Modes of Travel and Service

Name RollKhadiza Noor 55Aaqib Md. Shatil 87Cynthia Islam 101Zakia Shabnam Maria 27Poly Talukder 47

Group “Liberty”

The transportation and Travel Evolution

• People now-a-days are more concerned about time, not about the distance and price has a great impact while choosing transport.

• The evolution of transportation is reviewed from pre-industrial and early industrial level.

• Lundgren divided the evolution time of transport into six part:1)Pre- industrial Travel System Era2)Early Industrial Society Travel System Era3)Mature Railway System Era4)Express Travel System Era5)Automobile based Travel System Era ( individual travel

Diffusion) 6)Modern Tourist Travel system Era

Pre- industrial Travel System Era• Pre industrial travel system era was prevalent in the

following times:

- Before wide-scale industrialization in north America and Europe

- Before the development of railways between two continents

- Few common carriers - Almost no scheduled transportation - Little travel and tourism - Era of stagecoach and wayside inn

Early Industrial Society Travel System Era

• During early industrialization society system era, travel saw the following things:

-Rapid industrialization -Advances in transportation technology -Road improvements , railway, cannel and steamship

service -Common carriers emerged -More regular scheduled transportation -Travel and tourism increased

Mature Railway System Era• In mature railway system era:

-Railways began to expand there tourist service like accommodation

-Provided services more aggressively -Travel agencies and tour operator companies

were formed -Thomas cook was one of the innovators of this

field in UK. -More people were travelling

Express Travel System Era•Express service became increasingly

available •Vehicles stopped at only in major

stations•Enhanced speed of travel•More travel and Tourism

Automobile based Travel System Era ( individual travel Diffusion)

•1920s and onward•Privately owned automobile in North-America

•Development of Motorways•Automobile dominated other mode of transport

•Commercial travel by air also emerged

Post-mobility adjustment Era•Another era invented by “Van Doren”•1973-1974•Overlapped by “modern tourist travel system era”

•OPEC generated oil embargo•Fast increase of oil•Energy crisis

Modern Tourist Travel system Era• 1945-1974• Car ownership continued to grow at a rapid

rate• Mass Air-travel• Introduction of wide bodied jets• 1945-1965is considered as "Baby boom” era• Mass tourism emerged

transportation mode selection decision

•  Travel mode decision variables that influence traveler's utility assessments:

-availability -frequency -cost

-price  -speed  -comfort Other factors: - safety

-convenience-ground services

  -terminal facilities and locations  -status and prestige, departure and arrival times

SHETH'S CLASSIFICATION OF SELECTION VARIABLE

• Functional: performance for a specific purpose(departure and arrival times, safety records,direction of routes, absence of stops or transfers)

• Aesthetical/emotional: Fear, social concern, style, luxury comfort and other personal feelings.

• Social/ Organization : Attract stereotype or be perceived to attract stereotypes on such lines as: sex, racial origin, income, price, education, occupation.

•  Situational factors: Location convenience & terminal convenience.

• Curiosity Utility: Concern about travelers perceived need to do new and something different.

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TRAVEL BY TRAIN

• Rail passenger service act became a law in 1970. The act created National Rail road passenger Corporation known as AMTRAK.

• AMTRAK began operation in May 1971.

• Canada's equivalent of AMTRAK known as “VIA RAIL CANADA” was created in 1977.

• Both AMTRAK and “VIA Rail Canada” have sole national responsibility for providing passenger rail transport.

• Survey of AMTRAK indicates some factors that is favored by passengers for train journey: -safety -ability to look out

-ability to walk around-personal comfort

• Cruise ships are like portable resort hotels that ply the waters of regions. On the basis of duration of trips cruises can be divided into 3 categories:

-Short cruise of one week or less -Intermediate of one or four weeks -long cruise are the around the world covering one to three month

• Short and intermediate cruises are more popular.

• Market segmentation: -hobby type travel

-cruises to nowhere -fly cruise packages

• In summary the modern era of travel by water is characterized by boats, ships and jet fuels performing cruising and ferrying roles.

TRAVEL BY WATER 

Travel by Automobile •Automobile gained its momentum in 1920.• The travel system after the introduction of

automobile is characterized as Individual Travel Diffusion.

• Major attractive attributes of automobile are: 1. Control of route 2. Control of stops en route 3. Control of departure times 4. Ability to carry baggage easily 5. Low out-of-pocket expense

Travel by Automobile

6. Freedom to use once the destination is reached 7. Relatively safe mode 8. Use of recreation vehicles and car rentals 9. Popularization of camping

Travel By Air• Airplane has created an revolutionary impact on

tourism since World War II History of Air.• Transportation can be divided into three types:

a) Pre-World War II b) World War II c) Post-World War II

• The mass-tourism trend started from late 1970s.• Domestic air travel market flourished in North-

America as well as the international one. • Charter airplane became important during 1970s

giving rise to the air-travel.

Travel by bus/motor coach• The third principal common carriers mode is the bus. In 1979, the

bus industry carried 360 million passengers: the airlines carried 295 million, AMTRAK carried 21.5 million.

• In North America and elsewhere the coach performs two keys roles :- The first is to provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services. -The second is to provide charter and tour services.

• Tour association estimated that in 1981, the bus charters and tours created economic benefits of $8.2 billion in the united states.

• Buses also attract a larger share of the lower-income groups than do the other common carries.

• Recent advertising indicates that bus companies are targeting their marketing programs toward the family summer vacation market, young couples, older people on summer and fall vacations and the "empty nesters".

Energy problems and Their Effects• After the first energy crisis in 1973-1974, we have entered the

post-mobility adjustment period.• Post-mobility adjustment period the travel patter in North

America and elsewhere have undergone fundamental changes:

1. Greater use if the common carriers. 2. Use of smaller, lighter and more fuel efficient vehicles. 3. Travel trips taken closer to home.

4. Family automobile touring type has been on decline relative to singly-destination trips.5. Recreation vehicle sales suffered severe reversals during energy crisis periods.6. Temporary decline in air travel volumes on certain routes.

Energy problems and Their Effects•McCool stated, changes in vacation travel

pattern between 1973-1975 were due to energy availability and cost.

•Other influential factors were:

1. Economic condition.2.Family life cycle.3.Weather

Travel at Home and Telecommunication

•Advances in communication technology and falling prices are persuading more companies to use teleconferences for sales and meetings as a result business travel is experiencing decline.

•Teleconferences exploded from 89,400 in 1891 to 1.8 million by 1986.

•Spokesmen for the teleconference believe that it will eventually grab 5%-20% of corporate market share.

Enhancing the tourist’s travel experience; service quality and total quality management

• By the late 1980’s, many service providers focused on quality issues.

• Total Quality Management (TMQ) is one all embracing approach which enables an organization to develop a more holistic view of consumers, quality issues and service provision as ongoing process .

• One real challenge for TQM in tourist transport system is to establish what the customer considers as excellence in service provision and the design of service delivery systems to deal with individual tourist requests.

Enhancing the tourist’s travel experience; service quality and total quality management

•Efficiency, safety and ease of travel and convenient interchanges are likely to be viewed as important performance indicators by users of tourist transport systems.

Tourist Accident Management

• Safety of the tourist is of utmost importance and even though host countries take necessary precautions but still tragic accidents are a sad part of tourism especially in adventure tourism.

• Non-criminal incidents in which tourists die, are injured or lose valuables, are generally treated as case-by-case basis.

• In Thailand, if any the tourist has been the victim of a crime and wants to claim compensation, they must obtain a case number from the police.

• Adventure activities such as Bungee jumping, hot air balloon, toboggan are infamous for tourist accidents.

• A Dutch teenager recently died from a fatal injury while bungee jumping in Northern Spain and her family was heavily compensated as she was only 17.

Fuel Consumption • In context of fuel in transportation, we find two

concepts: 1. Fuel Economy

2.Fuel Consumption • Fuel consumption is the amount of fuel used per unit

distance. (l/km) This is the measure generally used across Europe, New Zealand, Australia and Canada.

• In this case, the lower the value, the more economic a vehicle is.

• Fuel economy is the volume of distance travelled in a unit of fuel. (km/l) This is the measure generally used across USA and UK.

Fuel Consumption• The mode of transport that consumes less fuel is

more fuel efficient; fuel efficiency determines the cost (i.e. high fuel efficient lesser the cost of transportation)

• A standard Boeing-747 generally consumes .4 liter jet fuel per second. In a 10 hour flight, it approximately consumes 136275 liter jet fuel.

• On an average, a standard plane can carry 586 passengers.

• Per head 4 passenger can go 42.5 km/L as supposed to 10.6 km/L on a Sedan car.

Fuel Consumption• A passenger ship with a capacity of 1777 uses

diesel 3.32 m/l. • Thus carrying 1777 passengers we can calculate

an efficiency of 16.7 passenger miles per imperial gallon.

• fuel consumption of train depends on gradients, maximum speeds, loading and stopping patterns.

• The consumption for a German ICE high-speed train varied from around 19 to 33 kW·h/km (68–119 MJ/km; 31–53 kW·h/m