Trekk av skogreisingens historie i de nordiske land: med utsyn fra

Vestlandet

A brief

history

of

afforestation

in the Nordic countries –

a view from W Norway

Bernt-Håvard ØyenForsker, daglig leder

Norsk institutt for skog og landskapRegionkontoret i Vest-Norge

Content

•

Learning from history?•

Afforestation

in the Nordic countries:

similarities and differences?•

”Push and pull”

factors

•

What is accomplished?•

Revitalization in a changing world

22 000 yrs BPWeichsel maximum

Last ice-age

ended

15 000 years

agoThe land gradually

occupied

by the

present tree

species

First forest

uses: hunting

and gatheringAnimal husbandry: approx

4000 years

ago

In the

17th century, wood

a commercial

product

Mixed

birch-pine

forests→ Calluna

heathland

→ Mixed

birch-pine-spruce

forests

Over the

last 5000 years

forest

area all over NW Europe

are negatively

correlated

with

increased

antropogenic

use

Spread of Norway spruce (Source: Hafsten

m. fl. 1992)

Spontan gran på VestlandetSpontanous Norway spruce stands in West Norway

25-30 populations

Approx. 3000 ha

Source:Gløersen

1874, Hødal

1954, Øyen 2007

Causes of deforestation

•

Overcutting•

Heavy browsing

•

Mining (Cu,Fe,Ag,others)•

Salt production

•

Chalk and potash •

Tar production, Charcoal

•

Shipbuilding •

Fisheries (barrels, boats)

Relative importance

xx

x

x

x

xx

x

x

Local RegionalX forest

fires, X climate, X bog formation

1550-1700

1700-1800

1830

1845

1860

1875

1800

”TimberFrontiers”in theNordic countries

Source: Bunte m.fl

1982

”Skogreising”•

Afforestation: to establish new plantations on sites that have been treeless for hundreds of years (i.e. on abandoned agriculture land, bogs and wetland)

•

Reforestation: to re-establish forests in recent woodlands (incl. tree species change in pastures)

•

Deforestation: long-term conversion of a forest site to a non-forested condition

Afforestation-regions

in the

Nordic countries

IslandFærøyene

Vest-Jylland

BohuslänHalland

Kyst-

og fjordstrøkVestlandet

Kyst og fjordstrøk i Nord-Norge

”Push”-factors

for afforestation

in W Norway, Jylland and SW Sweden

The poverty circle

Population-growth

Lack

of

resources

More agriculture

land

Reduced

forestarea

Over-grazing

Increased

cutting

Emmigration

”Pull” factors (1946-1980)

•

Stimulation of district economy, capital into long term investments, planting, tending, infrastructure and wood based industry

•

Forest research, Education, Managing and planning jobs in forestry

•

Economic stimulation of new alternatives in land use. Restore degraded farmlands.

•

Tax policy, subsidies

Coastal forestry-NorwayMiljø/Environment

Samfunn/Society

Økonomi/Economy

Bærekraftig skogforvaltning

Biodiversitet

Habitater

Vern

C-lager

Bærekraftig økonomi

ArbeidsplasserMuligheterVerdiskapingInntekter

Distriktspolitikk

Inkludering

Rekreasjon

Nær- miljøLikhet

Ressurser

Phases in afforestation

process in Norway

•

Exploitation phase I (1550 -

1860)•

Exploitation phase II (1860 -

1940)

•

Alert phase (1740 -

1930)•

New forest policy phase (1862-1940)

•

Planning phase (1945-1955)•

The great working years (1955-1990)

•

Consolidation phase (1990-2010)•

The new wood age?

Afforestation history

in the

Nordic countries

Time lag:From developing the idea, making the plans

and doing the job …

•

West Norway 1860s →1950s →1960s•

North Norway 1890s →1960s →1970s

•

SW Sweden 1880s →1920s →1930s•

W. Jylland, Denmark,1850s→1920s →1950s

•

Iceland 1899 →1970s → 1980s

Important tree species•

Scots

pine (No, Dk, Sw)

•

Norway

spruce

(No, Dk, Sw)•

Sitka

spruce

(No, Dk, Is, Sw)

•

Bog pine (No, Dk)•

Mountain pine (No, Dk)

•

Lutz spruce, White spruce

(No, Dk, Is)•

Contorta

pine (Is, Dk)

•

Beech

(Dk)•

Oak

(Dk)

•

Birch (Is)•

Larch

(Is, No, Dk, Sw)

•

Douglas Fir (Dk, No)

Source: Eggertson

2009

Birch-forest in IcelandMean forest cover in Europe: 36%

8 years

rotation

Mean

annual

inc.: 44 m3/ha/yr

C-seq.13 tons

C/ha/yr

Eucalyptus saligna – Østkysten av Brasil

Norway

spruce

–

W.Norway

•

60 yrs rotation•

Mean

annual

inc: 15 m3/ha/yr

•

C-seq. 4 tonn C/ha/yr

The time value

of

money

and forestry

•

Investments for whom?•

Financial criterion (magnitude and timing of cash-flows)

Flate 115, Ritland

Prov:Harz

Bonitet: G23

Plantet: 1927

Avvirket: 2004 (80 år)

Stående volum:1250 m3/ha

Skurandel: 90%

Slipandel: 10%

Snittpris: 427 kr/m3

Bruttoverdi: 475 500 kr/ha

Nettoverdi: 365 000 kr/ha

-----------------------------

Investering: 240 kr/ha (1927)

Kapitalverdi: 365 000 kr/ha

Internrente ett omløp: 5,4%

Internrente inkl tilsk: 6,3%

Internal

rate of

return. Spruce

plantations

in Norway

Moberglia (rotation age 47 yrs, G26)Innbetaling•

Tømmersalg: 620 m3

* 380 kr/m3: 235600,-Utbetaling•

Driftskostnad 62 m3

*120 kr/m3: 74400,-•

Adm,etc. 20 kr/m3

*620 m3: 12400,-•

Veiopprusting

(kr/ha): 3650,-•

Netto til eier+skogfond

(kr/ha): 145150,----------------Investering (840 kr/ha i 1960): 858 kr/haKapitalverdi, 47 år: 145150 kr/ha

Internrente ett omløp: 6,2%Internrente: inkl tilskudd: 7,5%

Sortland (rotation age 69 yrs, G14) Innbetaling •

Tømmersalg: 290 m3

* 338 kr/m3: 98020,-Utbetaling•

Driftskostnad 290 m3

*140 kr/m3: 40600,-•

Adm

etc.18 kr/m3

* 290 m3: 5220,-•

Veiopprusting

(kr/ha): 3220,-•

Netto til eier+skogfond

(kr/ha): 48580,------------Investering (200 kr/ha i 1930): 469 kr/ha Kapitalverdi etter 69 år: 48580 kr/ha

Internrente ett omløp: 3,6%Internrente inkl/tilskudd: 4,7%

Economy: summary

of

60 years

of planting in W Norway

•

IRR* in planting of

Norway

spruce

and Sitka spruce: 3.5-8.0%

•

IRR* in planting of

Scots

pine, mountain

pine and contorta

pine: -1.5-3.5%

•

IRR* in planting of

broadleves: -1.5-

3.0%•

17 billions NOK created

in costal

forestry

in 2005

(annual

cut: 2 mill m3).

*IRR=discount

rate which

makes the

net

present value

of

a planting equal

to 0.

*Only

timber

values

included

Spruce plantations in coastal forestry:

Vestlandet: 1,6 mill daa

Trøndelag: 2,5 mill daa

Nord-Norge:1,1 mill daa

Total: 520 000 ha

Norway spruce, Stend, pl. 1919Final felling in 2005Standing

volume: 1120 m3/ha

Saw

timber: 88%Pulpwood: 12%IRR: 4.9%

Sitka spruce, Moberglia, pl. 1932Final felling in 2007Standing

volume

1480 m3/ha

Saw

timber: 78%Pulpwood: 22%IRR: 6.2%

Coastal

forests

–

serving many

needs!

landskap –

kultur –

historie – opplevelse –

bosted -

arbeidssted

Kysten - endring i produktivt skogareal

8,51 11,15

8,5810,46

5,23

9,65

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1955 2005

mill

dek

ar Vestlandet

Trøndelag

Nord-Norge

Kysten. Arealutvikling 1955-2005.Prognose 2006-2060

0

10

20

30

40

50

1955

1961

1967

1973

1979

1985

1991

1997

2003

2009

2015

2021

2027

2033

2039

2045

2051

2057

mill

dek

ar

Kysten. Fordeling av landarealet

0

10

20

30

40

50 150 250 450 750 900

Pros

ent

Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge

Kysten. Fordeling av skogarealet

05

101520253035

50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 850

Pros

ent

Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge

The coastal

areas in Norway: great

changes!

Kysten - endring i stående volum

23,652,3

49,2

81,721

83,3

0

50

100

150

200

250

1955 2005

mill

kbm

Vestlandet

Trøndelag

Nord-Norge

Nasjonale trekk. Utvikling av tilvekst og avvirkning

0

5

10

15

20

25

3019

19

1924

1929

1934

1939

1944

1949

1954

1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

Mill

. m3

u.b.

TilvekstAvvirkning

Rapid increase

in spruce

volumes

in W Norway:

Bruttokvantum i gran, Vestlandet

00,5

11,5

22,5

3

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

2055

2060

År

mill

m3

CO2 bundet i trærnes biomasse, kystskogene

33

118

2340

257

36

13

73

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Vestlandet Trøndelag Nord-Norge

mill

ione

r ton

n CO

2

GranFuruLauv

I trærne: ca. 368 mill t CO2

I annen veg. ca. 23 mill t CO2

I humus og jord: ca. 1500 mill t CO2

Årlig netto C-binding (2007):

9 mill t CO2

To increase

the

storage

of

Carbon in our

coastal

forests

–

a solution?

•

Net stored

in AGB 2007: 9,0 mill t CO2

•

No planting activity, maintain

area: 10,0 mill t CO2

•

Moderate planting: 12,8 mill t

CO2

•

New planting program, Spruce

20% 16,4 mill t CO2

Source: Øyen et al. 2009

Kysten. Relativ fordeling av skogarealet på eiendomsklasser

18,8 %8,7 %

28,8 % 27,9 %

15,8 %

0,0 %5,0 %

10,0 %15,0 %20,0 %25,0 %30,0 %35,0 %

Ukjent eier/

areal...

1 <

100 daa

2 1

00 - 499 daa

3 50

0 - 1999 daa

4 >= 2000 daa

In coastal forestry in Norway: 58 000 forest owners

How will they act the years ahead? Timber prices? Forest roads?

The wood age ?•

55% of the wood world wide applied for energy and industrial processes are cut in plantations*

•

Plantations: 225 mill. ha worldwide, 50 mill. ha in Europe*

•

Only 54% of the world’s original forested area is still covered by tree dominated ecosystems**

•

The growth in population is cont., 8 billions within 2050

*Sourves: FAO, 2007; ** WRI, 2005

Timber- production

Bio- diversity

Recreation

Finding the right balance:

The choices of forest owners, forest managers, society, policy makers

Different priorities in forest policy in different countries?

Biodiversity

Timber-production

Recreation

Sw

No

Fi

Dk

Is

?

T20

T40

T60

T80

A) Small scale activity B) Concentrated activity

The Norwegian

fjord-landscape -

a patchwork

Hardangerfjord

Strengthened focus on landscape and visual effects is needed!

Wind risk management

Trends in W Norway•

More than

90% of

the

forestry

activity

takes

place

in the

spruce

plantations.

•

88% of

the

forest

area is treated

with

no

or low

impact

forestry

management•

About

1/5 of

the

plantation

area is not replanted

•

The market situation

for NS is very

good, SS good, for SP, DB and other

broadleves

not very

good•

New focus

on

better

infrastructure: (road

density

from 8 m/ha up to 15 m/ha)

•

Forest expansion

of

birch

and pine will

continue

•

Problems with

deer

control

Trends in afforestation

in the Nordic countries

•

Norway: Climate

forests?, afforestation areas? Coastal

forestry?

•

Iceland: Increase

forest

area to 4%•

W Jylland: Statsskovene: ”Close

to nature

forestry”: privatskovbruget: small changes•

SW Sweden: No changes

in forest

area,

small changes

in tree

species

Informants: Bruno B. Jurgensen, Olafur

Eggertson, Ulf Johanson

Coastal

landscapes 1880

Coastal

landscapes 2010