traumatism. primary and secondary prevention. first aid for injuries
TRANSCRIPT
Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention. First aid
for injuries.
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS
Fractures Dislocations Sprains Strains Open wounds
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS
Signs
DOTS Deformity Open wounds Tenderness Swelling
Bone and Joint Injuries
Variety of injuries can occur to bones and joints• Frequently occur in accidents and falls• Injuries may occur by themselves or together• Examples:
– Fractures– Dislocations– Sprains– Strains
BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES
AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS
First Aid Interventions Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Fracture
• A break in the bone• 2 types
– Closed or simple fracture• Injury to the bone• No external or open wound on the skin
– Open or compound fracture• Break in the bone• Open wound on the skin
Fracture• Signs and symptoms vary and are not all
present in every victim– Deformities– Limited motion or loss of motion– Pain and tenderness at fracture site– Swelling and discoloration– Protrusion of bone ends through the skin– Victim hears a bone break or snap– Victim feel a grating sensation or abnormal movement
First aid care
• Objectives of first aid care– Maintain respirations– Treat for shock– Keep the broken bone from moving with
devices such as splints or slings– Prevent further injury– Obtain medical help for the victim
Dislocation• Occurs when the end of a bone is
displaced from a joint or moves out of its normal position within a joint
• Frequently accompanied by a tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles or other soft tissue
Dislocation
• Signs and symptoms– Deformity of joint or limb– Limited or abnormal movement– Swelling and discoloration– Pain and tenderness– Shortening or lengthening of affected limb
Dislocation. First aid care
• First aid care– Basically the same as first aid for fractures– Make no attempt to reduce the dislocation or replace
the bone in the joint– Immobilize the affected part in the position in which it
is found by using splints and/or slings– Avoid any movement of part because movement can
lead to additional injury to nerves, blood vessels and other tissues in the area
– Obtain medical help immediately
Prevention
In children:• Create a safe environment around your home.• Pay careful attention to preventing falls by gating stairways and keeping
windows closed and locked.• Supervise children carefully. There is no substitute for close supervision no
matter how safe the environment or situation appears to be.• Teach children how to be safe and look out for themselves.In adults:• Avoid falls by not standing on chairs, countertops, or other unstable objects.• Eliminate throw rugs, especially for the elderly.• Wear protective gear when participating in contact sports.For all age groups:• Keep a first aid kit handy.• Remove electrical cords from floor surfaces.• Use handrails on staircases.• Use nonskid mats on the bottom of the bathtubs and avoid bath oils.
Sprain• Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint
– Usually occurs when part is forced beyond its normal range of motion
– Ligaments, tendons and other issues are stretched or torn
• Common sites for sprains are the ankles and wrists
• Signs and symptoms– Swelling, pain and discoloration– Impaired motion at times
Sprain• Sprains frequently resemble fractures or
dislocations and injury should be treated as a fracture if there is any doubt
• First aid for sprain– Application of cold to reduce swelling and pain– Elevation of the affected part– Rest and limited or no movement of the affected part– Elastic bandage is used at times to provide support– Obtain medical help if swelling is severe or if there is
any question of a fracture
Prevention
• The following steps may lower your risk of a sprain:
• Wear protective footwear during activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints.
• Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.• Avoid high-heeled shoes.• Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise
and sports.• Avoid sports and activities for which you have
not trained.
StrainStrain• Overstretching of a muscle
– Caused by overexertion or by lifting– Frequent site is the Back
• Signs and symptoms– Sudden pain– Swelling– And/or bruising
Strain First aid
– Rest the muscle affected while providing support– Bedrest with a backboard under the mattress is
recommended for a strained back– Cold applications initially to reduce swelling– Warm wet applications applied later because warmth
relaxes the muscles– Obtain medical help for severe strains and all back
injuries
HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES
Wounds Fractures Brain injuries
HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES
Wounds
Scalp Facial
HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES
Brain injuries
Concussion Contusion
Compression First Aid Assess - CPR Treat for shock
Position Prevent body heat loss
Prevention• Always use safety equipment during activities that could
result in head injury. These include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats.
• Obey traffic signals when riding a bicycle. Be predictable so that other drivers will be able to determine your course.
• Be visible. Do NOT ride a bicycle at night unless you wear bright, reflective clothing and have proper headlamps and flashers.
• Use age-appropriate car seats or boosters for babies and young children.
• Make sure that children have a safe area in which to play.• Supervise children of any age.• Do NOT drink and drive, and do NOT allow yourself to be
driven by someone whom you know or suspect has been drinking alcohol or is otherwise impaired.
SPINAL INJURIESSPINAL INJURIES
Responsive victim Unresponsive victim
First Aid ABCDE Avoid unnecessary movement Treat for shock
Prevention
• Wear seat belts.• Do not drink and drive.• Do not dive into pools, lakes, rivers, and
other bodies of water, particularly if you cannot determine the depth of the water or if the water is not clear.
• Do not tackle or dive into a person with your head
CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES
Injuries to the chest wall Open Closed
Lung injury
CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES
Rib fracture Flail chest
First Aid ABCDE Treat Cause
Support chest wall
Treat for shock
CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES
Hemothorax Pneumothorax
First Aid ABCDE Treat Cause
Seal the wound
Treat for shock Position
ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES
Closed injuries Open injuries
ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES
Closed injuries
First Aid ABCDE Treat for shock
Blow to the abdomen
ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES
Open injuries Penetrating wound Protruding organs
First Aid ABCDE
Treat Cause dressing
Treat for shock
BURNSBURNS
Thermal Chemical Electrical
First degree Second degree Third degree
)
BURNSBURNS
First Aid
Thermal
Stop burning ABCDE Treat Cause
Cooling Dressing
Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss
First Aid
Chemical
ABCDE Treat Cause
Remove chemicals Dressing
Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss
First Aid
Electrical
Risk
VF cardiac arrest Respiratory arrest
Muscle spasm
Safety!!! Assess - CPR Treat Cause
Cooling Dressing
Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss