Transportation of Transportation of Materials in Plants and Materials in Plants and

AnimalsAnimalsMade By: AashayMade By: Aashay

ContentsContentsIntroductionIntroductionVascular system in plantsVascular system in plantsTransportation of minerals Transportation of minerals and waterand waterOsmosisOsmosisTransportation of foodTransportation of foodTranspirationTranspiration

Transportation in protozoaTransportation in protozoaTransportation in Hydra and Transportation in Hydra and JellyfishJellyfishTransportation in humansTransportation in humansThe bloodThe bloodConstituents of bloodConstituents of bloodVeins, Arteries and CapillariesVeins, Arteries and CapillariesThe heartThe heartCirculation processCirculation processWhat is ExcretionWhat is ExcretionExcretion in animalsExcretion in animalsKidneys: Excretory OrganKidneys: Excretory OrganProcess of excretion in Process of excretion in humanshumansExamination of UrineExamination of Urine

Introduction To stay alive, all living organisms need

to transport materials like food, water and oxygen to various parts of the body. Food and oxygen are transported to all the cells in the body for respiration and growth.Waste products are transported from the cells to organs that excrete them.

There are various methods by which materials are transported in plants and animals.

Vascular system in plantsVascular system in plants All parts of a plant need water, minerals and All parts of a plant need water, minerals and

food. A transport system moves all these food. A transport system moves all these materials throughout the plant. Flowering materials throughout the plant. Flowering plants have a well-developed transport system plants have a well-developed transport system called vascular system. The vascular system is called vascular system. The vascular system is composed of pipe-like vessels called xylem composed of pipe-like vessels called xylem and phloem.and phloem.The cells of xylem are joined end-to-end The cells of xylem are joined end-to-end forming long tubes which extend from the tip forming long tubes which extend from the tip of the roots to the tip of the leaves. Xylem of the roots to the tip of the leaves. Xylem transports water and minerals upwards from transports water and minerals upwards from the roots.the roots.Phloem cells also form long tubes for Phloem cells also form long tubes for transportation of food. Phloem transports transportation of food. Phloem transports glucose made in the leaves to other parts of glucose made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.the plant.

Transportation of water and Transportation of water and mineralsminerals

Water and mineral Water and mineral salts dissolved in salts dissolved in water enter the plant water enter the plant through the thin root through the thin root hair present in roots. hair present in roots. Root hair are Root hair are outgrowths from the outgrowths from the layer of outer cells of layer of outer cells of the root. The root hair the root. The root hair increases the surface increases the surface area of the root for area of the root for the absorption of the absorption of water and mineral water and mineral saltssalts

OsmosisOsmosis Osmosis is the process of passage of water across a semi Osmosis is the process of passage of water across a semi

permeable membrane ( a semi permeable membrane is a permeable membrane ( a semi permeable membrane is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion) from an area where there are no through it by diffusion) from an area where there are no water molecules to an area where there are less. Water is water molecules to an area where there are less. Water is absorbed by the roots in the same way. The root hair are in absorbed by the roots in the same way. The root hair are in close contact with the water surrounding the soil particles. close contact with the water surrounding the soil particles. Normally, water molecules are more crowded outside the Normally, water molecules are more crowded outside the root hair than inside. So they move into the root hair by root hair than inside. So they move into the root hair by osmosis. They then move through the root tissues to the osmosis. They then move through the root tissues to the xylem in the root. The root cells absorb water and mineral xylem in the root. The root cells absorb water and mineral salts continuously from the soil. This produces a force that salts continuously from the soil. This produces a force that pushes the water upwards. The transportation of water and pushes the water upwards. The transportation of water and dissolved mineral salts, from the root to the stem , leaves, dissolved mineral salts, from the root to the stem , leaves, etc. takes place through xylem. This upward movement of etc. takes place through xylem. This upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals is called ascent of sap that contains water and minerals is called ascent of sap. sap.

Transportation of food

The food prepared by the leaves is transported to all parts of the plant in the form of a solution through a process known as translocation. Translocation takes place through the cells of phloem. Phloem has cells called sieve tubes that are placed one above the other to form long tubes through which food is transported. The contents of phloem can move in the upward as well as in the downward direction, whereas water in xylem moves only in the upward direction.

Transpiration Large quantities of water are absorbed by a plant for

photosynthesis. All this water is not used by the plant. The excess water escapes in the form of water vapour mainly through the stomata present in the leaves. The process of losing water in the form of water vapour from a plant is known as transpiration. Transpiration of water in the leaves creates a suction pull, which pulls water up the plant from the roots. It is strong enough to force water up high trees. As water is given out by transpiration, more water is absorbed. Transpiration also cools the plant. If water is lost through transpiration more quickly than it is absorbed by the root hairs, the plant cells will lose water. The leaves, stems and flowers will droop. This is called wilting.

Transportation of Materials in Animals

Protozoa: Mode of nutrition is holozoic or parasitic. Digestion takes place in food vacuoles. The nutrients reach every part of the cell by diffusion. Eg: Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium.

Transportation of Materials in Animals

Hydra and Jelly fish are simple aquatic multicellular organisms. In Hydra, tentacles are present surrounding the mouth. They are useful in locomotion, food-gathering and defense. Cnidoblasts occur in tentacles and body walls. In Jelly fish, A ‘water vascular system’ occurs in the body. The main function of this system is locomotion and procurement of food. It is also associated with excretion and respiration. In both, oxygen and nutrients are transported by water that circulates through their bodies.

Transportation in Humans The process of diffusion is too slow to work

in higher animals including humans. In such animals, a well developed pick-up and delivery system, known as the circulatory system, is present. In the circulatory system, the blood delivers food and oxygen to every cell in the body. It also carries wastes away from every cell in the body. The circulatory system consists of the blood, the blood vessels and the heart.

The Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that flows in blood vessels. It transports:digested food from the small intestine to all parts of the body.oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon-dioxide from the cells to the lungs.liquid waste from the body cells to the kidneys for removal from the body.In an average healthy adult, the volume of blood is about one-eleventh of the body weight. Normally, volume of blood in an average human adult is between 4-5 litres. The blood consists of a fluid known as plasma in which three types of blood cells float.

Constituents of Blood Plasma: Plasma is a liquid part of the blood. It is yellowish in colour and contains about 90% water. It has proteins, antibodies, fibrinogen, carbohydrates, fats, salts, etc. RBC: RBCs are disc-shaped cells. They contain a red-coloured protein called haemoglobin which absorbs O2 and transports it to the cells all over the body. O2 combines with haemoglobin to form a compound called oxyhaemoglobin. When blood reaches cells that need oxygen, it breaks down to O2 and haemoglobin. The O2 is used by cells for respiration. WBC: They are slighter larger than RBCs and fewer in number. Their main job is to fight against diseases by destroying harmful bacteria and foreign materials. They are able to move on their own. This helps them to pass through the walls of blood vessel and to reach infected parts of the body.Platelets: They are smaller than red blood cells. They help the blood to clot whenever there is a wound on our body. This blocks the flow of blood and prevents blood loss.

Veins, Arteries and Veins, Arteries and CapillariesCapillaries

Blood circulates across the body through the network of Blood circulates across the body through the network of tubes called blood vessels. They are of three types:tubes called blood vessels. They are of three types:Arteries carry blood away from the heart. As the heart Arteries carry blood away from the heart. As the heart pumps blood into the arteries, the blood flows rapidly and pumps blood into the arteries, the blood flows rapidly and at a high pressure. Arteries, therefore have thick elastic at a high pressure. Arteries, therefore have thick elastic walls. walls. Arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries and Arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries and finally into capillaries. Capillaries are the thinnest blood finally into capillaries. Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels. They have very thin walls through which oxygen, vessels. They have very thin walls through which oxygen, digested food, carbon-dioxide and other waster products digested food, carbon-dioxide and other waster products are exchanged between the blood and the surrounding are exchanged between the blood and the surrounding vessels.vessels.The capillaries join to form the veins, which carry the blood The capillaries join to form the veins, which carry the blood back to the heart. Veins have thin walls. They have valves, back to the heart. Veins have thin walls. They have valves, which allow the blood to flow only towards the heart.which allow the blood to flow only towards the heart.

The HeartThe Heart

The heart is a powerful fist-sized muscular The heart is a powerful fist-sized muscular organ located between the lungs. It is centrally organ located between the lungs. It is centrally placed but tilted to wards the left. It beats 60 to placed but tilted to wards the left. It beats 60 to 80 times a minute throughout our life. It is 80 times a minute throughout our life. It is made up of strong cardiac muscles. The heart made up of strong cardiac muscles. The heart constantly pumps blood to different parts of the constantly pumps blood to different parts of the body, through veins, capillaries and arteries, so body, through veins, capillaries and arteries, so that each cell gets the food and oxygen it that each cell gets the food and oxygen it needs.needs. The heart is divided into four chambers. The heart is divided into four chambers. The top chambers with comparatively thinner The top chambers with comparatively thinner walls are called auricles. The two lower walls are called auricles. The two lower chambers with thick muscular walls are called chambers with thick muscular walls are called ventricles.ventricles.

Circulation ProcessCirculation Process The right auricle receives CO2 rich blood from the various The right auricle receives CO2 rich blood from the various

parts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the blood to parts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where CO2 is removed and oxygen is absorbed. the lungs, where CO2 is removed and oxygen is absorbed.

The left auricle receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes The left auricle receives oxygen-rich blood as it comes back to the heart from the lungs. The left ventricle pumps back to the heart from the lungs. The left ventricle pumps this blood to the rest of the body. this blood to the rest of the body.

The right side of the heart is completely separated from The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side with the help of a partition called septum so the left side with the help of a partition called septum so that the two types of blood do not mix. The heart has a that the two types of blood do not mix. The heart has a number of valves that allow blood to flow in one direction number of valves that allow blood to flow in one direction only. The blood enters the right side of the heart and is only. The blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs where it gives up carbon-dioxide and pumped to the lungs where it gives up carbon-dioxide and picks-up oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood travels back to the picks-up oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood travels back to the left-side of the heart. It is again sent to all other parts of left-side of the heart. It is again sent to all other parts of the body and the process is repeated again and again. the body and the process is repeated again and again.

What is Excretion?What is Excretion?During life activities such as cellular During life activities such as cellular respiration, several chemical reactions take respiration, several chemical reactions take place in the body. These are known as place in the body. These are known as metabolism. These chemical reactions metabolism. These chemical reactions produce waste products, such as carbon-produce waste products, such as carbon-dioxide, water salts, urea and uric acid. dioxide, water salts, urea and uric acid. Accumulation of these wastes beyond a Accumulation of these wastes beyond a level inside the body is harmful to the body. level inside the body is harmful to the body. The excretory organs remove these wastes. The excretory organs remove these wastes. This process of elimination of metabolic This process of elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is known as excretionwastes from the body is known as excretion

Excretion in Animals In lower animals such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra and

Sponges, there are no special excretory organs. Waste products such as ammonia are excreted by the process of diffusion through the body surface.

In Paramecium, one or two contractile vacuoles are located in the cell. They are associated with excretion and water balance.

In sponges, removal of excretory material is through osculi alongwith water current.

In Tapeworm, liver fluke, Plan aria and Scolex, excretory system is well branched and developed. Flame cells are units of excretion. They open into excretory ducts. They open to the outside through and excretory pore.

In earthworms, neries, and leech, excretory units are called nephridia. Excretion takes place through skin and through the alimentary canal.

In spiders, butterfly, cockroach and mosquitoes, excretion occurs through Malpighian tubules or green glands. Excretory substances are discharged after storage in exoskeleton during moulting also.