TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Introduction

B.B. PandeyProfessor in Civil Engineering

Desires of the people to moveNeed for goods: demand for Transportation.Transportation affects everyone on earth, on a daily basis. People, countries, governments, business, whole economy rely on effective, reliable transportation in one form or another.

Major Transportation SystemsHighwaysCar, Bus, Truck, non- motorized ..etcRailwaysPassenger and GoodsAirwaysAviation and freight carrierWaterwaysShips, boatsContinuous Flow systemsPipelines,belts..etcMerits and Demerits: Based on accessibility, mobility, cost, tonnage..

Highways/ Road TransportationOldest modeFoot paths- animal ways, cart path..As civilization evolved the need for transportation increasedIndia (5,000 BC)Egypt (3,000 BC)Greece and Babylonia (2,000 BC)Romans (500 BC)

Roman RoadsModern Highway

Roman Roads

ROMANS OCCUPIED BRITAIN IN 55BC5000KM OF ROADS BUILT IN 150 YEARSRADIATED FROM CAPITAL LONDONAND EXTENDING TO WALES AND EXTENDING TO SCOTLANDLEGIONS WITHDRAWN IN AD407BREAKDOWN OF ROADS FOLLOWED

DURING MIDDLE AGES, RIVERS AND SEAS A RELIABLE MAJOR TRADE ARTERIESWHEELS OF CARTS DAMAGED THE EARTH ROAD FASTLENGTH OF STONE PAVED STREETS BUILT FOR CONNECTING RURAL AREAS FOR PROVISION

STAGECOACH SERVICE WAS INTRODUCED IN UK IN 1755?HORSES WERE CHANGED AT REGULARLY SPACED POST HOUSESCOACH WITH IRON SPRING MADE THE RIDE COMFORTABLE

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT IN EARLY DAYSThomas Telfold (1757-1834)

John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836)- WBM RoadEven practiced today

Contribution towards road development

TELFORD CONSTRUCTIONHand placed boulders with decreasing depth towards edge. Gaps filled with smaller aggregatesMACADAM CONSTRUCTIONFoundation(subgrade cambered)Crushed rocks of size about 40 to 75mm placed in uniform thickness and rolled

Highway Development in IndiaImportant land marksJayakar Committee (1927)Central Road Fund (1929)Indian Roads Congress (1934) www.irc.org.in Nagpur Plan (1943)Ist -20 year Road Development Plan (1943-63)Central Road Research Institute(1950) www.crridom.orgII- 20 year Road Development Plan (1961-81)Highway Research Board (1973)III- 20 year Road Development Plan (1981-2001)

National Highway Authority of India (1988)National Highway Development Project (1998)Road Development plan: 2001-20PMGSY (2001)http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=443&langid=2

Important land marks

About 65% of freight and 85% passenger traffic is carried by the roads. National Highways constitute only about 2% of the road network but carry about 40% of the total road traffic . Number of vehicles has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years.

Indian Road Network

High Volume Roads

..Recent developments in India

Golden Quadrilateral (5,846 Kms) connecting Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km)NH 4,7&46 Che-Mum (1290km )NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 m)NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km)

Lengths of Road under implementation

N-S and E-W corridor(7300 km)N-S Corridor : Srinagar (Kashmir) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) including Salem to Cochin (Kerala)E-W Corridor: connecting Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat) Port ConnectivelyMajor ports

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is mandated to implement National Highways Development Project (NHDP) which is

India 's Largest ever highways project World class roads with uninterrupted traffic flow Lengths of Road under implementation

NHDP (Phase I & II) : 1999 -14,000 km Rs. 54,000 crore (at 1999 prices)

NHDP (Phase III) year 2005 for upgradation and 4 laning of 10,000 km of selected high-density corridors of NH- Rs. 55,000 crore (at 2005 prices)Major ports Connectively- Rs. 4,000 crore (at 1999 prices)

Cost of project

ProjectLength(In Km)Target date of CompletionNHDP Phase-I (i) GQ (ii) Port Connectivity & others 5846 1133 Dec., 2005 Dec., 2007NHDP Phase-II (i) N-S Corridor (ii) E-W Corridor7300Dec., 2007NHDP Phase-III10,000Dec., 2012

Total cost of Phase I and II Rs 64,639 Crores

National Highways form less than 2% of total networkCarries over 40% of the trafficOnly 2 to 3% of NH and SH are 4-lane15% are still single lane50% of village roads are unpaved and not usable during the monsoon

National Highway Authority of India was formed in 1989A massive program of building of Primary network of road was undertaken in 1995Golden Quadrangle, East-West Corridor and Port Connectivity by four/six lane pavements( Area of India is about 40% of US)

Home Road Network NHDP Programmes Procurement News Center About Us Internal Mail English SiteHindi SiteIndian RoadnetworkNational HighwaysGovt Policy InitiativesFunds Finance MechanismMandateConcession AgreementNH Acts & RulesAbout NHDPMaps Progress FinancingContract AwardsNHDP MAPGolden QuadrilateralNH-2 Delhi KolkataNH-4 Chennai MumbaiNH-5 Kolkata ChennaiNH-8 Delhi MumbaiNSEW MAPPort Connectivity MAPOtherGolden QuadrilateralNH-2 Delhi KolkataNH-4 Chennai MumbaiNH-5 Kolkata ChennaiNH-8 Delhi MumbaiNSEWNHDPProjects Funded by Other Projects Road SafetyProgrammesGolden Quadrilateral NSEW Corridors In Progress NHAIWorld BankADBBOT/SPV/AnnuityJBICUnder ImplementationCompletedPhase IIIAPhase IIIBGolden QuadrilateralNH-2 Delhi KolkataNH-4 Chennai MumbaiNH-5 Kolkata ChennaiNH-8 Delhi MumbaiChainage Chart (North-South)Chainage Chart (East-West)NHDP Golden Quadrilateral NSEW Phase I NSEW Phase IIOther Project Bidding ProcessTenders List of Contractors ConsultantsTypeCurrentArchiveGolden QuadrilateralNSEW CorridorOther ProjectsNHAI in MediaPress ReleasesPress PhotographsNHAI Division Right to Information ACT,2005 Recruitment Contact UsFeedbackSome PhotographsGrievance Redress CellEstablishmentMandateOrganization StructureField OfficesPIU/CMUACTPublication of DocumentsPublic Information OfficersVacancies/ResultArchiveCheck EmailEmail Adresses

Another major road building program was launched by the Ministry of Rural development in 2000Major objective :Rural connectivity70% of people live in villages and depend upon agriculture40% of the villages are unconnected by any kind of road

Recent developments- NH/Expressways

Recent developments- Interchange near Bangalore

Low Volume Roads

Recent Developments

Three Major programmesPMGSY ( Pradhan Matri Gram Sadak Yojana) Year 2007BNP ( Bharat Nirman Programme): Year 2009Rural Road: Vision year 2025

PMGSY (Rural Roads) To provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road to the eligible unconnected Habitations in the rural areas, -

PMGSY Road

BHARAT NIRMANA FOUR YEAR BUSINESS PLAN FOR RURAL CONNECTIVITY (2005-2009)

To connect 66,802 habitations with all weather roads To construct 1,46,185 kilometers of the new rural roads network To upgrade 1,94,132 kilometers of the existing rural roads network Investment of Rs.48,000 crores over four years Ensuring quality and transparency in the programme implementation

Transportation EngineeringPavement EngineeringTraffic EngineeringTransportation PlanningPavement materials, pavement construction, pavement analysis, design, pavement management, pavement evaluation, Pavement maintenanceTraffic flow, Traffic simulation, traffic engg, Traffic control devices, traffic studies and analysisUrban transp. Planning, urban mass transit systems, transportation networks, Transport.economics, Rural transp. Planning, ITS

Pavement EngineeringPreparation of DPR includes engineering surveys, financial surveys, viability of the project.. etc, Highway planning, Geometric design for safe travel, material characterization, Pavement analysis design, Subgrade stabilization, construction supervision, Pavement Maintenance Structural and functional evaluation of highwaysHighway economics

BUILT OPERATE TRANSFER

BUILT FINANCE OPERATE TRANSFER

COLLECTION OF TOLLS

LONG CONCESSION PERIOD(20/30 YEARS)

GOVERNMENT MAKES THE LAND AVAILABLE

Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWDHealth monitoring of highways

Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD(IITKGP)

Traffic EngineeringStudy of Traffic flow characteristics, development of models for better facilities, design of Traffic facilities at intersections, parking facilities, road signs, Traffic studies and Analysis for improving the road facilities- such as Volume, Axle load, O&D, parking, Accident, congestion, capacity studies, Signal design.. etc

Interchange design

MXROADS- geometric design of highwaysTRANSYS-F- Signal designHCS- Highway Capacity softwareMAAP- Accident analysis softwareSIM Traffic- Traffic Simulation softwareCORSIM- SimulationHDM-IV- Highway Decision Model softwareTraffic Engineering Software

Passenger TransportationTravel demand estimation techniquesTrendsITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems)Regional Transportation PlanningFreight TransportationPassenger TransportationLand use Transportation PlanningUrban growthBusiness: shopping mall development Public Transportation Bus and other modes, LRT ( Light Rail Transit)Transportation Planning

Intelligent Transport SystemsAdvanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)- Traffic management for better flowAdvanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)- information to travelersCommercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)-apply, pay for and receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically

Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)- vehicle distance warning system to avoid collision

Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS

Application of ITS- Electronic Toll Collection

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)Traffic gaugeOther applications

Light Rail Transit

Light Rail TransitOverhead electricity sourceCan operate in mixed traffic Trains are generally 2 or 1 carsCapacity: 2000 to 5000 /hr

Rail Transportation16th April, 1853...............The Beginning first railway -stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to ThaneTrack KilometresBroad Gauge(1676 mm)Km 86,526Metre Gauge (1000 mm) km 18,529Narrow Gauge (762/610 mm) Km 365115.4 lakh work force; around 11,000 trains everyday, http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/

Railway EngineeringRailway Engineer: Concerned with the design and maintenance of the routes that trains take. Geometric design of railway track Permanent way construction and maintenance, Bridge construction, maintenance, station yard

Air TransportationAir Transportation System : Developed in 20 th centuryAt present In India great emphasis on air TransportationDevelopments: Modernization of airports, strengthening extending runways, construction of new airports- to meet the demand in terms of increase infrequency and introduction of new types of aircrafts

Much scope in this Transportation System in near future

First Flight: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, Dec 17, 1903In USA, the share of air transportation among the common carrier transport, that is railroad, bus etc > 90%. Total number of airports : 18000, Out of these only on 568 airports scheduled airlines operate. In the other ones, mostly general aviation ( business, flying etc) aircrafts operate

Air Transportation

Total airports/airstrips in India : 450 First flight: Naini to Allahabad for a distance = 10km Airport Authority of India (AAI)Manages 126 airports( 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields)Provides Air Traffic Management Services over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations

Air Transportation in India

Major organizations related to air Transportation

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization( 1947 )Specialized body of the United Nations with Headquarters in Montreal All countries operating international flights are members of this organization.Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A.)Performs functions similar to ICAO, but inside USAProvides standards

responsible for implementing, controlling, and supervising airworthiness standards, safety operations, crew training in India

Interaction with ICAO

Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes;Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)In IndiaSource: http://dgca.nic.in/

Details of some aircrafts

A- 380 new addition

Air Transport Engineer deals withForecasting air transport demand, Airport system planning, Assessment of airport capacity and scheduling aircrafts (Flight schedules must be optimized between the passengers and the planes), Geometric design of airport elements, Runways Design- thickness, length, and direction, passenger terminal facilities, Parking demand and design layout in front of terminal building,

Runway evaluation Traffic control patterns and procedures, design of air cargo facilities, Airport drainage, Airport marking and lighting,Environmental Impact Assessment of airportStructural evaluation and Strengthening of RunwayAir Transport Engineer deals with

Water Transportation

oldest form of mass freightTransportation over seas or long distances3,800 BC Sea Travel by ruler Sargon of Babylonia from Syria to Cyprus94% of world trade in tonnne-km are by water

Port - area where marine terminal facilities are providedRiver PortsSea PortsHarbour - partly enclosed protected water area to provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels coming to the port.

Harbour- classification

Dock / Port design, schedules, storage maximization.Port and dock design, for ship loading, offloading, and maintenance, construction and maintenance of breakwaters, dry dock and wet dock, construction and maintenance of port facilities, parking layout, pavement design to with stand heavy loads

Water TransportationEngineer deals with

IN LAND WATER TRANSPORATION(IWT)

IWT-based passenger movement is mainly by ferry across rivers, on short stretches along rivers, and tourism-based passenger traffic (in Kolkata, Sunderbans, Goa, Kerala and northern regions).IWAI in principlebut not in practicecommits to maintaining a year-round draft of 2 m along the National Waterways (Planning Commission 2001).

The National Inland NavigationInstitute (NINI) at Patna Assigned the task of developing theuse of appropriate technology IWT.

WT is the cheapest mode requiring least energy.

Less pollution

Road Transportation is the costliest

Movement of commodities like tea, jute, and spices in the eastern sector, connected to the river port in Kolkata, was common in preindependence India.

Cargo and Passenger transport common in Ganga river from Kolkata,Patna, Varanasi,Allahabad in early days

Even Irrigation canals used for freight transport

Possibly your generation may have to do some path breaking work in this direction

Transportation is vital for the allNeed for travel creates demand for TransportationSUMMARY

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