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By:MOHD HAFIZ ZAMRISupervised by:PROF. DR. HAZIZAN MD AKIL Pultruded Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Composites: Effect of Chemical Treatments on Properties of Single Kenaf Fiber1

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Result & DiscussionProblem Statement Introduction CONTENTS2ConclusionsExperimental MethodologyResearch History and Achievements 2

INTRODUCTION Nowadays, everyone has recognised the importance of green/sustainable/eco composites.

One way of achieving the goal of green/sustainable/eco composites is by using Natural Fiber as reinforcement in Composites. 33

INTRODUCTION TO OUR RESEARCH STUDY 4The main drives for green composites:Environmental legislations (across the globe) Sustainable issues (Depleting resources)Environmental concerns (CO2 /Carbon footprint)Incentives (Tax relief etc)4

WHY PULTRUSION?Pultrusion has numbers of benefits over other composite processing systems.

Highly automated process (very little manual interface) Increased strength (fiber processed under tension) High fiber content (up to 70% fiber loading) Consistent quality High Production Low labor required Low cost process5

PULTRUSION AT USM

Pultrusion machine available at USM6

PULTRUSION AT USMPultrusion machine available at USM

Reinforcement rack section

Resin impregnation tank

Reinforcement forming section

Surfacing veils sectionHeating die section

Hydraulic clamping/pulling mechanisms

Cut off section

Samples7

SAMPLES PRODUCEDSome application of pultruded composites

8To date, we managed to produce various types of Pultruded Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites (PNFRC) using Jute and Kenaf fibres with Unsaturated Polyester (USP) as a matrix

RESEARCH HISTORY (Cont.)9Research Sequences

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10SUMMARY OF THE STUDY TO DATE

PROBLEM STATEMENT/APPROACH Optimisation of single fibre performance and improving adhesionTo establish correlation between chemical composition and performance via chemical treatments (Understanding)Overall Performance:Need improvements11

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Effect of Chemical Treatment on Properties of Single Kenaf Fiber

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OBJECTIVES1 2To investigate the influences of various chemical treatments on the properties of single kenaf fibers. To determine effect of chemical treatments on the properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites.

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METHODOLOGYPeroxide TreatmentAcetyl TreatmentKenaf FiberNaOH Pre TreatmentAcrylic TreatmentSilane Treatment

CHEMICAL TREATMENTS 151. Alkalisation Treatment The solution was prepared by adding 5% NaOH (by weight) in a water ethanol mixture (water: ethanol = 80:20). It was then stirred at room temperature for an hour. Kenaf fibres were soaked for 3h at room temperature 2. Silanisation Treatment The solution of silane was prepared by stirring aminopropyl-triethylsilane (3% by weight) in a methyl alcohol solution (alcohol: water = 60: 40) at room temperature for an hour. Alkali pre-treated fibres were then immersed in the solution for 3h at room temperature. 15

CHEMICAL TREATMENT How it DONE? (Cont.)163. Acetylation Treatment Alkali pre-treated kenaf fibres were soaked in acetic acid (glacial) and subsequently treated with acetic anhydride at room temperature for 3h. 4. Acrylation Treatment Alkali pre-treated kenaf fibres were soaked in solution of acrylic acid at 50C for 1h5. Peroxide Treatment Alkali pre-treated kenaf fibres were soaked in benzoyl peroxide with concentration 6% in acetone solution for about 30 min. 16

Single Fiber Tensile Test17Tensile properties of single fiber were evaluated according to ASTM Standard C 1557 by using the miniature tensile model Lex810 Diastron with load cell of 300g

Single fibres will be placed here17

Single Fiber Tensile Test18Single fibre kenaf samples was glued on sample holder with the length of 25 mm. 15 samples need to be tested to get satisfactory results. A schematic diagram of sample for single fiber tensile test shown in next Figure.

Figure: Schematic diagram of single fiber tensile test 18

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HOT IT WORK?

CelluloseHemicelluloseLignin

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CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FIBREFiberOHOHOHOHOHNaOHROORCH2=CHCOOHCH3(C=O)-O(C=O)-CH3 R-Si(OH)3

21Surface Morphology

UntreatedAlkalisationAcetylationAcrylationPeroxideSilanisationSEM images of single kenaf fiber before and after various chemical treatment.

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FTIR

FTIR spectra of the kenaf fibers before and after various type of chemical treatment.

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FTIREvery peak in IR peak stated above present in untreated kenaf fiber which shows the constituent of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The spectra of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were changed upon various chemical treatment. By investigating these changes, it is possible to determine the effectiveness of chemical treatments on the kenaf fibers. Additional peak of IR spectra also present in treated kenaf sample as the chemical treatment form bonding with the fiber constituent.

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Single Fiber Tensile TestFigure: Tensile strength of kenaf fiber before and after various chemical treatment

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Effect of chemical treatment on single kenaf fiberIncreases surface roughness (Based on SEM Micrograph. Subject to further analysis such as AFM and quantitative measurementChemical compositional changes (Based on FTIR alone). Subject to further detail study using XPS, crystallography, XRDIncreases single fibre strength.Subject to further analysis in composites such as fibre-pull-out test and composites performance.CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

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Thank You28