State old age pension (AOW) 3,136 3,223 3,304

3.17 Net labour participation, 2014

0

20

40

60

80

100

70–74 65–6960–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–19

Women Men

age in years

%

482,000 persons

claiming income support in 2014

Ci c


Seven out of ten for wellbeing

85% are satisfi ed with life

68% are satisfi ed with fi nancial situation

71% are satisfi ed with physical health

Population and wellbeing 39

4. Population and wellbeingTrends

Seven marks out of ten for wellbeing The Dutch give themselves 7 marks out of 10 for their own wellbeing. This mark combines their assessment of, among other things, their financial situation, social participation, health and trust in institutions. The mark for wellbeing is an average: some people give themselves a higher mark and are thus happier and more satisfied than others.

Large majority of people are happyMost adults (i.e. aged 18 years and older) in the Netherlands are happy. In 2014, 88 percent said they were happy and 85 percent said they were satisfied with their life. They do not judge all aspects of their life equally positively, however, and there are also some large differences between population groups. Family composition is a large factor in how happy people say they are. People living together with a partner – with or without children – are most likely to be content. Single people and single parents are

least likely to be satisfied. Relatively more women than men say they are happy.

4.1 Share of population happy and satis�ed with life, 1997–20141)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

’14 ’13 ’12 ’10 ’09 ’08 ’07 ’06 ’05 ’04 ’03 ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 ’97

Satisfied Happy1) 2011: break in series.

%


Half of people with high income concerned about financial futureJust under seven in ten adults in the Netherlands say they are satisfied with their financial situation, two in ten are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, and one in ten are dissatisfied. Six in ten people are concerned about their future finances. Although people with higher incomes are less worried than those with lower incomes, half of them are concerned about their financial future. For people with lower incomes this is nearly 70 percent. Young people (18–24 year-olds) and older people (over 65 years) are less worried than those aged 25–64 years.

People who exercise regularly are more satisfiedIn general terms, more people report being satisfied with their mental than with their physical health (85 versus 71 percent). People who exercise or practice sports on a regular basis are more likely to report being satisfied with their physical health than those who do not exercise or at least not regularly. Bodyweight is also a factor in this respect: people who are moderately overweight and to

4.2 Extent of concern about future �nancial situation by level of income, 2013

Not concernedA little concernedVery concerned

0 20 40 60 80 100

4th quartile (highest incomes)

3rd quartile

2nd quartile

1st quartile(lowest incomes)

%

4.3 Satisfaction with physical health by frequency of sport and exercise, 2013

0 20 40 60 80 100

Hardly any or no sport or exercise

Sport or exercise less than once a month

Sport or exercise once a month

Sport or exercise weekly

DissatisfiedNot satisfied, not dissatisfiedSatisfied

%


a greater degree those who are severely overweight are significantly less satisfied with their physical health than people in the normal weight range. Exercise and being overweight also affect satisfaction with mental health, although the differences are smaller.

More trust in police than in politicsFewer than one in three people trust parlia-ment. They have more faith in judges and the police: just over two in three people say they trust these institutions. Relatively more people with a higher level of education trust institu-tions and politicians than those with a lower level of education. Nearly half (49 percent) of university graduates, for example, say they have a high or reasonably high level of trust in parlia-ment, compared with 22 percent of people with the lowest education levels. In addition, older people generally trust institutions less than young people. This is the case for both trust in parliament as well as trust in police and judges.

4.4 Institutional trust by education level, 2013

0 20 40 60 80 100

Master's degree, PhD

Bachelor's degree

Upper secondary

Lower secondary

Primary education

Trusts the police Trusts judgesTrusts parliament

% of population

4.5 Institutional trust by age, 2013

Trusts the police Trusts judgesTrusts parliament

0

20

40

60

80

100

75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–44 25–3418–24

age in years

% of population


4.6 Loneliness by sex and age, 2013

Degree of loneliness 1)

Average Standard error

Total

18–24 yrs 1 .3 0 .1

25–34 yrs 1 .4 0 .1

35–44 yrs 1 .6 0 .1

45–54 yrs 1 .8 0 .1

55–64 yrs 2 .1 0 .1

65–74 yrs 2 .1 0 .1

75 yrs or older 2 .6 0 .1

Men

18–24 yrs 1 .4 0 .1

25–34 yrs 1 .5 0 .1

35–44 yrs 1 .9 0 .1

45–54 yrs 1 .9 0 .1

55–64 yrs 2 .5 0 .1

65–74 yrs 2 .5 0 .2


Women

18–24 yrs 1 .1 0 .1

25–34 yrs 1 .4 0 .1

35–44 yrs 1 .4 0 .1

45–54 yrs 1 .7 0 .1

55–64 yrs 1 .7 0 .1

65–74 yrs 1 .8 0 .2


1) On a scale of 0 to 12 (0 = least lonely, 12 = most lonely).

75+ age group

most lonely

Jj

More men than women feel lonelyJust over seven in ten Dutch adults – and slightly more women than men – are satisfied with their social life. Only few people feel lonely. Relatively more men, especially older men say they are lonely. For them loneliness becomes an important factor from the age of 55, while for women this is 75 years.


Higher educated score highest for well-beingThe Personal Wellbeing Index combines scores on eight dimensions to one overall score. The range of the score is 1 to 10, where 1 stands for the lowest level wellbeing and 10 for the highest possible level. The average score of the adult population is 7.1. The score for lower educated people and people with a non-western foreign background is slightly lower, at 6.6. People with a higher education level and young people have relatively high wellbeing scores. Higher educated groups score higher on nearly all dimensions of wellbeing than lower educated people.

4.7 Average scores on Personal Wellbeing Index by background characteristics, 2013

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


Bachelor's degree

Upper secondary

Lower secondary

Primary education

Education level

Non-western background

Western foreign background

Native Dutch

Origin

65 yrs

45–64 yrs

25–44 yrs

18–24 yrs

Age

Women

Men

Sex

Total

score on wellbeing index 7.5 mark university graduates

give themselves for wellbeing

Dd


4.8 Safety feelings, 2013

Men

Women

11%

17%

20%

63%

14%

75%

Feels safe

Feels neither safe nor not safe

Does not feel safe

78% of tenants satisfied with rental homesAa

93% of homeowners satisfied with own home

Cc

4.9 Satisfaction with neighbourhood by degree of urbanisation, 2013

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Not urbanised

Hardly urbanised

Moderately urbanised

Strongly urbanised

Extremely urbanised

Total

DissatisfiedNot satisfied, not dissatisfiedSatisfied

%


4.11 Satisfaction with relationship by sex and age, 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3418–24

WomenMen

age in years

%

4.10 Satisfaction with social life by sex and age, 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3418–24

WomenMen

age in years

%

88% are satisfied

with their social life

Gg

9 in 10 people living

with a partner are happy

Ee

��çHealth and welfare

4.7 km average distance to nearest hospital

5.2 days average hospital stay in 2012

67% of the population took prescribed medication in 2013


��çHealth and welfare

4.7 km average distance to nearest hospital

5.2 days average hospital stay in 2012

67% of the population took prescribed medication in 2013

Facts and figures

PopulationThe population of the Netherlands grew faster in 2014 than in previous years, mainly as a result of immigration: overall it increased by 73 thousand people. The number of births rose for the first time in five years, the number of immigrants even reached a record high. Last year just over 181 thousand people came from abroad to live in the Netherlands. At 144 thousand, the number of people who left the country was around the same as the year before. As a result, net immigration came to 37 thousand persons, twice as many as in 2013. The largest group of immigrants, 24 thousand, came from Poland. The number was even larger than the 22 thousand native Dutch people returning from other countries. Although many Polish immigrants left the Netherlands again, at the end of 2014 the number was 12 thousand higher than at the start of the year. Poles are now the fifth largest group of immigrants, following those born in Turkey, Morocco, Suriname and Indonesia.

4.12 Immigration, native Dutch and foreign backgrounds

0

20

40

60

80

100

2014* 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 20022000


Non-western foreign background

Native Dutch

x 1,000 persons

4.13 Emigration, native Dutch and foreign backgrounds

0

20

40

60

80

100

2014* 2012 2010 2008 2006 20042002 2000



Native Dutch

x 1,000 persons


4.15 People with a foreign background, 1 January 2015**

0 100 200 300 400 500

Syria

India

Iran

Somalia

Afghanistan

Iraq

China

Netherlands Antilles

Suriname

Morocco

Turkey

Non-western countries

Former Czechoslovakia

Greece

Hungary

Romania

Bulgaria

Portugal

United States

Spain

France

Italy

Former Soviet Union

Former Yugoslavia

United Kingdom

Belgium

Poland

Germany

Indonesia

Western countries

Second generationFirst generation

x 1,000

181,363 immigrants in 2014

Gg

143,940 emigrants in 2014

Ff

4.14 Main reasons to emigrate for native Dutch with emigration plans, 2013

Totaal 7,7 miljoen

Other

Degradation or crime

Too crowded in the Netherlands

Tax burden

Family or friends

Education

Space, peace and quiet, nature

Work

16%11%

3%

3%

2%2%

29% 35%


4.16 Key population figures

2012 2013 2014*

x 1,000

Population on 1 January 16,730 16,780 16,829

Births 176 171 175

Deaths 141 141 139

Immigration 158 165 181

Emigration 144 146 144

Net corrections −34 −28 −24

Total growth 49 50 73

Population on 31 December 16,780 16,829 16,902

4.18 Population forecast

2015 2040 2060

x 1,000

Population, 1 January 16,902 17,983 18,057

younger than 20 yrs 3,828 3,891 3,826

20–39 yrs 4,135 4,241 4,376

40–64 yrs 5,931 5,098 5,163

65–79 yrs 2,273 3,145 2,735

80 yrs or older 735 1,607 1,958

Population, year-on-year changes 73 10 9

of which

live births 175 185 193

deaths 139 193 199

net births 36 −8 −6

immigration 181 185 187

emigration (incl. administrative corrections) 144 168 171

net migration (incl. administrative corrections) 37 17 15

Children per woman

Total fertility rate 1 .71 1 .75 1 .75

years

Life expectancy at birth

men 79 .9 84 .0 86 .9

women 83 .3 86 .8 89 .7

%

Population, 1 January

younger than 20 yrs 22 .6 21 .6 21 .2

20–64 yrs 59 .6 51 .9 52 .9

65 yrs or older 17 .8 26 .4 26 .0

4.17 Population by age, 1 January 2015*

Totaal 7,7 miljoen

80 yrs or older

65–79 yrs

40–64 yrs

20–39 yrs

Younger than 20 yrs

24%35%

13%

4%

23%


4.19 Average age at �rst marriage

Women Men

0

30

32

34

36

38

’14’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00

yrs

4.21 Singles/single parents in LAT relationships, by age, 2013

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

65–79 yrs

50–64 yrs

40–49 yrs

30–39 yrs

18–29 yrs

18–79 yrs

%

22.5% of singles

in LAT relationships

Bb

4.20 Marriage (incl. registered partnership) and divorce, 2000–2014

Divorces Marriages

0

20

40

60

80

100

’14*’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00

x 1,000


4.24 Dependency ratio

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Grey burden (over 65s :

20–64-year-olds)

Green burden (under-20s :

20–64 year-olds)

205520352015*1995

%

24,760

homeless people in 2013

Aa

4.22 Expectations of 20–29-year-olds about relationship formation , 2013

Does not want a relationship/ doesn't know

Intends to have a LAT relationship

Living together or intends to live together

Married or intends to marry

75%

20%

2% 3%

4.23 Private households by size, 1 January 2015*

Total 7.7 million

5 persons or more

4 persons

3 persons

2 persons

1 person

33%

12%

12%

5%

38%


4.25 Deaths by cause, 2013*

Men Women

x 1,000

Total 68 .4 72 .9

Cancer 22 .9 19 .5

of which

trachea and lung 6 .2 4 .1

prostate 2 .5

breast 3 .2

Respiratory disease 6 .3 6 .0

Cardiovascular disease 18.0 20 .4

of which

acute heart infarct 3 .2 2 .5

cerebrovascular events 3 .7 5 .7

Disease of the digestive system 2 .1 2 .4

Mental disorders 3 .4 7 .0

External causes of death 3 .6 2 .9

of which

road traffic accidents 0 .4 0 .1

suicide 1 .3 0 .5

Other causes of death 12 .1 14 .7

Health and welfareThe number of hospital admissions related to cancer more than doubled in the period 2002–2012, from just under 200 thousand to over 400 thousand. If the change in population composition in the same period is taken into account, the rise in the number of admissions comes to around 75 percent. The increase was mainly for day-patient admissions, whose number tripled in 2002–2012. In 2012, 62 percent of cancer-related admissions were day admissions, ten years previously this was still only 40 percent.The number of admissions for cardiovascular disease also rose, from 284 thousand in 2002 to 395 thousand in 2012. After adjustment for the change in population composition, this results in an increase of 16 percent, and is thus smaller than that for cancer. For cardiovascular disease, too, the main rise was in the number of day admissions, although most patients – nearly 70 percent – admitted with these diagnoses stayed in hospital for at least one night.


4.26 Most common chronic disorders, 2014

0 5 10 15 20

Arthritis in hips or knees

Migraine or severe headaches

High blood pressure

Allergy

Women Men

%

4.27 Healthy life expectancy, 2013

WomenMen

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

In good mental health

Without chronic disease

Without physical limitations

In perceived good health

Life expectancy (total)

yrs

4.28 Persons prescribed migraine medication by age, 2013*

WomenMen

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

75-plus65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3415–240–14

age in years

%

4.29 Life expectancy at birth

Men Women

0

20

40

60

80

100

2055204520352025201520051995

yrs

Forecast →


4.30 Jobs in health care

Non-registered professions

Other (para-)medical professions

Nurses

Doctors and dentists

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

2013*2012**201120102009

2009=100

4.31 Average pro�ts of independent medical specialists

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2012*20112010200920082007200620052004200320022001

x 1,000 euros

4.32 People receiving care under AWBZ/Wmo funding by age, 2013*

Residential care Non-residential careTotal

0

20

40

60

80

100

90 or older85–8980–8465–79

age in years

%

41,500

physiotherapists in 2013B b


4.33 Overweight population by age, 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

75 yrs or older

65–74 yrs

55–64 yrs

50–54 yrs

40–49 yrs

30–39 yrs

20–29 yrs

16–19 yrs

12–15 yrs

4–11 yrs

Total

Severely overweightModerately overweight

%

4.34 Overweight population (4 years and older)

0

10

20

30

40

50

2014 2009 20052001 1997 1993198919851981

Severely overweightModerately overweight

%

4.35 Smokers (population 12 years and older)

0

10

20

30

40

2014201220102008200620042002

Heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes a day)

Smokers (<20 cigarettes a day)

%


4.37 Care expenditure

2012 2013** 2014*

bn euros

Total 92.9 93.3 95.0

Hospitals, specialists’ practices 24.3 25.4 26.0

Care for the elderly 17.2 17.4 17.8

Care for the disabled 9.5 9.5 9.6

Primary care practices 7.7 7.5 7.7

Mental health care 6.6 6.6 6.6

Other 27.6 26.8 27.4

euros

Per capita 5,543 5,551 5,630

%

As a percentage of GDP 14.5 14.5 14.5

4.36 Heavy and excessive drinkers by age, 2014

0 5 10 15 20

75 yrs or older

65–74 yrs

55–64 yrs

50–54 yrs

40–49 yrs

30–39 yrs

20–29 yrs

16–19 yrs

12–15 yrs

Total

Excessive drinkers (large quantities of alcohol on average)

Heavy drinkers (large quantity of alcohol on one day)

%

14% of 12–15-year-olds

drink alcohol

Cc


Leisure and cultureEighty percent of the Dutch population went on holiday at least once in 2014, and 2.8 times on average. Dutch holidaymakers spent nearly half of their over 35 million holidays in their own country. For foreign holidays, most of them stay in Europe. Just as in previous years Germany was favourite in 2014: Dutch tourists spent 3.4 million holidays there. France came second with 2.6 million and Spain with 1.9 million holidays.Mediterranean countries traditionally attract a large proportion of Dutch holidaymakers, especially Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. Dutch holidaymakers spent an average 702 euros per person on foreign holidays. Domestic tourist spending was much lower, at 166 euros per person.

4.38 Top ten foreign destinations for Dutch holidaymakers

20132014

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Portugal

Greece

Turkey

Great Britain

Italy

Austria

Belgium

Spain

France

Germany

mln holidays

4.39 Average overnight stays per day in tourist accommodation, 2014*

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan

From abroadFrom the Netherlands

x 1,000


4.40 Dutch and foreign hotel guests per province, 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Drenthe

Friesland

Gelderland

Overĳssel

Limburg

Groningen

Utrecht

North Brabant

Flevoland

Zeeland

South Holland

North Holland

Dutch guestsForeign guests

%

4.42 Hotels

2012 2013 2014*

number

Hotels, boarding houses and youth accommodation

Establishments 3,505 3,510 3,561

Beds 236,823 244,145 252,115

average number per day x 1,000

Guests 58 59 63

Dutch 31 32 33

foreign 27 27 30

Overnight stays 100 102 109

Dutch guests 51 52 54

foreign guests 49 50 55

Overnight business stays in hotels

Total Netherlands 43 44 45

of which in Amsterdam 11 12 13

984,000

hotel guests from the US in 2014

Aa

4.41 Foreign guests in Dutch tourist accommodation, 2014

Asia, Australia and Africa

North, Central and South America

Belgium

United Kingdom

Other Europe

Germany

26%

13%

13%

10%

9%

29%

Total 14.0 million


4.43 Holidays of the Dutch population

Unit 2012 2013 2014

Holidays in the Netherlands

Holidays x 1,000 18,120 17,490 17,176

Total spending bn euros 3 3 3

Spending per holidaymaker euros 157 163 166

Foreign holidays

Holidays x 1,000 18,628 18,093 17,933

Total spending bn euros 13 13 13

Spending per holidaymaker euros 692 697 702

Total number of holidays x 1,000 36,748 35,583 35,109

Average number of holidays per holidaymaker number 2 .87 2.79 2 .80

Average number of long holidays per holidaymaker number 1 .96 1 .94 1 .93

Average number of short holidays per holidaymaker number 2 .04 1 .98 2 .01

4.44 Population (18 years and older) by religious denomination

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2013201220112010200920082007200620052004

Other denomination

Reformed Churches in the Netherlands

Dutch Reformed

Protestant Church in the Netherlands

Roman Catholic

No religious denomination

%

56% of the population went

on more than one holiday in 2014

Aa


4.45 Public libraries and items loaned out

Items loaned out (right-hand scale)

050

100150200250300350400

201320122011201020092008200720062005

Public libraries (left-hand scale)

020406080

100120140160

x 1,000

4.46 Volunteers (population 18 years and older), 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Extremely urbanised

Strongly urbanised

Moderately urbanised

Hardly urbanised

Not urbanised

Degree of urbanisation

75 yrs or older

65–74 yrs

55–64 yrs

45–54 yrs

35–44 yrs

25–34 yrs

18–24 yrs

Age

Women

Men

Sex

%

82% of sports clubs

used volunteers in 2013

Dd


4.47 Theatre and concert attendance

0123456789

10

’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00’99

Other performances Cabaret Musical theaterDance perfomances ConcertsTheatre

x mln

26,484,000

museum visits in 2013

Cc


4.48 Contact with family, friends and neighbours, 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

NeighboursFriendsFamily

Seldom or never

Less than once a month

At least once a month

At least once a week

Daily

%

4.49 Use of social media by age, 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Other social network

Professional network

Text messaging

Reading or writing weblogs

Posting messages on chat sitesor online forums

75 yrs or older

65–74 yrs

45–64 yrs

25–44 yrs

12–24 yrs

%


4.51 Use of social media, 2014

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Reading or writing weblogs

Posting messages on chat sites or online forums

Professional network

Other social network

Text messaging

% of internet users

4.50 Use of mobile internet by device

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

201420132012201120102009

Smart phoneTablet Laptop

% of internet users

4.52 Online shopping, international comparison, 2014

Source: Eurostat.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Italy

Portugal

Spain

EU-27

Belgium

France

Finland

Netherlands

Germany

Sweden

Denmark

United Kingdom

% of internet users aged 16–74 yrs

90% of the population

go online every day

Dd


Vandalism

45% decrease in recorded vandalism incidents from 2005 to 2014

62% fewer people suspected of vandalism off ences in 2013 than in 2005

Public sector 6516 Trends in Nederland 2015

Vandalism

45% decrease in recorded vandalism incidents from 2005 to 2014

62% fewer people suspected of vandalism off ences in 2013 than in 2005

5. Public sectorTrends

More crime, fewer victimsThe number of registered criminal offences has been decreasing for a number of years now. The share of the population who report having been the victim of a frequently occurring crime has also been falling almost continuously for the last ten years. What has not changed compared with ten years ago is that officially registered offences and crime and feelings of unsafety as experienced by the population are a larger problem within than outside the largest cities.

Fewer registered offencesDutch police recorded 1 million criminal offences in 2014; this is 7 percent fewer than in 2013 and the strongest decrease in the last ten years. Registered crime has been decreasing for a number of years now and has fallen by one quarter in the last decade. While nearly 46 larceny and burglary incidents per thousand inhabitants were reported in 2005, by 2014 this had fallen to 34 per thousand. Incidents of

vandalism, violent and sexual offences, and traffic and drugs offences also fell substantially in this period.

5.1 Registered o�ences

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

2014201320122011201020092008200720062005

x 1,000


Higher crime rates in major cities Crime rates are higher in the four largest cities of the Netherlands. Amsterdam recorded 115 crimes per thousand inhabitants, and in Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague, police recorded between 95 and 100 offences per thousand inhabitants. But in these large cities, too, the number of crimes has decreased in the last ten years. Registered crime per thousand inhabitants fell by 18 and 19 percent respectively in The Hague and Amsterdam, by more than one quarter in Rotterdam, and by nearly 40 percent in Utrecht. Overall across the Netherlands, 28 percent fewer crimes were recorded per thousand inhabitants.

Fewer victims Not only officially registered crime is decreasing; the number of people who report having been the victim of a criminal offence also fell in the period 2005–2014. As police registrations do not cover all offences, Statistics Netherlands uses surveys to ask people aged 15 years and older how often they have been the victim of a criminal offence. In 2005, nearly three in ten Dutch people said they had been a crime victim, in 2014 this had fallen to just under two in ten of the population. At the same time as the decrease in the victim rate, the number of people reporting they did not

5.2 Registered crime per 1,000 inhabitants

0

10

20

30

40

50

2014201320122011201020092008200720062005

Other o�ences

O�ences involving firearms or other weapons

Drugs-related o�ences

Tra�c o�ences

Other o�ences under the Penal Code

Violent and sexual o�ences

Vandalism and public order o�ences

Property o�ences

Public sector 67

always feel safe also decreased, although by slightly less. In 2005 nearly half of the population said they did not always feel safe, in 2014 this had fallen to one in three people.

Most victims in major citiesRelatively more inhabitants of the four largest cities had been victims of frequently occurring offences: 28 percent compared with 19 percent on average nationwide. This is consistent with police registrations, which record relatively more crimes in the major cities. In many other municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants, too, people are more likely than average to have been the victim of a crime. The victim rate of 31 percent in Amsterdam is substantially higher than the nationwide average.Nearly 36 percent of the population say they do not always feel safe. This percentage is higher in four-fifths of municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants. In Maastricht nearly 48 percent of inhabitants sometimes felt afraid. In Gouda, Utrecht, and Leidschendam-Voorburg, too, relatively many inhabitants say they do not feel safe sometimes. People living in some municipalities with over 70 thousand

5.3 Decrease in registered crime per 1,000 inhabitants 2005–2014

Less than 10%

10–<20%

20–<30%

30–<40%

40% or more

Not available


E einhabitants feel safer than average, however: in Súdwest Fryslân, for example, only 27 percent of inhabitants do not always feel safe.

5.5 Crime victim rates and unsafety feelings

50

60

70

80

90

100

2014201320122011201020092008200720062005

Unsafety feelingsTotal victim rates

2005=100

5.6 Registered crime

2012* 2013* 2014*

x 1,000

Total offences recorded by police and military police 1,138 1,087 1,001

Property offences 697 682 621

of which

aggravated theft and burglary 15 13 10

theft and burglary without violence 637 632 574

Vandalism and public order offences 162 140 133

Violent and sexual offences 110 102 96

Other crimes under the Penal Code 12 11 12

Traffic offences 130 124 114

Drugs-related offences 17 16 16

Offences involving firearms/other weapons 7 6 6

Other offences 4 4 3

5.4 Unsafety feelings in place of residence, 2014

Women Men

0 10 20 30 40 50

Feeling unsafein the place of residence

In nightlife areas

Around train station

In public transport

In city centre

In shopping area

In own home

% who sometimes feel unsafe

Public sector 69

0 10 20 30 40 50

Zoetermeer

Leidschendam-Voorburg

Westland

Apeldoorn

Súdwest Fryslân

Ede

Spĳkenisse

Alphen aan den Rĳn

Emmen

Roosendaal

Netherlands total

Oss

The Hague

Breda

Rotterdam

Maastricht

Delft

Utrecht

Groningen

Leeuwarden

Amsterdam

People who do not feel safeVictim rate

%0 10 20 30 40 50

Súdwest Fryslân

Deventer

Westland

Oss

Apeldoorn

Almelo

Helmond

Emmen

Purmerend

Haarlemmermeer

Netherlands total

Sittard-Geleen

The Hague

Hilversum

Nĳmegen

Heerlen

Rotterdam

Utrecht

Leidschendam-Voorburg

Gouda

Maastricht

People who do not feel safe Victim rate

%

5.7 Crime victim rates and unsafety feelings in municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants, 2014

Most victims Most people who sometimes do not feel safe

��çDiplomas in 2013/’14

71,338wo diplomas

65,757hbo diplomas

177,628mbo diplomas

Public sector 71

��çDiplomas in 2013/’14

71,338wo diplomas

65,757hbo diplomas

177,628mbo diplomas

Facts and figures

Education Secondary education in the Netherlands evolved in the course of the twentieth century: from education for the elite few to education for everyone. The increase in the number of pupils early on in the century was connected with the process of industrialisation and the subsequent increased demand for skilled workers. Later on – after the World War II – the number of pupils also rose very sharply. Alongside economic growth and extended compulsory education, the introduction of new legislation in 1968 and the post-war baby boom pushed up secondary pupil numbers. New tracks of secondary education replaced older forms, and the highest track was extended by one year. Lower vocational education was also incorporated into secondary education. The ‘bridge year’ was introduced, postponing the definite tracking of first year secondary pupils by one year. And it became easier for pupils to pass into higher tracks. The saturation point was reached in the mid-1980s: since then the number of pupils has fluctuated with the numbers in the corresponding age groups in the population.

5.8 Education spending per diploma, 2013*

0 30 60 90 120 150

Master's degree

Bachelor's degree

Hbo

Vwo

Havo

Vmbo

Primary education

1,000 euros

5.9 Secondary education

Unit 2012/’13 2013/ ’14** 2014/ ’15*

Schools absolute 658 658 .

Pupils x 1,000 961 974 981

General year 410 414 441

Vwo 162 161 164

Havo 154 157 160

Vmbo combined track 108 112 114

Vmbo advanced vocational track 100 102 100

Practical education 28 29 29


5.11 Spending on education institutions per pupil/student

1,000 euros0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Higher education excl. R&D

Higher education

Secondary education and mbo

Primary education

2013*20122011

5.10 Pupils and percentage of 12–17-year-olds in secondary education since 1900

0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

Pupils as % of all 12–17-year-olds (right-hand scale)Pupils (left-hand scale)

2014/’15*2005/’061990/’911975/’761960/’611945/’461930/’311915/’161900/’01

0

20

40

60

80

100

x 1,000 %

English definitions of Dutch education levelsavo = general secondary educationbbl = apprenticeship-based track of mbo bol = school-based track of mbo havo = senior general secondary education mbo = senior secondary vocational education vavo = basic secondary education for adults vmbo = preparatory secondary vocational education vwo = pre-university educationhbo = higher professionalwo = university

Public sector 73

5.14 Education spending,

2011 2012 2013*, ,

mln euros,

Total 39,971 40,465 41,741

By government 33,187 33,091 34,327

of which on

primary education 10,881 10,812 11,142

secondary education, mbo 13,850 14,062 14,519

higher education 8,456 8,218 8,666

By households 3,231 3,780 3,812

of which on

primary education 324 361 388



By private sector 3,032 3,233 3,271

of which on




By rest of the world 521 360 331

of which on


secondary education, mbo 234 45 14

higher education 266 288 305

%

As % of GDP (pre-revision) 6.7 6 .3 6 .5, ,

5.13 Primary education

Unit 2011/’12 2012/’13 2013/’14**

Schools** absolute

Primary education 6,808 6,743 6,651

Special-needs primary schools 304 296 291

Other special-needs schools 327 322 321

Pupils* x 1,000

Primary education 1,517 1,498 1,477

Special-needs primary schools 42 40 38

Other special-needs schools 70 70 71

5.12 Education level of population aged 15–74 years, 2014

Unknown


Bachelor's degree

Havo, vwo, mbo levels 2–4

Vmbo, mbo level 1, avo first stage

Primary education10%10%

21%18%

1%

40%


5.15 Mbo and adult education

Unit 2012/’13 2013/’14* 2014/’15*

Institutions absolute 69 69 69

Students x 1,000

Mbo (excl. exam-only students) 511 500 482

Bol 360 371 378

Bbl 151 129 104

Level 1 23 20 13

Level 2 118 111 97

Level 3 140 147 129

Level 4 230 221 243

Adult education* 35 33 14

Other education 22 20 .

Vavo 13 13 14

5.16 Higher education

2012/’13 2013/’14* 2014/’15*

x 1,000

Students

Hbo 422 440 446

Wo 241 250 257

Graduates*

Hbo bachelor's degree 59 61 .

Wo bachelor's degree 33 33 .

Wo master's degree 33 34 .

4,374 university students

reading foreign languages in 2014/’15

Bb

8,291 university students

reading informatics in 2014/’15

Dd

4,897 men training to

be primary school teacher in 2014/’15

Aa

Public sector 75

SecurityIn 2013, 12.9 billion euros was spent on security in the Netherlands, of which 5.8 billion euros on prevention. Following a substantial rise in 2009, security spending has been fairly stable.

Asylum seekersDutch authorities received 23.9 thousand applications for asylum in 2014, 66 percent more than in 2013. Most asylum seekers came from Syria, as a result of the conflict there. The number of requests from Syrian refugees rose to 9.5 thousand, and accounted for nearly 40 percent of the total. Relatively many Eritreans – 4 thousand – also applied for asylum in the Netherlands.

5.17 Spending on security

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2013*2012201120102009200820072006200520042003

OtherEnforcementDetectionPrevention

bn euros

5.18 First asylum requests by nationality

5%5%

36%

40%

21%

8%

4%

2%

33%

2%

3%

18%

7%10%

49%

5%9%

4%

14%

9%

16%

Other/stateless

Afghan

Iranian

Eritrean

Iraqi

Syrian

Somali

2014 (total 23,935)2013 (total 14,395)2012 (total 9,715)


5.19 Alarm calls received by fire services

2011 2012 2013*

x 1,000

Fire alarms 107 .2 95 .6 86 .7

of which

outdoor fires 25 .7 19 .7 19 .3

indoor fires 14 .5 14 .4 15 .0

chimney fires 1 .8 1 .7 1 .7

false alarms 65 .2 59 .8 50 .6

Requests for assistance 48 .3 46 .5 52 .2

of which

assistance inside buildings 21 .0 17 .8 28 .4

assistance not inside buildings 23 .8 25 .2 21 .0

false alarms 3 .4 3 .5 2 .8

5.20 Crime victim rates, 2014

0 10 20 30 40

Violent o�ences

Property o�ences

Vandalism o�ences

Total

65 yrs or older

45–64 yrs

25–44 yrs

15–24 yrs

Total

victims as % of age group concerned

145 murder and

manslaughter victims in 2013

BbFire servicesDutch fire services received nearly 139 thousand alarm calls in 2013: 87 thousand concerning fires and 52 thousand requests for assistance. The number of fire alarm calls was 9 percent lower than in the previous year, the number of requests for assistance was 12 percent higher. False alarms accounted for 38 percent of all calls.

Public sector 77

5.21 Arrested suspects by ethnic origin, 12 years and older

Source: Statistics Netherlands, National Police Services Agency.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Other

Surinamese

Netherlands Antillean and Aruban

Turkish

Moroccan

of whom



Foreign background

Native Dutch

Total

2013*2012

% of ethnic group concerned

5.23 Convictions by first instance court

2011 2012 2013

x 1,000

Total convictions 93 .8 86 .0 83 .5

Penal code 65 .8 60 .9 58 .6

of which

property offences 33 .0 31 .2 31 .0

vandalism and public order offences 11 .0 9 .8 8 .8

violent and sexual offences 18 .5 17 .5 16 .9

Traffic offences 14 .9 14 .6 15 .0

Drugs-related offences 6 .4 6 .2 6 .8

Other offences 6 .7 4 .4 3 .2

5.22 Sentencing by �rst instance court, 2013

29%

13%

22%

9%

27%

Total 117.6 thousand

Secondary penalties

Special measures

Fine

Custodial sentence

Community service


Dairy cows in 2014

70% of all dairy cows put out to pasture

8,100 litres average annual milk yield per dairy cow

85 dairy cows on average dairy farm

Environment 79

6. EnvironmentTrends

Over one million dairy cows graze outdoorsNearly 1.1 million dairy cows were put out to pasture in 2013; this is 70 percent of the 1.7 million dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Efforts by the dairy sector to preserve outdoor grazing for cows seem to have had an effect.

The largest percentages of outdoor grazing dairy cattle are found in the typically peaty areas of the provinces Utrecht, North Holland and South Holland. Soil acidity in peatland areas is often too high and the ground too wet for arable farming, and thus mainly suited for grazing and hay. Areas more suitable for arable crops have less grassland and fewer dairy cows out to pasture. In the east of North Brabant and northern Limburg, fewer cows are put out to pasture as these are intensive livestock farming areas where land is used to grow fodder crops and for manure spreading.

Robotic milking keeps cows indoorsThe introduction of robotic milking systems has made it more difficult to incorporate outdoor grazing in dairy farm management. The first robotic systems were introduced in the Netherlands in 1992, but use only became more widespread after 2000. Cows milked by automatic systems are usually milked more frequently, up to three times a day. Although robotic milking is usually done indoors, mobile systems have been developed which makes it possible to milk outdoors. Dairy factories encourage dairy farmers to supply milk from cows grazing outdoors by offering higher prices for this milk.

Grassland accounts for half of farmland The share of grassland in total agricultural land has fallen since the 1970s, but is still 54 percent of all farmland. Grass is not only used to graze


dairy cattle, but also for the production of cattle fodder. In 2013, 86 percent of cut grass was used for silage, increasingly in plastic-wrapped bales. Five percent of grass is cut for hay, 5 percent is used to feed indoor cattle and the remainder is used for other purposes. In 2013, the total crop of grass silage was 5.5 billion kg of dry matter, the total hay crop was 208 million kg of dry matter.

Dairy cattle rising again since 2012The number of dairy cows has decreased by one third since 1980, from 2.4 million to 1.5 million in 2012. The strong decrease after 1984 coincided with the introduction of milk quotas in the European Union. As European farmers were producing more milk than consumers could eat and drink, the EU bought up the milk creating the so-called milk lakes and butter mountains. Increasing global demand for dairy has eliminated the need for milk quotas, and since 2012 the number of dairy cows and young dairy cattle have been increasing. The number of animals rose by 118 thousand (10 percent) from 2012 to 2014, to 1.3 million, as dairy farmers anticipated the abolition of milk quotas on 1 April 2015.

6.1 Percentage of dairy cows grazing on grass per agricultural region, 2013

Mutatie

Less than 50%

50–<70%

70–<80%

80–<90%

90% or more

Environment 81

1.5% of Dutch dairy herd is organic

Aa

The organic dairy herd showed a similar growth. The number of dairy cows rose by 8 percent from 2012 to 2014, to 25 thousand, the number of young cattle by 10 percent to 19 thousand. Organic dairy cows and young cattle account for only 1.5 percent of the total dairy herd in the Netherlands, and the share is increasing only slowly.

Dutch cows produce 22 litres of milk per day In 1950, an average Dutch dairy cow produced just under 4.0 thousand litres of milk a year. By 2000 this had risen to 7.3 thousand litres, and today it is 8.1 thousand litres, or 22 litres per cow per day. In 2014 the dairy herd in the Netherlands produced a total of 12.5 billion litres of milk. Nearly all the milk is delivered to dairy factories, which convert half of it into cheese and one tenth into milk for consumers. The remaining milk is used to make butter, cream, yoghurt, desserts, ice cream, condensed milk and milk powder. In 2014, dairy factories produced 768 million kg of factory and processed cheese, 146 million kg of butter, 205 million kg of milk powder and 384 million kg of condensed milk.Just over 200 million litres of milk does not go

6.2 Organic dairy cattle and farms

Dairy cows Farms (right-hand scale)

0

21,000

22,000

23,000

24,000

25,000

20142013201220110

340

350

360

370

380


to factories but stays on the farm and is used to rear calves, or to make regional products such as herb cheese and ice cream.

Increase in scale The number of farms with dairy cattle fell by nearly 11 thousand in the period 2000–2014, to 18.6 thousand. As the number of dairy cows rose to 1.7 million, the result was a substantial increase in scale. The number of dairy cows per

farm rose from 51 to 85 between 2000 and 2014. In 2000, 320 farms in the Netherlands kept 150 dairy cows or more. By 2014 this had risen to 1,700 farms. The number of farms with 250 cows or more rose from 45 to nearly 300 in the same period.

Milk production worth 5 billion euros Total production of the Dutch agriculture and horticulture sector was worth more than 27.5 billion euros in 2014.

6.3 Dairy farms in the Netherlands

Dairy cows per farm Farms with dairy cows (x 1,000) Dairy cows (right-hand scale)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2014201220102008200620042002200019981996199419921990198819861984

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

mln cows

Environment 83

€27.5 bn production value of agriculture and horticulture

Aa

Arable crops accounted for 47 percent of this amount. Livestock farming for 41 percent (mainly milk, meat and eggs) and agricultural services for 9 percent. The production value of milk - 5 billion euros - accounted for 18 percent of the total production value. The milk value fluctuated around an overall rising trend in the period 1995–2014. The variations were mainly the result of erratic developments in milk prices.

Most manure produced by cattle In addition to milk, cows also produce manure. Dutch livestock produced a total 74.1 billion kg of manure in 2014. Dairy cows accounted for over 40 billion kg of this, 55 percent of the total. Pigs contributed 15 percent, poultry 2 percent and beef cattle 23 percent.

6.4 Manure and mineral production

2012 2013 2014*

mln kg

Manure from livestock 71,207 73,155 74,089

of which

cattle 55,416 57,428 58,389

sheep and goats 1,699 1,719 1,710

horses and ponies 929 919 895

pigs 11,571 11,472 11,424

poultry 1,416 1,442 1,500

rabbits and fur-bearing animals 176 175 172

Mineral excretion

Nitrogen 461 473 480

Phosphate 161 166 168

Potassium 505 517 525

�∫Arable crops in 2014

3,871,000 ,000 kgof ware potatoes

18,000,000 kgof asparagus

1,220,000,000 kgof onions

Environment 85

Facts and figures

EnergyFollowing two years of decrease, electricity production rose by 2 percent in 2014 to 103 million kWh. The increase was mainly the result of a substantial rise in demand from outside the Netherlands. Exports of electricity rose by 21 percent from 2014 to 2013, to reach a new record. Exports to Belgium and the United Kingdom in particular rose sharply. The increased demand from Belgium was the result of the shutdown of two nuclear reactors there and the subsequent decrease in domestic electricity production.For the first time in the Netherlands, wind was the main source of renewable electricity in 2014. Electricity generated by wind was around 8 percent higher in 2014 than in 2013, while production from biomass fell by 16 percent. Total production of renewable electricity in 2014 was 11.7 billion kWh, slightly less than in 2013. For the fifth year in a row, production of renewable electricity is around 10 percent of the amount used.

6.5 Electricity consumption and gross domestic product

–10

–5

0

5

10

15

2014*2007*2000*1993198619791972196519581951

Electricity consumption (% year-on-year change)

Gross domestic product (% year-on-year volume change)


6.6 Energy supply by source

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

’14’10’06’02’98’94’90’86’82’78’74’70’66’62’58’54’50’46

OtherNatural gasOil and oil products

Coal and coal products

petajoules


6.9 Electricity and oil consumption

–25–20–15–10

–505

101520

2014201320122011201020092008200720062005

OilElectricity


6.7 Price of regular unleaded 95 petrol

0

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

20142013201220112010

euros/litre

6.8 Electricity production by source

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

'14*'13'12'11'10'09'08'07'06'05'04'03'02'01'00'99'98

Wind, solar and hydro-energy

Biomass

Nuclear energy and other

Other fossil fuels

Coal

Natural gas

bn kWh

Environment 87

6.10 Average electricity consumption of detached houses, 2013

Mutatie

Index (rechteras)

1,250–4,000 kWh

4,001–4,500 kWh

4,501–5,000 kWh

5,001–7,000 kWh

90% of meer

6.11 Electricity balance sheet

2012 2013 2014*

bn kWh

Electricity supply 119.6 119.1 117.3

of which

production 102.5 102.5

central 64.0 63.1 67.5

local 38.5 37.8 35.0

imports 32,2 33.3 32.9

exports (-) 15.0 15.0 18.1

Electricity consumption 119.6 119.1 117.3

of which

via public network 101.8 101.4 99.1

via self-generation networks 14.1 14.2 14.2

in production process 3.7 3.5 4.0

Net losses 4.5 4.5 4.4


6.12 Average gas consumption of detached houses, 2013

Mutatie

1,250–2,000 m3

2,001–2,750 m3

2,751–3,000 m3

3,001–3,500 m3

3,501–6,000 m3

6.13 Average energy consumption in private homes

2011 2012 2013

m3

Natural gas consumption 1,450 1,500 1,600

of which

apartments 950 1,000 1,050

terraced houses 1,300 1,400 1,500

corner houses 1,550 1,650 1,800

semi-detached houses 1,900 2,000 2,100

detached houses 2,400 2,600 2,800

kWh

Electricity consumption 3,250 3,200 3,150

of which

apartments 2,250 2,200 2,200

terraced houses 3,300 3,250 3,300

corner houses 3,500 3,400 3,400

semi-detached houses 3,950 3,850 3,850

detached houses 4,600 4,500 4,450

Environment 89

6.14 Provincial shares of national electricity consumption by ICT, 2013

Index (rechteras)

8.4%

1.4%

1.9%

4.0%3.2%

6.1%6.5%

8.6%

43.3%

12.7%

0.5%

3.2%

6.15 Renewable electricity

2011 2012 2013 2014*

% of electricity consumption

Gross production (normalised) 9 .84 10 .48 10 .07 10 .03

of which

hydro-electricity 0 .08 0 .08 0 .08 0 .09

wind energy 3 .87 4 .13 4 .51 4 ,98

solar electricity 0 .08 0 .21 0 ,43 .

biomass 5 .80 6 .05 5 .05 4 .34

8% rise in electricity from wind

Bb


AgriculturePear growers picked a record crop of 349 million kg in 2014, 7 percent more than in 2013. The increase was the result of a larger area of pear trees and favourable growing conditions. At 353 million kg, the apple crop was slightly larger than the pear crop. It was the second largest apple crop ever, after the record in 2011.

The combined area of apple and pear cultivation has remained stable in recent years at around 16.5 thousand ha. In 1980 the total area was 23.0 thousand ha, more than a quarter larger than in 2014. In this period the area of apple trees more than halved, from 17.2 thousand to 7.9 thousand ha. The area of pear trees rose by 50 percent, from 5.7 to 8.6 thousand ha.

6.16 Percentage of cultivated area with apple trees by agricultural region, 2014

0.4–0.9%

Less than 0.1%

0.1–0.4%

1.0–1.9%

2% or more

90% of meer

Environment 91

6.17 Percentage of cultivated area with pear trees by agricultural region, 2014

Mutatie

Index (rechteras)

90% of meerLess than 0.1%

1.0–1.9%

0.1–0.4%

0.5–0.9%

2% or more

6.18 Livestock on farms, 1 April

2011 2012 2013 2014

1,000 animals

Grazing livestock

Goats 380 397 413 431

Horses and ponies 137 132 131 127

Cattle 3,885 3,879 3,999 4,068

Scheep 1,088 1,043 1,034 959

Non-grazing livestock

Chickens 96,919 95,273 97,719 103,039

of which

laying hens 44,460 42,810 44,816 46,570

meat chickens 43,912 43,846 44,242 47,020

Other poultry (incl. ducks, turkeys) 2,324 1,822 1,709 1,699

Rabbits 302 327 311 321

Fur-bearing animals 978 1,031 1,031 1,003

Pigs 12,429 12,234 12,212 12,238

of which

piglets 5,297 5,180 5,274 5,382

breeding pigs 1,227 1,180 1,184 1,199

porkers 5,905 5,874 5,754 5,657


6.19 Arable crops

2011 2012 2013 2014

mln kg

Potatoes, ware 3,857 3,384 3,481 3,871

Potatoes, seed 1,313 1,479 1,400 1,475

Potatoes, for processing 2,163 1,904 1,695 1,754

Sugar beet 5,858 5,735 5,727 6,822

Onions 1,582 1,330 1,200 1,220

Barley 205 206 208 197

Oats 8 10 10 10

Rye 6 9 7 7

Wheat 1,175 1,302 1,335 1,304

Triticale 10 12 10 9

Corn-cob mix (65% dry matter) 75 63 68 67

Sweet corn (65% dry matter) 204 191 185 173

Fodder maize (35% dry matter) 10,559 10,670 10,268 10,788

Flax 8 13 11 10

6.20 Apple and pear crops

2012 2013 2014*

mln kg

Apples 281 314 353

Elstar 115 123 140

Golden Delicious 20 16 18

Jonagold/Jonagored 73 92 100

Junami 8 12 16

Kanzi 14 17 18

Rode Boskoop 14 16 19

Rubens 3 3 2

Pears 199 327 349

Beurré Alexandre Lucas 12 24 20

Conference 161 256 275

Doyenne du Comice 17 28 30

Stewing pears 5 8 9

11,440 ha of tulips in 2014

Bb 220 farmers grew Brussels sprouts in 2014 Dd

557,328,600 meat chickens slaughtered in 2014Ee

Environment 93

Ee

6.21 Meat and dairy production

2011 2012 2013 2014

mln kg

Meat production

calves 219 215 212 217

mature cattle 163 159 156 159

sheep and goats 15 15 14 14

pigs 1,347 1,332 1,282 1,371

meat chickens 809 857 888 920

Unprocessed cow's milk delivered to dairy factories 11,642 11,675 12,213 12,469

Milk products

butter 129 133 137 146

factory cheese 750 764 794 768

condensed milk 354 371 360 384

milk powder 193 187 194 205

6.22 Average number of livestock per farm

100

150

200

250

300

20142012201020082006200420022000

Chickens Pigs GoatsSheep Cattle

2000=100

6.23 Age of heads of farms and horticulture businesses

14%

27%

4%

20%23%

26%

3%

32%28%

23%

2004 (total 79,809) 2014 (total 61,258)

65 yrs or older

55–64 yrs

45–54 yrs

35–44 yrs

younger than 35 yrs


6.25 Use of pesticides in agriculture

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2012*20082004200019981995

Other

Weed killers

Fungicides

Insecticides

1,000 kg active ingredient

54,000,000 kg strawberry crop in 2014

Bb

900,000,000 kg tomato crop in 2014

Cc

6.24 Vegetables grown under glass

3%

37%

3%

22%

38%

18%

3%

49%

32%

16%

45%

34%

2000 (total 3,027 ha) 2007 (total 3,445 ha) 2014 (total 3,644 ha)

Tomatoes

Peppers

Cucumbers

Aubergines

Environment 95

Nature and wildlifeAccording to the Living Planet Index (LPI), an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, biodiversity has declined substantially worldwide. Statistics Netherlands has calculated this index for the Netherlands. Changes in populations of vertebrate species are an important factor in the calculation of the index. The Dutch LPI reflects the overall average trend of mammals, breeding birds, reptiles and amphibians. This group has increased by 22 percent since 1990, mainly as a result of rises in populations of mammals, birds and reptiles in this period. Amphibian populations did not increase. The largest difference with the global LPI is that the Dutch version does not take fish species into account. Although the Dutch trend seems to be at odds with the global one, a breakdown of the LPI into country groups by level of income (using World Bank criteria) shows that the LPI for high-income countries has risen (by 9.7 percent), which is in line with the Dutch index. According to the WWF the increase is a sign of recovery after the severe decline in biodiversity which started before 1970. The WWF also

6.26 Living Planet Index for the Netherlands

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2013 2010 2000 1990 1995 2005

1990=100

6.27 Air pollution, emissions by source, 2013

14%

3%6%

5%

20%

15%

51%

5%

17%

24%

17%

23%

Other

Refineries

Energy companies

Manufacturing

Transport

Agriculture

Greenhouse gases Acidifiers


indicates that recovery is partly the result of richer countries making more financial resources available for this purpose.

6.29 Industrial waste, 2013*

Total RecyclingFinal waste

treatment

mln kg

Non-hazardous waste 24,392 20,840 3,552

of which from

mining 209 115 94

energy supply 1,335 1,297 38

water supply and waste treatment 8,735 6,033 2,702

manufacturing 14,112 13,395 717

of which from

food, drinks and tobacco 8,454 8,298 156

chemical industry 581 438 141

basic metal industry 1,650 1,610 40

other manufacturing 3,427 3,049 380

Non-chemical waste 21,811 19,595 2,216

of which from

metal 955 935 20

paper and cardboard 605 595 10

wood 753 747 7

animal and vegetal waste 6,763 6,673 90

mixed waste 2,394 2,095 299

sludge 2,237 877 1,360

minerals and stone-like materials 7,712 7,318 394

other non-chemical waste 392 356 36

Chemical waste 2,581 1,245 1,336

6.28 Emissions of acidi�ers and greenhouse gases

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00’95’90

Greenhouse gases Acidifiers

1990=100

Environment 97

6.30 Municipal waste

2010 2011 2012 2013**

mln kg

Total 10,061 10,163 9,816 9,450

Household waste 8,860 8,915 8,655 8,302

of which

non-separated collected waste 4,441 4,413 4,266 4,062

separated collected waste 4,419 4,502 4,389 4,239

of which

compostable waste 1,255 1,297 1,303 1,255

paper 1,065 1,044 981 924

glass 350 349 348 345

bulky garden waste 447 448 461 441

wood waste 323 334 318 308

rubble 402 427 389 375

other separated waste 577 603 589 591

Cleaning and other waste 1,200 1,248 1,161 1,149

6.31 Emissions into water

2010 2012 2013

x 1 000 kg

Phosphorus (total P) 6,896 7,548 6,478

Nitrogen (total N) 90,250 88,330 76,085

Copper 91.3 96 .5 92.1

Nickel 55.4 56.8 80 .7

Zinc 401 439 390

Lead 41.1 43 .1 39.8

Cadmium 1.34 1.37 1.19

55 kg of paper per person collected for recycling in 2013

Aa75 kg of compostable waste per person collected in 2013 Cc

1 Trends in Nederland 2015

9 789035 721050

Facts that matter

16,902,146

inhabitants on 1 January 2015

0.9%

economic growth in 2014

Gg

Aa

Tren

ds in th

e Neth

erlands 20

15

trends in the netherlands - cbs · trends in the netherlands replaces the statistical ... trade,...

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