TRAUMATOLOGYTRAUMATOLOGYFRACTURES AND FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONSDISLOCATIONS

Lecture:Lecture:

TraumaTrauma

TraumaTrauma is influence on the is influence on the organism of outward agents organism of outward agents (mechanic, thermal, electric, ray, (mechanic, thermal, electric, ray, psychical and oth.), which provoked psychical and oth.), which provoked the anatomical and functional the anatomical and functional breaches in the organs and tissues, breaches in the organs and tissues, which are accompanied by local and which are accompanied by local and general reaction of organism.general reaction of organism.

Types of traumatismTypes of traumatism Traumas of unindustrial character:Traumas of unindustrial character:

a) transport traumas (railway, car, tram);a) transport traumas (railway, car, tram);b) everyday;b) everyday;c) sporting;c) sporting;d) others (traumas, which received as a d) others (traumas, which received as a result of natural catastrophes).result of natural catastrophes).

Traumas of industrial character Traumas of industrial character (manufactural and agricultural).(manufactural and agricultural).

Intentional traumas (battle traumas, ill-Intentional traumas (battle traumas, ill-intentioned attacks, attempt of suicide).intentioned attacks, attempt of suicide).

Traumas are divided on:Traumas are divided on:

mechanic;mechanic; chemical;chemical; electric;electric; x-ray;x-ray; psychical;psychical; operational;operational; and others by a type provoked the and others by a type provoked the

damage agent.damage agent.

The dividing of traumas by The dividing of traumas by character of damage is very character of damage is very important - there are important - there are distinguished the open and distinguished the open and closed traumas.closed traumas.

Peculiarities of Peculiarities of examinations of examinations of

traumatological patientstraumatological patients the outward look of damaged place not always the outward look of damaged place not always

corresponds to the seriousness of damage;corresponds to the seriousness of damage; not always the trauma, symptoms of which are not always the trauma, symptoms of which are

obvious, is threating for human life, the obvious, is threating for human life, the diagnostic of plurality traumas is especially diagnostic of plurality traumas is especially hard in patients, which are unconscious, in a hard in patients, which are unconscious, in a state of serious shock or alcoholic intoxication;state of serious shock or alcoholic intoxication;

the serious general phenomena (shock, acute the serious general phenomena (shock, acute anemia, traumatic toxicosis) can to conceal anemia, traumatic toxicosis) can to conceal traumas. It is necessary to estimate them traumas. It is necessary to estimate them rightly and render the proper help.rightly and render the proper help.

FracturesFractures

A fracture is a structural break in A fracture is a structural break in the normal continuity of bone. This the normal continuity of bone. This structural break, and hence fracture, structural break, and hence fracture, may also occur through cartilage, may also occur through cartilage, epiphysis and epiphysal plate.epiphysis and epiphysal plate.

Classification of Classification of fracturesfractures

open and closed;open and closed; traumatic and pathological;traumatic and pathological;

Classification of Classification of fracturesfractures

By the direct blow - is transversal By the direct blow - is transversal fracture, fracture with a dislocation fracture, fracture with a dislocation of peripheral osseous piece;of peripheral osseous piece;

Classification of Classification of fracturesfractures

By localization the damages are divided:By localization the damages are divided: epiphysial fractures are unfavourable for epiphysial fractures are unfavourable for

the processes of consolidation and quite the processes of consolidation and quite often accompanied by dislocation of osseous often accompanied by dislocation of osseous piece of a joint, which is hamper the piece of a joint, which is hamper the comparison and fixation of osseous parts.comparison and fixation of osseous parts.

metaphyseal - are the damages of a spongy metaphyseal - are the damages of a spongy part of bone. The important symptoms of a part of bone. The important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are absent quite often by such others) are absent quite often by such fractures.fractures.

diaphyseal - the important symptoms of a diaphyseal - the important symptoms of a fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and fracture (crepitation, abnormal mobility and others) are present quite often.others) are present quite often.

Classification of Classification of fracturesfractures

The fractures are divided on The fractures are divided on transversal, oblique, longitudinal, transversal, oblique, longitudinal, spiral, splintered.spiral, splintered.

There are total and incomplete There are total and incomplete fractures.fractures.

There are simple, complex and There are simple, complex and combined fractures.combined fractures.

There are single and plural fractures.There are single and plural fractures.

Clinical symptoms of Clinical symptoms of fracturefracture

Fractures of the bonesFractures of the bones

Fractures of the bonesFractures of the bones

Both antebrachial bones Both antebrachial bones fracturesfractures

The conservative treatment of The conservative treatment of fracturefracture

The conservative treatment of The conservative treatment of fracturefracture

Dislocation Dislocation

A dislocation is a total disruption of A dislocation is a total disruption of a joint with partial remaining, but a joint with partial remaining, but abnormal, contact between the abnormal, contact between the articulating surfaces.articulating surfaces.

Reducing humeral dislocation Reducing humeral dislocation by Kocher’s methodby Kocher’s method