transportation 运输. contents the role of transportation: transportation system factors...
TRANSCRIPT
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Transportation
运输
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Contents
The role of transportation:
Transportation System
Factors Influencing Transportation Costs
The Economic and Service Characteristics
of Different Transportation Modes
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1.The role of transportation:
Microeconomic impacts of transport infrastructure
Transport infrastructure and full Economic effects
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Microeconomic impacts of transport
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Transport infrastructure and full Economic effects
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2.Transportation System
There are five basic transportation modes—motor, rail, air, water, pipeline.
In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail-motor (“piggy back”), motor-water, motor-air, and rail-water.
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Five Major Transportation Modes
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Multi-modal Transport
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3.Factors Influencing Transportation Costs
Product’s characteristics
distance
volume
density
stow ability
ease or difficulty of handling
liability
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Relationship between Cost and Distance
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Relationship between Cost and Volume
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Relationship between Cost and Density
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Relationship between Cost and Stowability
Stowability refers to how product case dimensions fit into transportation equipment.
Although density and stow-ability are similar, it is possible to have items with similar densities that stow very differently.
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Relationship between Cost and Handling
In addition to special handling equipment, the manner in which products are physically grouped together in boxes or on pallets for transport and storage will impact handling cost.
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Liability
Liability includes product characteristics that can result in damage and potential claims.
Carriers must either have insurance to protect against possible claims or accept financial responsibility for damage.
Shippers can reduce their risk, and ultimately transportation cost, by improved packaging or reducing susceptibility to loss or damage.
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4.The Economic and Service Characteristics of Different
Transportation Modes
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Motor Transportation Motor carriers are more flexible and versatile than
other modes. In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast,
reliable service with little damage or loss transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroad
and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls.
No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.
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Rail Transportation Rail service is available in almost every major
metropolitan center in the world, and in many smaller communities as well.
Rail transport lacks the versatility and flexibility of motor carriers because it is limited to fixed track facilities.
Rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage.
Railroads have relative energy-efficiency advantages compared with motor carriers.
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Air Transportation
Most view air transport as a premium, emergency service because of its higher cost.
Air carriers generally transport products of high value and low density or weight.
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Water Transportation Water transport can be broken down into several
categories: Inland waterway such as rivers and canals Lakes Coastal and inter-coastal ocean International deep sea
Water carriage is perhaps the most inexpensive mode of shipping high-bulk, low-value commodities.
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Water Transportation
Water carriage is particularly suited for movements of heavy, bulky, low-value-per-unit commodities.
Businesses primarily use water movement for inbound transport.
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Pipeline Transportation
Pipelines are able to transport only a limited number of products, including natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, chemicals, and slurry products.
Pipeline offer the shipper an extremely high level of service dependability at a relatively low cost.
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Comparative of Transportation Modes
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